Oxytocin

Overall Health Benefits of Oxytocin

Oxytocin offers broad health benefits, including anti-aging effects, weight management, stress reduction, mood enhancement, cognitive and social skill improvements, blood pressure regulation, cardiovascular protection, inflammation reduction, addiction treatment, sexual function enhancement, blood sugar control, and better sleep quality.

Produces anti-aging effects [1-11]
Promotes weight loss [12-36]
Fights stress [37-50]
Improves mood [51-64]
Improves cognitive function [65-79]
Improves social skills [80-98]
Lowers blood pressure [99-107]
Lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease [108-123]
Fights inflammation [122, 124-135]
Treats substance addiction [136-161]
Improves sexual function [162-213]
Improves blood sugar levels [214-223]
Improves sleep quality [224-231]

Key Takeaways

Anti-Aging and Longevity: Oxytocin has anti-aging properties, helping to slow cellular aging and promote overall vitality.
Mood and Stress Regulation: Known as the “love hormone,” oxytocin helps alleviate stress, improves mood, and enhances social interactions, making it beneficial for mental well-being.
Weight Management and Metabolism: It supports weight loss and metabolic health, contributing to better body composition and blood sugar control.
Cardiovascular Health: Oxytocin lowers blood pressure and reduces cardiovascular risk, protecting heart health over time.
Enhanced Cognitive and Sexual Function: This hormone improves cognitive function, memory, and social skills, while also enhancing sexual satisfaction and intimacy.

What is Oxytocin?

Oxytocin is a nano peptide hormone that is produced by the posterior pituitary gland. In women, this hormone is released in large amounts during the process of childbirth to stimulate the uterine muscles to contract. Other factors such as nipple stimulation and breastfeeding can also increase the secretion of oxytocin in women. Both men and women also release the hormone during skin- to-skin contact, sexual arousal, and orgasm/ejaculation. Moreover, oxytocin plays a major role in different human behaviors such as trust, bonding, desire, and social recognition. Because of this, oxytocin is called the “cuddle” or “love” hormone.

How Oxytocin Works

IMG
Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary gland then secretes the hormone into the bloodstream. Oxytocin travels to the uterus and increases both the intensity and frequency of contractions. This in turn speeds up the delivery of the baby and the placenta and reduces the risk of heavy bleeding. In men, oxytocin is also present and plays a role in sperm transport and testosterone production by the testes. The health benefits of oxytocin go beyond these mechanisms. For instance, oxytocin can help promote weight loss by stimulating the breakdown of fat. It can also help keep blood sugar within normal limits by boosting the body’s response to the hormone insulin (insulin sensitivity).

Chemical Structure of Oxytocin

IMG

Research on Oxytocin

A. Produces Anti-Aging Effects

Oxytocin can help slow down the signs of aging by preventing the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which may speed up the process of skin aging via inhibition of collagen synthesis and enhanced collagen degradation. [1] Since collagen is responsible for maintaining the structures of the skin, decreased collagen levels may contribute to the formation of fine lines, wrinkles, and other age-related spots. Oxytocin can also help alleviate age-related changes in cell structures.

A number of convincing evidence support the anti-aging effects of oxytocin:

In human skin cells, treatment with oxytocin for 12 days prevented the accumulation of senescent keratinocytes and fibroblasts which are associated with age-related loss of skin function and integrity. [2]
In female subjects aged 48-61 years, higher oxytocin levels were associated with a lower skin age score (SAS), suggesting a more youthful appearing skin. [3]
In female prairie voles, daily oxytocin injections prevented cellular aging caused by social isolation. [4-5]
In old mice, the administration of oxytocin rapidly improved muscle regeneration by enhancing aged muscle stem cell activation via activation of the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway. [6]
In elderly mice, oxytocin promoted liver regeneration as evidenced by an increase in the number of liver cells called hepatocytes which decrease with aging. [7]
Oxytocin has been shown to increase lifespan by increasing the length of telomeres which are repeated sequences of non-coding DNA located at the terminal ends of chromosomes that play an integral role in chromosome stability and longevity. [8]
Sudden bursts of oxytocin have been found to suppress inflammaging, which is the age-related increase in inflammation. [9]
In male and female rats, oxytocin-mediated social enrichment promoted longer telomeres which are associated with longevity and stable chromosomes. [10]
In older mice, the administration of oxytocin rapidly improved muscle regeneration by enhancing aged muscle stem cell activation/proliferation. [11]

B. Promotes Weight Loss

Oxytocin has the ability to promote weight loss by reducing food consumption and increasing energy expenditure. [12] It does this by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that increase the feelings of fullness or satiety. With increased energy expenditure, no additional fat will be stored in the body. Instead, the stored fats will be burned as a source of energy for various cellular activities.

Evidence suggests that oxytocin administration can help increase lean muscle mass and reduce body fat percentage:

In obese, older adults, intranasal oxytocin administration resulted in a significant increase of 2.25 kg in whole-body lean mass without any adverse events compared with placebo. [13]
In diet-induced obese (DIO) and genetically obese mice and rats, oxytocin administration resulted in weight loss by reducing energy intake and increasing fatty tissue breakdown. [14-26]
In obese men, oxytocin markedly reduced hunger-driven food intake in the fasted state and led to a reduction in snack consumption compared to men with normal weight. [27]
A review of multiple studies found that 8 weeks of oxytocin treatment in adults with obesity or overweight led to substantial weight loss. [28]
In obese women of childbearing age, oxytocin deficiency was common compared with non-obese women. [29]
In obese monkeys, oxytocin administration for 2 weeks inhibited food intake, increased energy expenditure, and produced weight loss. [30]
In healthy men, intranasal oxytocin reduced caloric intake without any adverse side effects. [31]
Several studies suggest that oxytocin can be a potential treatment for obesity and related metabolic diseases. [32-35]
In healthy women, the administration of 24 IU of intranasal oxytocin specifically reduced food cravings in the cognitive control condition compared with placebo. [36]

C. Fights Stress

The stress response consists of a series of events in the brain that stimulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. When activated, the HPA axis stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a peptide hormone involved in the stress response. CRF promotes the production and secretion of glucocorticoids in response to stress. Oxytocin has been shown to fight stress by inhibiting ACTH and subsequent glucocorticoid secretion. [37-38]

A number of studies support the anti-stress properties of oxytocin:

In healthy men exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test, the combination of oxytocin and social support significantly reduced the levels of the stress hormone cortisol as well as anxiety and increased calmness during stress. [39]
In female rats given central infusions of oxytocin, a decrease in anxiety-related behaviors was observed. [40]
In healthy male and female participants who were subjected to a standardized laboratory stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test, oxytocin secretion exerted a protective function against the health-compromising effects of sustained stress. [41]
A study found that oxytocin release is associated with self-soothing behaviors that can help reduce stress. [42]
In healthy male and female participants, oxytocin reduced stress-evoked responses in the amygdala, the brain region associated with emotional processes. [43]
In healthy men exposed to social stress, intranasal administration of oxytocin (24 IU) reduced perceived social stress. [44]
In monkeys, intranasal oxytocin administration attenuated the ACTH stress response. [45]
In breastfeeding mothers, oxytocin release is associated with a reduction in stressful behaviors. [46]
Intranasal oxytocin administration was shown to modulate the activity of the amygdala which in turn reduces fear, anger, and feelings of mistrust. [47-50]

D. Improves Mood

As one of the feel-good hormones, oxytocin can produce a calming effect which can positively affect the overall mood. By decreasing the levels of the stress hormone cortisol, oxytocin may produce anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects. [51]

The mood-boosting effects of oxytocin are backed by a number of studies:

In male rats, oxytocin administration at doses of 0.01 and 0.1 μg/kg subcutaneously (SC) reduced background anxiety but not when delivered into the cerebroventricular system (ventricles of the brain). [52]
Intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin in male rats produced anti-anxiety effects by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade in the brain which is involved in a wide array of cellular functions. [53]
In patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD), acute intranasal administration of oxytocin produced anti-anxiety effects as evidenced by decreased amygdala reactivity to fearful faces. [54]
In male Wistar rats with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the administration of oxytocin via the brain reduced the anxiety to the healthy control level. [55]
In athletes, winners had significantly lower cognitive anxiety and higher self-confidence scores and oxytocin levels than losers. [56]
Youth with a separation anxiety disorder had significantly lower salivary oxytocin levels than clinically anxious youth without the disorder. [57]
In mice, long-term isolation reduced the levels of oxytocin in the brain which contributed to the development of depression and anxiety-related behaviors. [58]
In high-trait anxious males, oxytocin attenuated negative cognitive responses to stress. [59]
In men, oxytocin decreased the stress of negative social interactions. [60]
In rats, oxytocin treatment decreased anxiety-like behaviors by lowering cortisol levels. [61]
A review of multiple studies concluded that oxytocin can be a promising therapeutic option for human anxiety disorders especially those associated with socio-emotional dysfunctions. [62]
In adult male and female rats, oxytocin administration prevented the increase in behavioral despair due to maternal separation. [63]
In postpartum mothers, oxytocin administration reduced the risk of postpartum depression. [64]

E. Improves Cognitive Function

Oxytocin is necessary for optimum brain function since brain regions that are crucial for higher cognitive functions such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus have large amounts of oxytocin receptors. [65-66] In addition, oxytocin has also been found to enhance the transmission of nerve signals necessary for vital cognitive processes such as learning and memory. [67]

There’s a wealth of evidence showing that oxytocin has a significant effect on various cognitive abilities:

In mice lacking the oxytocin gene, significant deficits in learning and memory were observed. [68-71]
In human subjects, intranasal oxytocin administration improved memory for facial recognition. [72-74]
In healthy human male volunteers who received oxytocin, an improvement in memory recall for previously seen happy faces compared with angry and neutral human faces was observed. [75]
In healthy male volunteers, intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin improved performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). [76]
In human volunteers, intranasal oxytocin administration improved memory recall for words compared with placebo. [77]
In overweight and obese men, the administration of 24 IU single-dose intranasal oxytocin improved reaction times in the choice-reaction task (go task) and displayed fewer stop errors (participants had to withhold their response when prompted). [78]
In female rats with Alzheimer’s disease, intranasal oxytocin restored cognitive function by suppressing the formation of abnormal protein structures such as beta- amyloid and tau tangles. [79]

F. Improves Social Skills

Oxytocin plays an integral role in social bonding. Also known as the “love hormone”, it is involved in the regulation of emotions and acts as a chemical reward in the brain during various social interactions. Since many oxytocin receptors are distributed in various brain regions, this hormone may play a role in regulating social behaviors. [80-81]

Studies show that oxytocin can help address impaired social skills due to various medical conditions:

In patients with autism, intranasal administration of oxytocin resulted in stronger interactions with a partner during a simulated ball game and enhanced feelings of trust and preference. [82]
In a 16-year-old girl with autistic disorder, long-term administration of oxytocin nasal spray improved social interactions and social communication without adverse effects and dramatically decreased aberrant behaviors such as irritability and aggressiveness. [83]
In patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD), intranasal administration of the hormone oxytocin (24 IU) improved observer-rated social behavior compared with placebo. [84]
In patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), treatment with intranasal oxytocin for 6 weeks resulted in improvement in emotion recognition. [85]
In children with autism aged 6-12 years, 4-week intranasal oxytocin treatment (24 International Units, twice daily) significantly enhanced social abilities compared with placebo. [86]
In older males, the administration of oxytocin nasal spray (20 international units) improved emotion recognition compared with placebo. [87]
In women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a single intranasal dose of oxytocin enhanced compassion toward women. [88]
In participants who self-administered one dose of 24 IU of oxytocin, a positive effect on the accuracy of fear recognition was observed. [89]
In patients with schizophrenia, a mental disorder that affects the interpretation of reality, intranasal oxytocin administration resulted in improvements in fear recognition, perspective taking, and a reduction in negative symptoms. [90]
In adult males with and without autism, intranasal administration of 24 IU of oxytocin enhanced gaze to the eyes. [91]
In newborn monkeys, oxytocin administration increased facial gesturing at a human caregiver compared with placebo. [92]
Reviews of multiple studies found that the administration of oxytocin to both individuals with ASD and typically developing individuals can enhance performance on social cognitive tasks. [93-95]
In infants with Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that causes physical, mental, and behavioral problems, the administration of 4 IU of oxytocin either every other day, daily, or twice daily resulted in significant improvements in Clinical Global Impression scale scores, social withdrawal behavior, and mother-infant interactions. [96]
In children with autism, oxytocin administration improved brain function as evidenced by enhanced social functioning. [97]
A study found that oxytocin modulates human communication by enhancing cognitive exploration. [98]

G. Lowers Blood Pressure

Oxytocin may exert beneficial effects in elevated blood pressure or hypertension. Several mechanisms associated with the blood pressure-lowering effects of oxytocin include dilation of the blood vessels, excretion of the electrolyte called sodium, and increased urine excretion. [99]

Evidence suggests that oxytocin administration may help lower blood pressure in people with hypertension:

In women with severe preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, protein in the urine, and swelling of the legs, an intravenous bolus of 5 IU oxytocin resulted in a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. [100]
In rats, oxytocin prevented hypertension due to low oxygen levels. [101]
In rats with hypertension caused by exposure to loud noise, oxytocin administration decreased blood pressure after 24 hours. [102]
The administration of oxytocin at a dose of 1 mg/kg subcutaneously in hypertensive rats enhanced the effects of the blood pressure-lowering medication clonidine. [103]
In rats that had surgical removal of the ovaries, once daily oxytocin injection for 12 days decreased blood pressure for 3 weeks. [104]
In male and female rats, oxytocin administration resulted in a long-term reduction in blood pressure. [105-106]
In male rats, a significant decrease in blood pressure was observed after oxytocin administration compared to placebo treatment. [107]

H. Lowers the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Oxytocin may help protect against cardiovascular disease. It exerts cardioprotective effects by promoting the formation of new blood vessels in the heart, reducing proinflammatory cytokines and immune cell infiltration, decreasing oxidative stress, preventing heart muscle enlargement, and increasing the viability of heart cells (cardiomyocytes). [108]

A compelling number of evidence suggests that oxytocin may significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular disease:

In human heart cells, oxytocin promoted cell activation and heart regeneration after cardiac injury. [109]
In anesthetized rats, intraperitoneal administration of oxytocin reduced the size of dead heart tissue. [110-112]
In female rats, oxytocin administration improved heart rate and force of heart contraction. [113]
In rats that received oxytocin, a significant decrease in heart injury due to insufficient blood flow was observed. [114]
Studies suggest that cardiac injury is accelerated by a deficit of oxytocin receptors in the heart. [115-116]
In mice, oxytocin attenuated atherosclerosis (plaque formation in the heart arteries) and fat tissue inflammation. [117]
In adult rats, oxytocin induced regeneration of heart cells via activation of the cardiac oxytocin system. [118]
A study reported that oxytocin can attenuate atherosclerosis by decreasing superoxide production and release of proinflammatory cytokines. [119]
In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, oxytocin increased glucose uptake which may play a major role in the maintenance of cardiac function and cell survival during metabolic stress. [120]
In a rabbit model of myocardial infarction, oxytocin improved cardiac function by activating cell-survival signals and angiogenesis (blood vessel formation). [121]
In a rat model of myocardial infarction, oxytocin improved the function of the injured heart by reducing inflammation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). [122-123]

I. Fights Inflammation

Oxytocin may be beneficial in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. This hormone can ward off these conditions by suppressing the production of inflammatory substances and signaling pathways involved in the body’s natural inflammatory response.

The anti-inflammatory properties of oxytocin are backed by a number of studies:

In a rat model of myocardial infarction, oxytocin reduced inflammation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). [122]
In mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury, oxytocin reduced the associated lung damage and the levels of the inflammatory substances interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-6. [124-126]
In a rat model of seizure disorder, oxytocin treatment reduced neuroinflammation and seizure activity. [127]
In healthy men, oxytocin treatment reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines caused by bacterial endotoxin. [128]
Recent studies reported that oxytocin may shorten the recovery period of COVID-19 patients via modulation of inflammatory, immune, and restorative functions of the immune system. [129-130]
In a rat model of lung injury due to blood infection (sepsis), oxytocin injection decreased the levels of inflammatory substances such as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), lactic acid (LA), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1-beta (IL 1-β). [131]
In rats, oxytocin administration attenuated increased sensitivity to pain and inflammation. [132]
In mice, intranasal administration of oxytocin reduced the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory factors. [133]
Subcutaneous administration of oxytocin at 100 and 1000 micrograms per kilogram reduced carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat hindpaw. [134]
In female Sprague-Dawley rats, oxytocin protected against sepsis-induced oxidative damage and exerted anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of neutrophil infiltration. [135]

J. Treats Substance Addiction

Oxytocin plays an integral role in reward, stress, social affiliation, and various cognitive functions. Because of this, there is increasing interest in this hormone as a potential therapeutic option for substance addiction. There are several mechanisms that can help reduce substance cravings. Oxytocin does this by increasing the levels of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as dopamine and serotonin. [136-137] Dopamine regulates the brain’s pleasure and reward systems while serotonin regulates appetite, mood, and body temperature.

An increasing number of studies support the beneficial effects of oxytocin on substance addiction:

In several animal models of addiction, oxytocin was found to decrease the self-administration of a number of addictive substances. [138-146]
A study reported that oxytocin may reduce addictive behaviors by restoring abnormal drug-induced changes in the glutamatergic system which contains the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system called glutamate. [147]
In male and female rats with cocaine addiction, oxytocin decreased reinstated cocaine-seeking behaviors. [148]
In alcohol-dependent rats and humans, intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) decreased alcohol cravings. [149]
In mice, oxytocin (0, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced ethanol consumption. [150]
In subjects with alcohol abuse, oxytocin treatment significantly improved social perception and reduced cue-induced alcohol cravings and appetitive approach bias. [151]
In heroin-dependent patients, oxytocin administration reduced cravings and withdrawal symptoms. [152]
In rat models of methamphetamine addiction, oxytocin decreased methamphetamine self-administration, methamphetamine hyperactivity, and relapse to methamphetamine-seeking behaviors. [153-157]
In methamphetamine-dependent patients undergoing stimulant abuse treatment, intranasal oxytocin administration for 4 weeks at 40 IU resulted in a significant improvement in the craving and depression scores compared with normal saline. [158]
In a rat model of alcohol dependence, oxytocin specifically and selectively blocked the enhanced motivation for alcohol drinking. [159]
In a patient with alcohol dependence and oropharyngeal cancer, oxytocin administration decreased the severity of addiction and led to an improvement in the quality of life. [160]
A review of multiple studies reported that oxytocin administration in opioid-dependent individuals decreased tolerance to the drug and improved withdrawal symptoms. [161]

K. Improves Sexual Function

Also known as the “love hormone”, oxytocin increases bonding and sexual intimacy. The more oxytocin the body produces, the more physical intimacy is experienced. In addition, oxytocin has been found to facilitate penile erection in men by increasing the levels of nitric oxide, a substance that widens the blood vessels to increase penile blood flow. [162] In women, oxytocin can help relieve unpleasant age-related symptoms such as vaginal dryness and painful sexual intercourse. [163]

A good deal of evidence suggests that oxytocin administration can help improve sexual function in men and women experiencing sexual health issues due to aging and other medical conditions:

In a male patient with treatment-resistant anorgasmia (delayed, infrequent, or absent orgasms), the administration of intranasal oxytocin before sexual intercourse restored ejaculation. [164]
In male rats, systemic oxytocin administration significantly shortened the latency to the first mount, intromission (the penis enters the vagina during a mount), and ejaculation during copulatory behavior. [165-166]
In premenopausal and postmenopausal women, long-term intranasal oxytocin administration improved sexual function and symptoms of depression. [167]
In postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy (thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls) and sexual dysfunction, the administration of an oxytocin vaginal gel improved all domains of sexual function such as desire, arousal, lubrication, pain, and sexual satisfaction. [168-169]
In a patient with sexual dysfunction due to anxiety, oxytocin administration positively impacted a number of components of sexual function such as libido, erection, and orgasm with no adverse side effects. [170]
Intranasal oxytocin administration was associated with higher levels of sexual satiety after sexual intercourse in men and better abilities to share sexual desires or empathize with a partner in women. [171-172]
Several male rat studies showed that the injection of oxytocin into specific brain regions can induce penile erection and that the administration of substances that counters the effects of oxytocin can prevent oxytocin-induced penile erection. [173-201]
In female rats, the administration of oxytocin is associated with increased sexual behaviors such as lordosis (a reflexive posture in response to male sexual stimulation to facilitate intromission) and receptivity (female responses necessary for a successful intravaginal ejaculation). [202-209]
In male rabbits, an infusion of oxytocin resulted in increased latencies to the first mount, intromission, and post-ejaculatory refractory periods. [210-211]
In female hamsters, oxytocin injection induced sexual receptivity in a dose-dependent manner. [212]
Female treatment with intranasal oxytocin improved male sexual quality of life and evaluation of female partner’s sexual performance. [213]

L. Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Oxytocin can help keep blood sugar within normal limits by boosting the body’s response to the hormone insulin known as insulin sensitivity. Another mechanism is that oxytocin increases the rate of blood sugar uptake, which allows cells to utilize blood sugar effectively for various important biological functions. [214]

Studies show that oxytocin administration can help improve blood sugar levels:

In patients with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), intravenous administration of oxytocin in doses of 0.1 IU/kg lowered blood sugar levels. [215]
In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, oxytocin administration at 0.2 mU/min over 60 min enhanced blood sugar recovery from hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels). [216]
In diabetic rats, oxytocin treatment via infusion showed histological regenerative changes of pancreatic islet cells which are involved in the production of insulin. [217-218]
In diabetic patients with obesity, oxytocin administration for 8 weeks reduced the magnitude of blood sugar intolerance by improving insulin secretion. [219]
Studies found that oxytocin helps achieve blood sugar balance (homeostasis) by increasing glucagon (a hormone that increases blood sugar levels) during hypoglycemic episodes and increasing insulin secretion during hyperglycemic episodes. [220-223]

M. Improves Sleep Quality

Oxytocin is also a sleep-promoting hormone. This is because it has calming, anti-anxiety, and antidepressant effects that can help induce sleep. In addition, oxytocin improves sleep quality by counteracting the effects of the stress hormone cortisol. [224]

The beneficial effects of oxytocin on sleep quality are supported by a number of studies:

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder caused by airway blockage during sleep, intranasal oxytocin administration (40 IU) restored cardiorespiratory homeostasis and reduced breathing problems. [225-227]
In male rats, the administration of oxytocin in the brain improved sleep-wake behavior. [228]
In women with high oxytocin levels, an improvement in sleep quality was observed compared to women with low oxytocin levels. [229]
In couples, intranasal administration of oxytocin enhanced closeness, interaction, and sleep quality. [230]
An impairment in the oxytocin gene was found to be associated with poor sleep quality. [231]

Oxytocin Side Effects

Oxytocin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on oxytocin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of oxytocin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with oxytocin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with oxytocin may include the following:

Blurred vision
Confusion
Increased blood pressure
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Stomach pain
Vomiting

Oxytocin Supplement

Oxytocin, often called the “love hormone” or “bonding hormone,” is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that plays a significant role in social bonding, childbirth, and emotional connections. Oxytocin levels increase during positive social interactions, touch, and even during activities that foster trust and empathy, such as group-based activities. Given its crucial role in promoting feelings of trust and connection, synthetic oxytocin supplements have gained interest for potential therapeutic uses, particularly for those with social anxiety or mood disorders.

Oxytocin supplements, usually administered via a nasal spray, are being studied for their effects on various psychological and social disorders, including autism, social anxiety, and depression. Research has shown that oxytocin may enhance social interaction and emotional recognition in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), where these skills are often challenging. In addition, some studies suggest that it may help alleviate symptoms of social anxiety by promoting feelings of calm and reducing social inhibition, although more extensive studies are needed to confirm these effects and determine long-term safety.

However, the use of oxytocin supplements also raises some concerns. Since oxytocin affects social bonding and emotions, altering natural oxytocin levels through supplements could lead to unintended side effects, like impairing social cognition or increasing trust too readily, potentially making individuals more vulnerable in certain social situations. Furthermore, the effects of oxytocin can vary based on individual differences and context, which complicates its therapeutic use. As a result, while oxytocin supplements hold potential for treating certain conditions, they are currently used mostly in research settings, and experts caution that more studies are needed to fully understand the risks and benefits.

Oxytocin vs Pitocin

Oxytocin and Pitocin are closely related but serve different roles in both natural physiology and medical practice. Oxytocin is a hormone naturally produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth, often called the “love hormone” because it fosters connection and trust. In labor, oxytocin helps stimulate uterine contractions, facilitating childbirth, and afterward, it aids in milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Pitocin, on the other hand, is a synthetic form of oxytocin often administered in a medical setting to induce or augment labor. It mimics the effects of natural oxytocin, but because it is delivered intravenously, it can be controlled and measured to manage labor progress more precisely. Pitocin is commonly used when labor doesn’t begin on its own or when it stalls. However, it can sometimes lead to stronger, more frequent contractions, which may increase the risk of complications like fetal distress.

While both substances influence labor contractions, their effects on the body differ in important ways. Naturally produced oxytocin is released in pulses, which provides a rhythmic, gentler influence on uterine contractions. Pitocin, being administered in a continuous stream, can create more intense and sometimes painful contractions, which may increase the need for additional medical interventions. Because of these differences, many healthcare providers weigh the potential risks and benefits carefully before using Pitocin to induce labor.

How to Increase Oxytocin

Oxytocin, often called the “love hormone,” plays a crucial role in social bonding, trust, and emotional well-being. To naturally increase oxytocin, engaging in social interactions is one of the most effective methods. Activities like hugging, holding hands, or even just spending quality time with loved ones can trigger its release. Simple acts of kindness, such as complimenting someone or helping a friend, can also help elevate oxytocin levels, promoting feelings of closeness and connection.

Physical touch and sensory experiences are powerful triggers for oxytocin release. Physical intimacy, like cuddling or massage, and even petting animals have been shown to increase oxytocin levels, which is why many find comfort in being close to pets or loved ones. Additionally, activities like meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can also stimulate oxytocin indirectly by reducing stress, creating a sense of calm that allows oxytocin to be more readily produced.

Another effective approach is through activities that foster self-compassion and empathy. Practicing gratitude, whether by journaling or reflecting on positive experiences, can boost oxytocin by creating a mindset focused on warmth and appreciation. Engaging in group activities, like singing in a choir or participating in community service, fosters a sense of togetherness that stimulates oxytocin release. By prioritizing meaningful connections and a positive environment, oxytocin levels can increase, enhancing both emotional health and resilience.

Oxytocin in Labour

Oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone,” plays a critical role in labor and childbirth by stimulating uterine contractions. Produced naturally in the brain by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, oxytocin increases toward the end of pregnancy, signaling the body to begin the labor process. Its action on the uterine muscles promotes the rhythmic contractions necessary to dilate the cervix and progress labor. This natural release is essential to initiating and maintaining the momentum of labor.

In medical settings, synthetic oxytocin, known as Pitocin, may be administered to induce or augment labor if it isn’t progressing as expected. By mimicking the body’s natural oxytocin, Pitocin enhances the strength and frequency of contractions, helping to move labor along. However, while effective, synthetic oxytocin may sometimes lead to very strong contractions, which can cause discomfort or necessitate closer monitoring for the safety of both the mother and baby.

Oxytocin also has a calming and bonding effect, aiding mothers in managing the physical and emotional aspects of labor. After childbirth, oxytocin levels remain high, promoting bonding between mother and newborn, especially during breastfeeding. This hormone’s release during labor and afterward not only helps mothers cope with labor but also facilitates a strong emotional connection with their babies, a crucial factor in early childhood development.

Oxytocin Nasal Spray

Oxytocin nasal spray is a therapeutic form of the hormone oxytocin, designed for easy and direct administration through the nasal passages. This method allows the hormone to enter the bloodstream and brain more rapidly, bypassing the digestive system and reducing the need for high doses. Nasal delivery can be particularly effective because it enables oxytocin to reach areas in the brain associated with social behavior, emotional processing, and stress response, thereby maximizing its benefits.

Research on oxytocin nasal sprays suggests that they may have a variety of therapeutic applications. Oxytocin is often referred to as the “bonding hormone” or “love hormone” due to its natural role in enhancing social bonds, empathy, and trust. Studies have explored its potential for improving social interactions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, reducing anxiety and stress levels, and even supporting mood stabilization in people with depression. Its impact on stress and social behavior makes it a promising adjunct in mental health and neurological therapies.

Apart from its effects on social behaviors, oxytocin nasal spray may also have physical health benefits. For instance, it has shown promise in aiding weight loss by reducing food cravings and enhancing fat metabolism. Additionally, oxytocin can improve blood sugar control by increasing insulin sensitivity, which is beneficial for individuals with diabetes or metabolic disorders. This versatile hormone therapy continues to be researched for a wide array of potential uses, with nasal spray administration offering a non-invasive and practical route for therapeutic benefits.

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FAQ

Why is oxytocin called the love drug?

Oxytocin, often called the love drug, plays a key role in bonding, affection, and trust, especially during close interpersonal interactions. Oxytocin production is stimulated during hugging, touching, and intimate moments, which leads to the release of this hormone and strengthens social and romantic connections. By enhancing oxytocin production, these close interactions can further promote feelings of attachment and emotional closeness. Consequently, oxytocin production during moments of physical or emotional intimacy serves to reinforce and deepen bonds between individuals.

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

Oxytocin release is triggered by physical touch, social bonding activities, childbirth, breastfeeding, sexual arousal, and even emotional closeness. Sexual arousal, in particular, is known to increase oxytocin levels, enhancing feelings of trust and connection. Additionally, activities that promote emotional closeness, such as shared experiences and intimacy, can further stimulate oxytocin production and influence sexual arousal, strengthening bonds between individuals.

When do men release oxytocin?

Men release oxytocin through the pituitary gland during intimate physical touch, emotional bonding, and after sexual intercourse. The pituitary gland plays a vital role in regulating the release of oxytocin, which contributes to feelings of connection and bonding. When men experience emotional closeness or physical intimacy, the pituitary gland facilitates oxytocin release, enhancing feelings of trust and attachment.

What does oxytocin do for humans?

Oxytocin helps humans form social bonds, stimulate uterine contractions, experience trust, and reduce stress, playing a critical role in social and emotional well-being. Additionally, oxytocin can stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth, which highlights its dual role in both physical and emotional health. In therapeutic applications, oxytocin is sometimes administered to stimulate uterine contractions, emphasizing its importance in both medical and psychological contexts.

When do guys release oxytocin?

Guys release oxytocin during moments of physical affection, intimacy, and emotional bonding, similar to women. This oxytocin secretion helps reinforce feelings of trust, closeness, and attachment between partners. Furthermore, oxytocin secretion plays a significant role in maintaining emotional bonds, as repeated instances of oxytocin secretion contribute to a stronger connection and sense of security in relationships.

What is the drug oxytocin used for?

Endogenous oxytocin is used medically to induce labor, strengthen uterine contractions during childbirth, and help manage postpartum bleeding. The body’s production of endogenous oxytocin plays a crucial role in these natural processes, but synthetic oxytocin can be administered when medical intervention is needed. By mimicking the effects of endogenous oxytocin, healthcare providers can effectively manage and support childbirth and postpartum recovery.

What is the main function of oxytocin?

The main function of oxytocin is to facilitate childbirth, lactation, and promote bonding between individuals, especially between mothers and infants. When there is more oxytocin present, these processes are enhanced, leading to stronger connections and emotional ties. Additionally, having more oxytocin can positively impact trust and social bonding, highlighting its significant role in human relationships. In situations where individuals may benefit from increased emotional closeness, promoting more oxytocin could serve as a natural means to support interpersonal connections.

What are the five uses of oxytocin?

The five uses of oxytocin include inducing labor, controlling postpartum bleeding, enhancing milk ejection during breastfeeding, promoting social bonding through a positive feedback loop, and possibly treating certain psychiatric conditions. Oxytocin’s role in promoting social bonding is particularly interesting, as it creates a positive feedback loop where the release of oxytocin fosters trust and connection, which in turn can stimulate further oxytocin release. This positive feedback loop also underlies some of the hormone’s potential therapeutic effects in treating conditions like anxiety and depression by reinforcing positive social interactions and emotional support.

Why is oxytocin called love hormone?

Oxytocin is called love hormone because it enhances feelings of trust, bonding, and closeness between individuals, particularly during affectionate interactions. Oxytocin acts on the brain to foster social bonding and trust between individuals. Beyond its role in childbirth, oxytocin acts as a key component in promoting positive social interactions and connections.

How to get oxytocin naturally?

You can increase oxytocin naturally through physical touch (like hugging or holding hands), engaging in social activities, laughing, and spending quality time with loved ones. These activities are known to promote increased oxytocin production, contributing to stronger emotional bonds and a sense of well-being. Furthermore, engaging in nurturing behaviors not only enhances personal relationships but also leads to increased oxytocin production, creating a positive feedback loop that encourages more social interaction and affectionate behaviors. By prioritizing these connections, individuals can effectively stimulate increased oxytocin production, fostering a healthier, happier lifestyle.

What is the love hormone in men?

The love hormone in men, as in women, is oxytocin, which fosters bonding and emotional connections.

Is there a supplement for oxytocin?

Currently, there are no direct over-the-counter oxytocin supplements, but nasal sprays and medications under medical supervision may help increase its levels. By using these methods, individuals may find that their oxytocin levels are controlled more effectively, leading to potential benefits in emotional bonding and social interactions. It’s important to note that any approach to managing oxytocin levels should be undertaken with caution and ideally under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure that oxytocin levels are controlled appropriately and safely.

How can I raise my oxytocin levels?

You can raise oxytocin levels controlled through positive social interactions, physical touch, spending time with loved ones, and engaging in stress-reducing activities. By focusing on these elements, individuals can help maintain a balanced state where oxytocin levels are controlled, enhancing feelings of connection and reducing stress. Additionally, regular engagement in these activities contributes to overall well-being by keeping oxytocin levels controlled, which can lead to improved emotional health and stronger relationships.

Can you take oxytocin daily?

Taking oxytocin daily is not generally recommended without medical supervision, as it is a hormone with specific physiological effects.

Is there a drug that stimulates oxytocin?

Yes, Pitocin, a synthetic form of oxytocin, is used to stimulate oxytocin release in clinical settings, particularly for labor induction. This is especially relevant during vaginal delivery, where the timely release of oxytocin can help facilitate contractions and ensure a smoother birth process. By promoting effective uterine contractions, Pitocin plays a crucial role in supporting both healthcare providers and expectant mothers during vaginal delivery. In addition to aiding in labor, the use of Pitocin may also enhance maternal bonding post-vaginal delivery by increasing oxytocin levels in the body.

Is oxytocin the same as Pitocin?

Oxytocin and Pitocin are essentially the same; Pitocin is the synthetic version used medically for labor induction and control of postpartum bleeding.

Why do doctors push Pitocin?

Doctors use Pitocin to induce or speed up labor, as well as to prevent or treat postpartum hemorrhage after childbirth.

Why is oxytocin preferred for induction of labor?

Oxytocin is preferred for labor induction because it effectively stimulates uterine contractions, helping start or progress labor. By administering oxytocin, healthcare providers can increase uterine contractions, ensuring a more efficient labor process. This hormone plays a critical role in enhancing the body’s natural ability to increase uterine contractions, ultimately facilitating childbirth and improving outcomes for both the mother and baby.

Does oxytocin make you dilate?

Oxytocin helps the uterus contract, which can lead to cervical dilation, assisting in the progression of labor.

What is the general indication of oxytocin?

The general indication for oxytocin is to induce or augment labor, control postpartum hemorrhage, and assist in lactation.

What is oxytocin used for?

Oxytocin is used for labor induction, strengthening labor contractions, reducing postpartum bleeding, and assisting with breastfeeding.

Which is an indication for the nurse to administer an ordered oxytocin?

A nurse may administer oxytocin to induce labor, manage postpartum bleeding, or enhance uterine contractions during childbirth.

What is the clinical significance of oxytocin?

Clinically, oxytocin is significant for its role in reproductive health (labor and breastfeeding) and in promoting social bonding and reducing stress.

What are the 4 hormones for happiness?

The four hormones for happiness are oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins.

Why does oxytocin make you happy?

Oxytocin makes you happy by promoting feelings of trust, emotional bonding, and reducing stress, enhancing social interactions and well-being.

What is dopamine vs oxytocin?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter linked to reward and motivation, while oxytocin promotes bonding, affection, and social connections.

What is the hormone for happiness?

Several hormones contribute to happiness, including serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins.

What are the 4 chemicals of happiness?

The four chemicals of happiness are dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins.

What is dopamine vs serotonin?

Dopamine is linked to reward and pleasure, while serotonin regulates mood, happiness, and overall emotional well-being.

What are the 5 love hormones?

The five love hormones are oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, and vasopressin.

What is oxytocin injection used for?

Oxytocin injections are used to induce or enhance labor, control postpartum bleeding, and help with milk let-down in breastfeeding.

What does IV oxytocin do?

IV oxytocin strengthens uterine contractions to aid in labor induction or control bleeding after childbirth.

How long does oxytocin injection last?

The effects of an oxytocin injection typically last as long as the drug is administered, with labor-inducing doses continuing until childbirth.

Is oxytocin used as a pain killer?

Oxytocin is not a direct painkiller, but it can indirectly reduce pain perception by promoting feelings of comfort and bonding.

How can I increase oxytocin naturally?

You can increase oxytocin naturally through touch, spending time with loved ones, social bonding, laughter, and engaging in caring behaviors.

What stimulates oxytocin?

Oxytocin is stimulated by physical touch, social bonding, sexual activity, childbirth, and breastfeeding.

What foods have oxytocin?

While no foods contain oxytocin, certain foods like dark chocolate, fruits, and herbs like fenugreek may help boost its production indirectly.

What is the best supplement for oxytocin?

There is no direct oxytocin supplement, but magnesium and vitamin D supplements can support healthy hormone levels, including oxytocin.

What does oxytocin do for labor?

During labor, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to help progress childbirth and reduce postpartum bleeding.

Is oxytocin the same as Pitocin?

Yes, Pitocin is a synthetic form of oxytocin used in medical settings to induce labor and manage postpartum bleeding.

Why do I touch myself during labor?

Touching oneself during labor can provide comfort and stimulate oxytocin release, which helps progress labor.

Is oxytocin more painful in induced labor?

Labor induced with oxytocin (Pitocin) may be more intense and painful because the contractions are often stronger and closer together.

What are the major side effects of oxytocin?

Major side effects of oxytocin include strong uterine contractions, nausea, vomiting, headache, and in rare cases, uterine rupture or fetal distress.

What is the problem with oxytocin?

One potential problem with oxytocin is that excessive use during labor can lead to overly strong contractions, which may cause complications for both mother and baby.

What is the toxicity of oxytocin?

Oxytocin toxicity can result in uterine hyperstimulation, water intoxication, and, in extreme cases, fetal distress or uterine rupture.

What does oxytocin nasal spray do?

Oxytocin nasal spray is used to promote social bonding, reduce anxiety, and improve mood, and may be used experimentally for certain psychiatric conditions.

How to get oxytocin nasal spray prescription?

A prescription for oxytocin nasal spray must be obtained from a doctor, often for use in specific medical or psychiatric conditions.

Can you get oxytocin spray?

Oxytocin sprays are available by prescription for certain medical or therapeutic purposes, though they are not commonly used outside clinical settings.

What is the intranasal application of oxytocin?

The intranasal application of oxytocin is used for conditions related to social bonding, anxiety, and sometimes in experimental treatments for autism and PTSD.

Reference

Borg, M., Brincat, S., Camilleri, G., Schembri-Wismayer, P., Brincat, M., & Calleja-Agius, J. (2013). The role of cytokines in skin aging. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 16(5), 514–521. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2013.802303.

The role of cytokines in skin aging

Cutaneous aging, especially prominent after menopause, results from a combination of chronological aging, reduced estrogen levels, and environmental factors. It leads to reduced collagen, thinner skin, dryness, and slower healing. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, contribute to collagen degradation and lower skin immunity, increasing infection risk. Other cytokines and proteins, such as CCN1, disrupt skin homeostasis. Further research is needed to understand cytokine roles in treating skin aging.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13697137.2013.802303.
Cho, S. Y., Kim, A. Y., Kim, J., Choi, D. H., Son, E. D., & Shin, D. W. (2019). Oxytocin alleviates cellular senescence through oxytocin receptor-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/Nrf2 signalling. The British journal of dermatology, 181(6), 1216–1225. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17824.

Oxytocin alleviates cellular senescence through oxytocin receptor-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/Nrf2 signalling

Oxytocin (OT) shows potential in preventing skin aging by suppressing cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts, with its effects varying by donor age. OT’s anti-senescence action involves OXTR-mediated signaling that activates Nrf2, a key antioxidant regulator. These effects are linked to age-related hypermethylation of the OT receptor gene. OT and its receptor agonists could be promising therapeutic agents for combating age-related skin deterioration, particularly in women.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/bjd/article-abstract/181/6/1216/6752042?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Hayre N. (2020). Oxytocin Levels Inversely Correlate With Skin Age Score and Solar Damage. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 19(12), 1146–1148. https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.2020.5063.

Oxytocin Levels Inversely Correlate With Skin Age Score and Solar Damage

This pilot study suggests a correlation between higher oxytocin (OT) levels and more youthful skin appearance in women aged 48–61. OT appears to protect against skin aging by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines linked to skin senescence. All subjects showed a reduction in their skin age score (SAS) compared to the expected average, with a nearly linear relationship between higher OT levels and reduced SAS, supporting OT’s protective role in skin health.

You can read the full article at https://jddonline.com/articles/oxytocin-levels-inversely-correlate-with-skin-age-score-and-solar-damage-S1545961620P1146X/.
Stevenson, J. R., McMahon, E. K., Boner, W., & Haussmann, M. F. (2019). Oxytocin administration prevents cellular aging caused by social isolation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.006.

Oxytocin administration prevents cellular aging caused by social isolation

This study found that chronic social isolation in female prairie voles led to increased glucocorticoid levels, oxidative damage, telomere shortening, and depression-like behavior. However, daily oxytocin injections prevented these harmful effects, suggesting that oxytocin can protect against the cellular aging and behavioral consequences of chronic stress.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476076/.
Ebner, N. C., Maura, G. M., Macdonald, K., Westberg, L., & Fischer, H. (2013). Oxytocin and socioemotional aging: Current knowledge and future trends. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 487. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00487.

Oxytocin and socioemotional aging: Current knowledge and future trends

This review explores the role of the oxytocin (OT) system in socioemotional functioning, particularly in aging, where little is known about how age-related changes in OT may influence social behaviors. While OT has been studied in young adults, evidence on its effects in older populations is limited. The authors propose an Age-Related Genetic, Neurobiological, Sociobehavioral Model of Oxytocin (AGeNeS-OT model) to guide future research into how OT impacts aging-related socioemotional changes, with potential implications for addressing depression, social stress, and anxiety in older adults.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3755210/.
Elabd, C., Cousin, W., Upadhyayula, P., Chen, R. Y., Chooljian, M. S., Li, J., Kung, S., Jiang, K. P., & Conboy, I. M. (2014). Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration. Nature communications, 5, 4082. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5082.

Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration

This study reveals that oxytocin, a hormone traditionally associated with lactation and social behaviors, is crucial for muscle regeneration and maintenance, with its levels declining as we age. Inhibiting oxytocin signaling reduces muscle repair, while administering oxytocin enhances muscle regeneration in older animals by activating muscle stem cells. The findings suggest that oxytocin could be a promising, FDA-approved treatment for preventing or combating muscle aging.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4512838/.
Luo, D., Jin, B., Zhai, X., Li, J., Liu, C., Guo, W., & Li, J. (2021). Oxytocin promotes hepatic regeneration in elderly mice. iScience, 24(2), 102125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102125.

Oxytocin promotes hepatic regeneration in elderly mice

This study shows that oxytocin (OT) plays a crucial role in promoting liver regeneration, particularly in aged mice. With age, OT receptors in hepatocytes and serum OT levels decrease, but OT administration boosts hepatocyte regeneration and autophagy in aged liver cells. These findings suggest that OT could be a potential anti-aging treatment to support liver rejuvenation.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7895748/.
Benameur, T., Panaro, M. A., & Porro, C. (2021). The antiaging role of oxytocin. Neural regeneration research, 16(12), 2413–2414. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.313030.

The antiaging role of oxytocin

Human life expectancy is increasing, and aging is influenced by various biological, environmental, and social factors. Aging leads to molecular damage that causes functional abnormalities in cells, tissues, and systems. Nine key biological hallmarks of aging, including telomere attrition, genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, play critical roles in determining longevity, with telomere shortening being a primary factor.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8374585/.
Buemann B. (2022). Oxytocin Release: A Remedy for Cerebral Inflammaging. Current aging science, 15(3), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609815666220414104832.

Oxytocin Release: A Remedy for Cerebral Inflammaging

Oxytocin regulates reproduction through both physiological and behavioral mechanisms, influencing reproductive organs, neuroendocrine systems, sensory processing, and reward functions. It also has anti-inflammatory and restorative effects, protecting neurons and supporting cells from inflammation and dysfunction. Frequent sexual activity and positive social experiences may stimulate oxytocin release, potentially delaying frailty and age-related diseases by promoting neural protection. The neuroplasticity of oxytocin could be harnessed to enhance sexual reward, further reinforcing its release.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/122565.
Faraji, J., Karimi, M., Soltanpour, N., Moharrerie, A., Rouhzadeh, Z., Lotfi, H., Hosseini, S. A., Jafari, S. Y., Roudaki, S., Moeeini, R., & Metz, G. A. (2018). Oxytocin-mediated social enrichment promotes longer telomeres and novelty seeking. eLife, 7, e40262. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40262.

Oxytocin-mediated social enrichment promotes longer telomeres and novelty seeking

Social experiences significantly influence health, as shown in a study where prolonged social housing increased circulating oxytocin (OT) levels in both male and female rats, but only females experienced telomere length (TL) elongation and increased novelty-seeking behavior. Blocking OT with an antagonist negated these benefits, leading to TL erosion and behavioral deficits, especially in females. This suggests females are more sensitive to the genetic and behavioral effects of OT, highlighting social enrichment as a potential therapeutic strategy for promoting stress resilience and healthy aging.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6277206/.
Elabd, C., Cousin, W., Upadhyayula, P., Chen, R. Y., Chooljian, M. S., Li, J., Kung, S., Jiang, K. P., & Conboy, I. M. (2014). Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration. Nature communications, 5, 4082. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5082.

Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration

Oxytocin, a hormone known for its role in social behaviors and reproduction, is also crucial for muscle regeneration and homeostasis. Plasma levels of oxytocin decline with age, and inhibiting its signaling impairs muscle regeneration, while administering oxytocin enhances stem cell activation in aged muscles. The study shows that oxytocin deficiency leads to premature muscle aging (sarcopenia) and suggests that oxytocin, as an FDA-approved drug, could be a promising and safe treatment for combating age-related muscle decline.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4512838/.
Hong, S. M., Ko, J. K., Moon, J. J., & Kim, Y. R. (2021). Oxytocin: A Potential Therapeutic for Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 30(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20098.

Oxytocin: A Potential Therapeutic for Obesity

Oxytocin, a neuropeptide regulating food consumption and energy balance, has been shown to reduce caloric intake and support weight loss in obese and binge-eating patients. Its effects on metabolism and hedonic eating suggest oxytocin’s potential as a therapeutic option for treating obesity and binge-eating disorders.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8277591/.
Espinoza, S. E., Lee, J. L., Wang, C. P., Ganapathy, V., MacCarthy, D., Pascucci, C., Musi, N., & Volpi, E. (2021). Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Lean Muscle Mass and Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Older Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(9), 1877–1882.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.04.015.

Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Lean Muscle Mass and Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Older Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

This clinical trial on older adults with sarcopenic obesity found that intranasal oxytocin significantly increased lean muscle mass and reduced LDL cholesterol without adverse effects. While no changes were observed in BMI or fat mass, oxytocin shows promise as a potential treatment for sarcopenic obesity and may offer cardiovascular benefits.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8567747/.
Lawson, E. A., Olszewski, P. K., Weller, A., & Blevins, J. E. (2020). The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 32(4), e12805. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12805.

The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis

This review highlights oxytocin’s role in regulating energy balance and its potential as a treatment for obesity. Oxytocin, traditionally known for reproductive functions, has been shown to decrease food intake and induce weight loss in both animal models and obese humans. Chronic administration of oxytocin, particularly via the central nervous system, reduces weight without adverse effects. However, further research is needed to address challenges before oxytocin-based treatments can be widely used for obesity management.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7186135/.
Edwards, M. M., Nguyen, H. K., Herbertson, A. J., Dodson, A. D., Wietecha, T., Wolden-Hanson, T., Graham, J. L., O’Brien, K. D., Havel, P. J., & Blevins, J. E. (2021). Chronic hindbrain administration of oxytocin elicits weight loss in male diet-induced obese mice. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 320(4), R471–R487. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00294.2020.

Chronic hindbrain administration of oxytocin elicits weight loss in male diet-induced obese mice

Chronic administration of oxytocin (OT) to the hindbrain in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice leads to sustained weight loss by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, specifically through enhanced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). This weight loss is also associated with reduced adiposity and smaller fat cells, supporting the potential of OT as a treatment for obesity without causing visceral illness.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8238148/.
Niu, J., Tong, J., & Blevins, J. E. (2021). Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment. Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 743546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.743546.

Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment

Oxytocin (OT) shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for obesity by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, bypassing leptin resistance. Studies in rodents, non-human primates, and humans suggest OT can lead to weight loss without the psychiatric or cardiovascular side effects often associated with current weight loss therapies, making it a potential long-term treatment option for obesity.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8549820/.
Maejima, Y., Iwasaki, Y., Yamahara, Y., Kodaira, M., Sedbazar, U., & Yada, T. (2011). Peripheral oxytocin treatment ameliorates obesity by reducing food intake and visceral fat mass. Aging, 3(12), 1169–1177. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100408.

Peripheral oxytocin treatment ameliorates obesity by reducing food intake and visceral fat mass

Recent studies show that peripheral oxytocin (Oxt) treatment reduces food intake, body weight, visceral fat mass, and improves glucose tolerance and fatty liver in obese mice. Both acute and sub-chronic Oxt administration suppresses food intake, reduces adipocyte size, and has prolonged weight loss effects, making it a promising therapeutic option for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3273897/.
Pflimlin, E., Zhou, Z., Amso, Z., Fu, Q., Lee, C., Muppiddi, A., Joseph, S. B., Nguyen-Tran, V., & Shen, W. (2020). Engineering a Potent, Long-Acting, and Periphery-Restricted Oxytocin Receptor Agonist with Anorexigenic and Body Weight Reducing Effects. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 63(1), 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01862.

Engineering a Potent, Long-Acting, and Periphery-Restricted Oxytocin Receptor Agonist with Anorexigenic and Body Weight Reducing Effects

Oxytocin’s effects on reducing food intake and body weight have been demonstrated, but its instability limits long-term use. A new oxytocin derivative, OT-12, was developed with a longer half-life and peripheral restriction, showing potent anorexigenic and weight-reducing effects in obese mice. This suggests OT-12 could be a promising long-term treatment for obesity.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01862.
Erdenebayar, O., Kato, T., Kawakita, T., Kasai, K., Kadota, Y., Yoshida, K., Iwasa, T., & Irahara, M. (2021). Effects of peripheral oxytocin administration on body weight, food intake, adipocytes, and biochemical parameters in peri- and postmenopausal female rats. Endocrine journal, 68(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ19-0586.

Effects of peripheral oxytocin administration on body weight, food intake, adipocytes, and biochemical parameters in peri- and postmenopausal female rats

Recent studies suggest that chronic oxytocin administration can significantly reduce food intake, body weight, and fat mass in peri- and postmenopausal female rats without disturbing hepatic or renal functions. This indicates oxytocin’s potential as a treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders commonly associated with menopause and aging.

You can read the full article at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/68/1/68_EJ19-0586/_article.
Yamamoto, S., Noguchi, H., Takeda, A., Arakaki, R., Uchishiba, M., Imaizumi, J., Minato, S., Kamada, S., Kagawa, T., Yoshida, A., Kawakita, T., Yamamoto, Y., Yoshida, K., Kon, M., Shinohara, N., & Iwasa, T. (2022). Changes in Endogenous Oxytocin Levels and the Effects of Exogenous Oxytocin Administration on Body Weight Changes and Food Intake in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rats. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(15), 8207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158207.

Changes in Endogenous Oxytocin Levels and the Effects of Exogenous Oxytocin Administration on Body Weight Changes and Food Intake in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is linked to metabolic issues worsened by obesity, and current weight loss programs often have high dropout rates. Recent research shows that oxytocin (OT) can reduce body weight, food intake, and fat mass without adverse effects. In a study using PCOS model rats, OT administration lowered body weight and food intake, especially in PCOS rats, suggesting that OT could be a safe and effective treatment for obese PCOS patients.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9330807/.
Roberts, Z. S., Wolden-Hanson, T., Matsen, M. E., Ryu, V., Vaughan, C. H., Graham, J. L., Havel, P. J., Chukri, D. W., Schwartz, M. W., Morton, G. J., & Blevins, J. E. (2017). Chronic hindbrain administration of oxytocin is sufficient to elicit weight loss in diet-induced obese rats. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 313(4), R357–R371. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00169.2017.

Chronic hindbrain administration of oxytocin is sufficient to elicit weight loss in diet-induced obese rats

Oxytocin (OT) administration promotes weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) animals by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. This study found that OT, particularly when infused into the hindbrain, enhances brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, contributing to sustained weight loss. These effects suggest that OT affects both energy intake and BAT thermogenesis through central mechanisms, supporting its potential as a treatment for obesity.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5668612/.
Blevins, J. E., Thompson, B. W., Anekonda, V. T., Ho, J. M., Graham, J. L., Roberts, Z. S., Hwang, B. H., Ogimoto, K., Wolden-Hanson, T., Nelson, J., Kaiyala, K. J., Havel, P. J., Bales, K. L., Morton, G. J., Schwartz, M. W., & Baskin, D. G. (2016). Chronic CNS oxytocin signaling preferentially induces fat loss in high-fat diet-fed rats by enhancing satiety responses and increasing lipid utilization. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 310(7), R640–R658. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00220.2015.

Chronic CNS oxytocin signaling preferentially induces fat loss in high-fat diet-fed rats by enhancing satiety responses and increasing lipid utilization

Oxytocin (OT) promotes weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) animals by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, partly through stimulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. This study found that OT’s effects on BAT thermogenesis are mediated through hindbrain OT receptors, supporting the potential of OT as a sustained treatment for obesity by targeting both energy intake and thermogenesis.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5668612/.
Morton, G. J., Thatcher, B. S., Reidelberger, R. D., Ogimoto, K., Wolden-Hanson, T., Baskin, D. G., Schwartz, M. W., & Blevins, J. E. (2012). Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 302(1), E134–E144. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00296.2011.

Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats

Oxytocin administration reduces food intake and induces weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) animals, regardless of high-fat or low-fat diet. It remains effective in leptin-resistant animals and activates key hindbrain areas regulating satiety, such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP). Oxytocin also prevents the typical decrease in energy expenditure seen in weight-reduced animals, supporting its role in regulating energy balance and weight loss.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3328087/.
Lawson, E. A., Olszewski, P. K., Weller, A., & Blevins, J. E. (2020). The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 32(4), e12805. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12805.

The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis

Oxytocin (OXT) plays a significant role in regulating energy balance and reducing food intake, with both central and peripheral administration leading to weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) animals and humans. Chronic OXT treatment, even in cases of leptin resistance, promotes weight loss without adverse effects, showing potential for treating obesity. However, challenges remain in developing long-term OXT-based therapies for humans.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7186135/.
Blevins, J. E., & Ho, J. M. (2013). Role of oxytocin signaling in the regulation of body weight. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 14(4), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-013-9260-x.

Role of oxytocin signaling in the regulation of body weight

Obesity and related metabolic disorders are major health concerns worldwide. While oxytocin is known for its peripheral effects on reproduction, its release in the central nervous system regulates energy balance and reduces food intake. Chronic oxytocin administration in diet-induced and genetically obese rodents results in significant weight loss without tolerance, suggesting its potential as a treatment to overcome leptin resistance and manage obesity.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4213929/.
Yuan, J., Zhang, R., Wu, R., Gu, Y., & Lu, Y. (2020). The effects of oxytocin to rectify metabolic dysfunction in obese mice are associated with increased thermogenesis. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 514, 110903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2020.110903.

The effects of oxytocin to rectify metabolic dysfunction in obese mice are associated with increased thermogenesis

Oxytocin reduces body weight gain in obese animals by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. It promotes thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and induces browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), which contributes to enhanced energy expenditure. Additionally, oxytocin improves glucose and insulin tolerance, reduces fatty liver, and increases thermogenic gene expression in BAT, WAT, and skeletal muscle, making it a promising treatment for obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0303720720302033?via%3Dihub.
Thienel, M., Fritsche, A., Heinrichs, M., Peter, A., Ewers, M., Lehnert, H., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2016). Oxytocin’s inhibitory effect on food intake is stronger in obese than normal-weight men. International journal of obesity (2005), 40(11), 1707–1714. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.149.

Oxytocin’s inhibitory effect on food intake is stronger in obese than normal-weight men

Oxytocin administration reduces hunger-driven food intake in obese men more effectively than in normal-weight men, while also lowering snack consumption and blunting post-meal glucose spikes in both groups. Although energy expenditure remains unaffected, oxytocin’s acute inhibition of food intake, especially in obese individuals, suggests its potential for treating metabolic disorders.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5116063/.
Lawson E. A. (2017). The effects of oxytocin on eating behaviour and metabolism in humans. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 13(12), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.115.

The effects of oxytocin on eating behaviour and metabolism in humans

Oxytocin, a hypothalamic hormone, regulates eating behavior and metabolism, and its chronic administration in rodents and nonhuman primates leads to sustained weight loss by reducing food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and enhancing lipolysis. In humans, oxytocin also reduces caloric intake, boosts fat oxidation, and improves insulin sensitivity, with promising early clinical trials showing significant weight loss. These findings suggest oxytocin-based therapies could be effective for treating metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5868755/.
Fu-Man, D., Hong-Yu, K., Bin-Hong, D., Da-Na, L., & Xin-Yang, Y. (2019). Associations of oxytocin with metabolic parameters in obese women of childbearing age. Endokrynologia Polska, 70(5), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.a2019.0028.

Associations of oxytocin with metabolic parameters in obese women of childbearing age

Associations of oxytocin with metabolic parameters in obese women of childbearing age

This study found that obese women of childbearing age had lower plasma oxytocin levels compared to non-obese women. Oxytocin levels were negatively associated with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL cholesterol, and positively associated with HDL cholesterol. These findings suggest that oxytocin may play a role in reducing metabolic disorders related to obesity in women of childbearing age.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://journals.viamedica.pl/endokrynologia_polska/article/view/63759.
Blevins, J. E., Graham, J. L., Morton, G. J., Bales, K. L., Schwartz, M. W., Baskin, D. G., & Havel, P. J. (2015). Chronic oxytocin administration inhibits food intake, increases energy expenditure, and produces weight loss in fructose-fed obese rhesus monkeys. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 308(5), R431–R438. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00441.2014.

Chronic oxytocin administration inhibits food intake, increases energy expenditure, and produces weight loss in fructose-fed obese rhesus monkeys

This study found that oxytocin (OT) reduces body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) rhesus monkeys by decreasing food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and promoting lipolysis. Chronic OT administration for four weeks led to significant weight loss, reduced intake of chow and fructose-sweetened beverages, and increased energy expenditure during the dark cycle. These findings support OT’s potential as a treatment for obesity.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4346756/.
Lawson, E. A., Marengi, D. A., DeSanti, R. L., Holmes, T. M., Schoenfeld, D. A., & Tolley, C. J. (2015). Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 23(5), 950–956. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21069.

Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men

This study found that a single dose

of intranasal oxytocin reduced caloric intake, especially fat consumption, and improved insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Oxytocin increased the anorexigenic hormone cholecystokinin and shifted metabolism from carbohydrate to fat utilization, without affecting resting energy expenditure or appetite. These findings suggest oxytocin’s potential for treating obesity.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4414748/.
Hong, S. M., Ko, J. K., Moon, J. J., & Kim, Y. R. (2021). Oxytocin: A Potential Therapeutic for Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 30(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20098.

Oxytocin: A Potential Therapeutic for Obesity

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that regulates food consumption and energy balance, particularly influencing hedonic eating. Studies in obese and binge-eating patients have shown that oxytocin reduces caloric intake and contributes to weight loss, highlighting its therapeutic potential for treating obesity and binge eating.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8277591/.
Niu, J., Tong, J., & Blevins, J. E. (2021). Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment. Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 743546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.743546.

Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment

Obesity increases the risk of various health issues, but current weight loss therapies have limitations due to side effects. Oxytocin (OT), a hypothalamic neuropeptide, shows promise in addressing obesity by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure in diet-induced obese animals and humans, even overcoming leptin resistance. This review highlights OT’s potential as a therapeutic strategy for obesity and explores its underlying mechanisms.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8549820/.
Cai, D., & Purkayastha, S. (2013). A New Horizon: Oxytocin as a Novel Therapeutic Option for Obesity and Diabetes. Drug discovery today. Disease mechanisms, 10(1-2), e63–e68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.05.006.

A New Horizon: Oxytocin as a Novel Therapeutic Option for Obesity and Diabetes

Oxytocin (OXT), initially recognized for its role in lactation and uterine contraction, has recently been found to regulate social behaviors and metabolic functions. OXT reduces food intake and body weight by acting on brain regions like the hypothalamus and influences glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and lipolysis. Recent studies show that OXT nasal spray effectively induces weight loss and metabolic improvements in obese patients, making it a promising drug target for obesity treatment. OXT-derived analogues also show potential for controlling body weight and glucose balance.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3804379/.
Lawson E. A. (2017). The effects of oxytocin on eating behaviour and metabolism in humans. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 13(12), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.115.

The effects of oxytocin on eating behaviour and metabolism in humans

Oxytocin, a hypothalamic hormone, regulates eating behavior and metabolism, leading to sustained weight loss by reducing food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and inducing lipolysis in animals. It may also improve glucose homeostasis independently of weight loss. Clinical studies show that intranasal oxytocin can reduce caloric intake, increase fat oxidation, and improve insulin sensitivity in humans, with an 8-week pilot study showing significant weight loss in adults with obesity. These findings highlight oxytocin’s potential as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic disorders like diabetes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5868755/.
Striepens, N., Schröter, F., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016). Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women. Human brain mapping, 37(12), 4276–4285. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23308.

Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women

In developed countries, obesity is a growing epidemic, and evidence suggests that oxytocin (OXT) helps regulate food cravings. A study involving 31 women found that intranasal OXT reduced food cravings during cognitive control tasks and increased brain activity in areas related to self-control, such as the prefrontal cortex and precuneus. These findings suggest that OXT enhances cognitive regulation of food cravings by activating brain regions associated with top-down control.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6867465/.
Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2005). Intranasal oxytocin administration attenuates the ACTH stress response in monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(9), 924–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.002.

Intranasal oxytocin administration attenuates the ACTH stress response in monkeys

Social relationships help protect against stress-related psychiatric disorders, and oxytocin (OT) may play a role in this process. A study on female squirrel monkeys found that chronic intranasal OT administration reduced acute stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Monkeys treated with OT showed lower levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) after stress, though cortisol levels were unaffected. These findings suggest that OT may reduce stress responses and could lead to new treatments for stress-related disorders.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030645300500082X?via%3Dihub.
Windle, R. J., Kershaw, Y. M., Shanks, N., Wood, S. A., Lightman, S. L., & Ingram, C. D. (2004). Oxytocin attenuates stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression in specific forebrain regions associated with modulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 24(12), 2974–2982. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3432-03.2004.

Oxytocin attenuates stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression in specific forebrain regions associated with modulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity

This study found that oxytocin reduces stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and related anxiety behaviors in rats. Oxytocin attenuated the release of stress hormones (ACTH and corticosterone) and suppressed stress-related gene expression in specific brain areas, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), lateral septum, and dorsal hippocampus. These findings suggest that oxytocin acts on a selective forebrain stress circuit to mediate its anti-stress effects, while vasopressin had no such impact.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6729832/.
Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2003). Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biological psychiatry, 54(12), 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00465-7.

Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress

This study found that social support and oxytocin both reduce stress responses in humans. In a stress test, men who received social support or oxytocin had lower cortisol levels and less anxiety. The combination of oxytocin and social support provided the greatest stress reduction, suggesting that oxytocin enhances the calming effects of social interactions, supporting its role in stress protection.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(03)00465-7/abstract.
Windle, R. J., Shanks, N., Lightman, S. L., & Ingram, C. D. (1997). Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats. Endocrinology, 138(7), 2829–2834. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.7.5255.

Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats

This study found that central oxytocin infusions in estradiol-treated female rats reduced both stress-induced corticosterone levels and anxiety-related behaviors in response to noise stress. Oxytocin also lessened anxiety in mildly stressed rats during an elevated plus-maze test. These results suggest that oxytocin has a central anxiolytic effect, moderating both hormonal and behavioral stress responses.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/138/7/2829/2988162?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Engert, V., Koester, A. M., Riepenhausen, A., & Singer, T. (2016). Boosting recovery rather than buffering reactivity: Higher stress-induced oxytocin secretion is associated with increased cortisol reactivity and faster vagal recovery after acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.029.

Boosting recovery rather than buffering reactivity: Higher stress-induced oxytocin secretion is associated with increased cortisol reactivity and faster vagal recovery after acute psychosocial stress

This study found that oxytocin levels increased by 51% following psychosocial stress, but higher oxytocin secretion was associated with greater cortisol reactivity initially. However, in the recovery phase, higher oxytocin levels were linked to faster vagal recovery, suggesting that oxytocin’s stress-reducing effects emerge later, helping enhance recovery rather than buffering immediate stress reactivity, potentially protecting against long-term stress-related health effects.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453016306266?via%3Dihub.
Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Handlin, L., & Petersson, M. (2015). Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529.

Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation

Oxytocin, a neuropeptide associated with social interaction and well-being, is released through sensory stimulation during activities like touch, breastfeeding, labor, and sexual activity. This release promotes stress reduction and health benefits, contributing to everyday well-being. Oxytocin is triggered not only during mother-infant bonding but also in adult interactions and even between humans and animals. Its release, particularly through gentle skin stimulation, plays a crucial role in managing stress and promoting a sense of well-being.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4290532/.
Maier, A., Scheele, D., Spengler, F. B., Menba, T., Mohr, F., Güntürkün, O., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Kinfe, T. M., Maier, W., Khalsa, S. S., & Hurlemann, R. (2019). Oxytocin reduces a chemosensory-induced stress bias in social perception. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(2), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0063-3.

Oxytocin reduces a chemosensory-induced stress bias in social perception

This study shows that oxytocin (OXT) reduces behavioral and neural responses to chemosensory stress signals, such as stress-related sweat odors, in humans. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled MRI study, it was found that OXT diminished fear recognition biases and reduced stress-induced activation in brain regions like the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and hippocampus. Additionally, OXT restored functional connectivity between the ACC and fusiform face area, suggesting its role in modulating stress communication by enhancing top-down control over stress-related emotional responses.

You can read the full article at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-018-0063-3.
Eckstein, M., Scheele, D., Weber, K., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014). Oxytocin facilitates the sensation of social stress. Human brain mapping, 35(9), 4741–4750. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22508.

Oxytocin facilitates the sensation of social stress

This study found that while oxytocin (OXT) is generally linked to stress relief, it can also heighten perceived social stress. In 60 men exposed to social stress, those who received OXT reported feeling more stressed, despite unchanged cortisol levels. Brain scans showed increased activity in regions tied to self-referential processing, suggesting OXT may enhance awareness of social stress without altering physiological stress markers.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6869318/.
Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2005). Intranasal oxytocin administration attenuates the ACTH stress response in monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(9), 924–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.002.

Intranasal oxytocin administration attenuates the ACTH stress response in monkeys

This study explored the effects of chronic intranasal oxytocin (OT) administration on stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in female monkeys. Monkeys treated with OT had lower levels of ACTH, a stress-related hormone, after social isolation, suggesting an anti-stress effect. However, cortisol levels were not affected by OT, indicating its effect might not directly involve the adrenal stress response. These findings offer potential for OT in developing treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030645300500082X.
Light, K. C., Smith, T. E., Johns, J. M., Brownley, K. A., Hofheimer, J. A., & Amico, J. A. (2000). Oxytocin responsivity in mothers of infants: a preliminary study of relationships with blood pressure during laboratory stress and normal ambulatory activity. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 19(6), 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.560.

Oxytocin responsivity in mothers of infants: a preliminary study of relationships with blood pressure during laboratory stress and normal ambulatory activity

This study examined the effects of oxytocin (OT) on blood pressure (BP) and stress in breastfeeding and bottle-feeding mothers. Mothers with increased OT, mostly breastfeeders, had lower BP during stress and after baby feeding, while those with decreased OT had higher BP and stress reactivity. The findings suggest OT has antistress and BP-lowering effects in humans.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-16348-008.
Kirsch, P., Esslinger, C., Chen, Q., Mier, D., Lis, S., Siddhanti, S., Gruppe, H., Mattay, V. S., Gallhofer, B., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2005). Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25(49), 11489–11493. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3984-05.2005.

Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans

In non-human mammals, oxytocin plays a key role in social behaviors, reducing anxiety and influencing fear conditioning. This study showed that in humans, oxytocin also modulates amygdala activity, decreasing its response to fear-inducing stimuli and reducing its connection to brain regions involved in fear responses. These findings suggest a neural mechanism for oxytocin’s effects on social cognition, with potential implications for treating disorders like social phobia and autism.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6725903/.
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Gläscher, J., Büchel, C., Braus, D. F., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence. Biological psychiatry, 62(10), 1187–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.025.

Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence

Oxytocin reduces amygdala activity in response to both positive and negative facial expressions, potentially lowering social anxiety and facilitating approach behaviors by diminishing uncertainty about social cues.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(07)00319-8/abstract.
Petrovic, P., Kalisch, R., Singer, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2008). Oxytocin attenuates affective evaluations of conditioned faces and amygdala activity. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(26), 6607–6615. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4572-07.2008.

Oxytocin attenuates affective evaluations of conditioned faces and amygdala activity

Oxytocin reduces negative affective ratings of faces conditioned with aversive experiences and decreases related brain activity in regions like the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex, particularly for socially relevant cues such as direct gaze, suggesting its role in enhancing prosocial behavior.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2647078/.
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008). Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron, 58(4), 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009.

Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans

Oxytocin enhances trust in humans, even after trust is repeatedly betrayed, unlike placebo subjects who reduce trust. This sustained trust is linked to reduced activity in brain regions involved in fear and behavioral adaptation, such as the amygdala, midbrain, and dorsal striatum, suggesting oxytocin’s role in modulating trust and its potential relevance for social disorders like phobia and autism.

You can read the full article at https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(08)00327-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0896627308003279%3Fshowall%3Dtrue.
Uvnas-Moberg, K., & Petersson, M. (2005). Oxytocin, ein Vermittler von Antistress, Wohlbefinden, sozialer Interaktion, Wachstum und Heilung [Oxytocin, a mediator of anti-stress, well-being, social interaction, growth and healing]. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 51(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2005.51.1.57.

[Oxytocin, a mediator of anti-stress, well-being, social interaction, growth and healing]

Oxytocin, a neuropeptide initially known for its role in labor and milk ejection, also has significant anti-stress effects, such as reducing blood pressure and cortisol, increasing pain thresholds, and promoting social interactions, growth, and healing. It can be released by sensory stimulation (e.g., touch, warmth) and psychological mechanisms, suggesting that positive interactions and environments may promote health. These effects also underpin the benefits of psychotherapy that involves support and empathy, contributing to its therapeutic outcomes.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/10.13109/zptm.2005.51.1.57?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed.
Ayers, L. W., Missig, G., Schulkin, J., & Rosen, J. B. (2011). Oxytocin reduces background anxiety in a fear-potentiated startle paradigm: peripheral vs central administration. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(12), 2488–2497. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.138.

Oxytocin reduces background anxiety in a fear-potentiated startle paradigm: peripheral vs central administration

Oxytocin effectively reduces background anxiety, a generalized anxious state not tied to specific cues, when administered peripherally but not when administered directly to the brain in rats. This suggests that systemic oxytocin may help alleviate hypervigilance and exaggerated startle responses, which are common symptoms in anxiety and related mental health disorders.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3194076/.
Blume, A., Bosch, O. J., Miklos, S., Torner, L., Wales, L., Waldherr, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2008). Oxytocin reduces anxiety via ERK1/2 activation: local effect within the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The European journal of neuroscience, 27(8), 1947–1956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06184.x.

Oxytocin reduces anxiety via ERK1/2 activation: local effect within the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Oxytocin reduces anxiety by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in the hypothalamus, specifically within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). This effect is blocked when the MAP kinase cascade is inhibited, suggesting oxytocin’s anxiolytic effects involve this pathway and could inform therapies for emotional and social disorders.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06184.x.
Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010). Oxytocin attenuates amygdala reactivity to fear in generalized social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(12), 2403–2413. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.123.

Oxytocin attenuates amygdala reactivity to fear in generalized social anxiety disorder

Oxytocin reduces exaggerated amygdala reactivity to fearful faces in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD), normalizing their response to threat cues, while having no effect on amygdala activity in healthy controls, indicating a targeted anxiolytic effect in individuals with heightened fear processing.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3055328/.
László, K., Kiss, O., Vörös, D., Mintál, K., Ollmann, T., Péczely, L., Kovács, A., Zagoracz, O., Kertes, E., Kállai, V., László, B., Hormay, E., Berta, B., Tóth, A., Karádi, Z., & Lénárd, L. (2022). Intraamygdaloid Oxytocin Reduces Anxiety in the Valproate-Induced Autism Rat Model. Biomedicines, 10(2), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020405.

Intraamygdaloid Oxytocin Reduces Anxiety in the Valproate-Induced Autism Rat Model

Oxytocin administration directly into the amygdala significantly reduced anxiety behaviors in an autism model in rats, normalizing their behavior to that of healthy controls, suggesting oxytocin’s potential as an anxiolytic treatment for autism-related anxiety.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8962302/.
La Fratta, I., Franceschelli, S., Speranza, L., Patruno, A., Michetti, C., D’Ercole, P., Ballerini, P., Grilli, A., & Pesce, M. (2021). Salivary oxytocin, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence in pre-competition athletes. Scientific reports, 11(1), 16877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96392-7.

Salivary oxytocin, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence in pre-competition athletes

In young male soccer players, winners showed higher oxytocin, lower cortisol, and reduced cognitive anxiety compared to losers, highlighting associations between oxytocin, cortisol, anxiety, and competitive outcomes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8376920/.
Lebowitz, E. R., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., Zagoory-Sharon, O., McDonald, N., & Silverman, W. K. (2016). Salivary oxytocin in clinically anxious youth: Associations with separation anxiety and family accommodation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 65, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.007.

Salivary oxytocin in clinically anxious youth: Associations with separation anxiety and family accommodation

Lower salivary oxytocin levels in youth with separation anxiety disorder correlate with greater symptoms, anxious behaviors with mothers, and increased family accommodation, suggesting oxytocin’s role in youth anxiety and the interpersonal dynamics of separation anxiety.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4895196/.
Han, R. T., Kim, Y. B., Park, E. H., Kim, J. Y., Ryu, C., Kim, H. Y., Lee, J., Pahk, K., Shanyu, C., Kim, H., Back, S. K., Kim, H. J., Kim, Y. I., & Na, H. S. (2018). Long-Term Isolation Elicits Depression and Anxiety-Related Behaviors by Reducing Oxytocin-Induced GABAergic Transmission in Central Amygdala. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 11, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00246.

Long-Term Isolation Elicits Depression and Anxiety-Related Behaviors by Reducing Oxytocin-Induced GABAergic Transmission in Central Amygdala

Long-term isolation in mice decreases oxytocin receptor expression and oxytocin-driven inhibitory signaling in the central amygdala, which may lead to increased amygdala activity and the development of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6104450/.
Alvares, G. A., Chen, N. T., Balleine, B. W., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2012). Oxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(12), 2022–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.018.

Oxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males

This study suggests that oxytocin may reduce negative self-appraisals in high-anxiety individuals following social stress, indicating its potential role in alleviating negative cognitive responses to stress among anxious individuals.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453012001680?via%3Dihub.
Chen, X., Hackett, P. D., DeMarco, A. C., Feng, C., Stair, S., Haroon, E., Ditzen, B., Pagnoni, G., & Rilling, J. K. (2016). Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the neural response to unreciprocated cooperation within brain regions involved in stress and anxiety in men and women. Brain imaging and behavior, 10(2), 581–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9411-7.

Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the neural response to unreciprocated cooperation within brain regions involved in stress and anxiety in men and women

This study indicates that oxytocin (OT) may reduce stress from negative social interactions in men by lowering amygdala and anterior insula activity, suggesting its potential as a treatment for anxiety disorders, though similar effects were not observed in women during interactions with human partners.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4670292/.
Kudwa, A. E., McGivern, R. F., & Handa, R. J. (2014). Estrogen receptor β and oxytocin interact to modulate anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine stress reactivity in adult male and female rats. Physiology & behavior, 129, 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.004.

Estrogen receptor β and oxytocin interact to modulate anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine stress reactivity in adult male and female rats

This study demonstrates that activation of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) reduces anxiety-like behaviors and stress hormone levels in rats, likely through its interaction with oxytocin pathways in the hypothalamus, as shown by the blocking effect of an oxytocin antagonist on these outcomes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5802969/.
Naja, W. J., & Aoun, M. P. (2017). Oxytocin and Anxiety Disorders: Translational and Therapeutic Aspects. Current psychiatry reports, 19(10), 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0819-1.

Oxytocin and Anxiety Disorders: Translational and Therapeutic Aspects

Recent research suggests that the oxytocin (OXT) system plays a significant role in human anxiety and may serve as a target for new anxiety treatments, especially for anxiety disorders with social-emotional components; however, moderators like sex and context may influence its anxiolytic effects.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-017-0819-1.
Thornton, J. L., Everett, N. A., Webb, P., Turner, A. J., Cornish, J. L., & Baracz, S. J. (2021). Adolescent oxytocin administration reduces depression-like behaviour induced by early life stress in adult male and female rats. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 110, 110279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110279.

Adolescent oxytocin administration reduces depression-like behaviour induced by early life stress in adult male and female rats

Early life stress (ELS) heightens the risk for adult depression, but no approved therapies exist to prevent this. A study found that oxytocin (OT) treatment during adolescence prevented ELS-induced depressive behaviors in both male and female rats, suggesting OT’s potential as a preventative therapy against ELS-related mental health issues.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278584621000385?via%3Dihub.
Takács, L., Seidlerová, J. M., Štěrbová, Z., Čepický, P., & Havlíček, J. (2019). The effects of intrapartum synthetic oxytocin on maternal postpartum mood: findings from a prospective observational study. Archives of women’s mental health, 22(4), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0913-3.

The effects of intrapartum synthetic oxytocin on maternal postpartum mood: findings from a prospective observational study

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects many mothers, but synthetic oxytocin (synOT) given during labor may reduce PPD risk weeks after childbirth, though it has no immediate effect on maternal mood. Key PPD risk factors include a history of depression and negative childbirth experiences.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6647378/.
Lin, Y. T., & Hsu, K. S. (2018). c. Progress in neurobiology, 171, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.10.003.

Oxytocin receptor signaling in the hippocampus: Role in regulating neuronal excitability, network oscillatory activity, synaptic plasticity and social memory

Oxytocin (OXT), beyond reproduction, plays a critical role in social and nonsocial behaviors through hippocampal OXT receptors (OXTR). Recent research highlights hippocampal OXTR’s influence on neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and social recognition memory, with potential implications for treating social cognition deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030100821830100X?via%3Dihub.
Wirth M. M. (2015). Hormones, stress, and cognition: The effects of glucocorticoids and oxytocin on memory. Adaptive human behavior and physiology, 1(2), 177–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-014-0010-4.

Hormones, stress, and cognition: The effects of glucocorticoids and oxytocin on memory

Hormones like glucocorticoids and oxytocin impact memory processes, with effects varying by hormone type, dose, memory stage, and context. Glucocorticoids influence long-term memory and working memory, especially under emotional conditions, while oxytocin may affect social cognition through broader cognitive processes. This review also explores potential evolutionary roles of these hormone-memory interactions.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4399826/.
Mitre, M., Minder, J., Morina, E. X., Chao, M. V., & Froemke, R. C. (2018). Oxytocin Modulation of Neural Circuits. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 35, 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_7.

Oxytocin Modulation of Neural Circuits

Originally known for its role in childbirth and lactation, oxytocin is now recognized for its impact on social behavior, acting through networks in the cortex. This chapter reviews the oxytocinergic system’s role in brain development, social cognition, and sensory processing, highlighting its function as a neuromodulator that influences synaptic transmission and brain plasticity across different life stages.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5834368/.
Ferguson, J. N., Young, L. J., Hearn, E. F., Matzuk, M. M., Insel, T. R., & Winslow, J. T. (2000). Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene. Nature genetics, 25(3), 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/77040.

Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene

Social familiarity in rodents, driven mainly by olfactory cues, is crucial for social memory, which oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) modulate. Male mice lacking the oxytocin gene (Oxt-/-) fail to form social memory, though they show normal recognition of non-social stimuli and spatial memory. OT treatment restores social memory in these mutants, while OT antagonists impair it in normal mice, underscoring OT’s essential role in social memory, separate from other memory forms.

You can read the full article at https://www.nature.com/articles/ng0700_284.
Caldwell, H. K., Aulino, E. A., Freeman, A. R., Miller, T. V., & Witchey, S. K. (2017). Oxytocin and behavior: Lessons from knockout mice. Developmental neurobiology, 77(2), 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22431.

Oxytocin and behavior: Lessons from knockout miceOxytocin and behavior: Lessons from knockout mice

Oxytocin (Oxt) has been crucial in understanding the neural basis of various mammalian behaviors. Research using genetically modified mice lacking Oxt or its receptor has clarified Oxt’s role in behaviors such as social recognition, maternal care, aggression, and certain nonsocial behaviors, laying groundwork for broader insights into Oxt’s behavioral effects across species.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dneu.22431.
Winslow, J. T., & Insel, T. R. (2002). The social deficits of the oxytocin knockout mouse. Neuropeptides, 36(2-3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1054/npep.2002.0909.

The social deficits of the oxytocin knockout mouse

Oxytocin knockout (OTKO) mice reveal oxytocin’s (OT) selective impact on social cognition and behavior, showing that while OT is not essential for sexual or maternal behavior in mice, it is crucial for social recognition and aggression regulation. OTKO mice exhibit impaired social memory despite normal olfactory and nonsocial memory, suggesting OT’s specific role in social cognition, which can be restored with OT administration to the amygdala. These findings offer insights into social cognitive disorders, such as autism and reactive attachment disorder.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143417902909091?via%3Dihub.
Abramova, O., Zorkina, Y., Ushakova, V., Zubkov, E., Morozova, A., & Chekhonin, V. (2020). The role of oxytocin and vasopressin dysfunction in cognitive impairment and mental disorders. Neuropeptides, 83, 102079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2020.102079.

The role of oxytocin and vasopressin dysfunction in cognitive impairment and mental disorders

Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) not only regulate social behavior and emotions but also play roles in cognitive functions, such as social, working, spatial, and episodic memory, through brain regions like the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Polymorphisms in the OXT receptor and OXT knockouts in mice are linked to memory deficits, and imbalances in OXT/AVP systems, often induced by stress, are associated with mental disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and autism. The review highlights potential therapeutic uses of OXT and AVP in treating these cognitive and mental health challenges.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143417920300974?via%3Dihub.
Rimmele, U., Hediger, K., Heinrichs, M., & Klaver, P. (2009). Oxytocin makes a face in memory familiar. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4260-08.2009.

Oxytocin makes a face in memory familiar

Oxytocin, when administered intranasally, enhances recognition memory specifically for faces in humans, improving accuracy in identifying previously seen faces without affecting the recall ability, suggesting a targeted effect on social memory pathways.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6664913/.
Shahrestani, S., Kemp, A. H., & Guastella, A. J. (2013). The impact of a single administration of intranasal oxytocin on the recognition of basic emotions in humans: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(10), 1929–1936. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.86.

The impact of a single administration of intranasal oxytocin on the recognition of basic emotions in humans: a meta-analysis

Oxytocin administration enhances overall facial emotion recognition, particularly for happy and fearful expressions, with effects varying by exposure time—showing stronger results in early-phase recognition for happy and angry faces and in later-phase for fear. This suggests oxytocin’s potential to improve social cognition by aiding the understanding of others’ emotional states.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3746698/.
Lopatina, O. L., Komleva, Y. K., Gorina, Y. V., Higashida, H., & Salmina, A. B. (2018). Neurobiological Aspects of Face Recognition: The Role of Oxytocin. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 12, 195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00195.

Neurobiological Aspects of Face Recognition: The Role of Oxytocin

Oxytocin administration enhances overall facial emotion recognition, particularly for happy and fearful expressions, with effects varying by exposure time—showing stronger results in early-phase recognition for happy and angry faces and in later-phase for fear. This suggests oxytocin’s potential to improve social cognition by aiding the understanding of others’ emotional states.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6121008/.
Guastella, A. J., Mitchell, P. B., & Mathews, F. (2008). Oxytocin enhances the encoding of positive social memories in humans. Biological psychiatry, 64(3), 256–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.008.

Oxytocin enhances the encoding of positive social memories in humans

Oxytocin administration in men enhances the encoding and recall of previously seen happy faces over angry or neutral faces, suggesting that oxytocin strengthens positive social memory, potentially facilitating social bonding and approach behaviors.

You can read the full article at https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(08)00188-1/fulltext.
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans. Biological psychiatry, 61(6), 731–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015.

Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans

Oxytocin enhances the ability to interpret others’ mental states from eye-based social cues, particularly in challenging scenarios, suggesting its potential relevance for addressing social impairments seen in autism spectrum disorders.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(06)00939-5/abstract.
Wagner, U., & Echterhoff, G. (2018). When Does Oxytocin Affect Human Memory Encoding? The Role of Social Context and Individual Attachment Style. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 12, 349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00349.

When Does Oxytocin Affect Human Memory Encoding? The Role of Social Context and Individual Attachment Style

Oxytocin influences memory encoding in humans, with effects moderated by attachment style rather than social context. Specifically, it enhances memory accuracy for individuals uncomfortable with dependence but impairs it for those comfortable with dependence. Regardless of context or personality, oxytocin increased false alarms and showed a trend toward higher memory recall, indicating its complex role in memory and social cognition.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6158322/.
Plessow, F., Marengi, D. A., Perry, S. K., & Lawson, E. A. (2021). Oxytocin Administration Increases Proactive Control in Men with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 29(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23010.

Oxytocin Administration Increases Proactive Control in Men with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study

Oxytocin administration in individuals with overweight or obesity enhances cognitive control by increasing response times and reducing impulsive errors in behavioral tasks, suggesting that oxytocin may improve impulse regulation, a potential mechanism for its appetite-suppressing effects.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6158322/.
Intranasal Oxytocin Attenuates Cognitive Impairment, β-Amyloid Burden and Tau Deposition iEl-Ganainy, S. O., Soliman, O. A., Ghazy, A. A., Allam, M., Elbahnasi, A. I., Mansour, A. M., & Gowayed, M. A. (2022). Intranasal Oxytocin Attenuates Cognitive Impairment, β-Amyloid Burden and Tau Deposition in Female Rats with Alzheimer’s Disease: Interplay of ERK1/2/GSK3β/Caspase-3. Neurochemical research, 47(8), 2345–2356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-022-03624-x.

Intranasal Oxytocin Attenuates Cognitive Impairment, β-Amyloid Burden and Tau Deposition in Female Rats with Alzheimer’s Disease: Interplay of ERK1/2/GSK3β/Caspase-3

Oxytocin shows potential as a neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, as it improved memory, reduced key AD markers like β-amyloid and Tau proteins, and decreased neuronal death in an animal model, with effects that surpassed or complemented those of the standard drug galantamine.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9352611/.
Huber, D., Veinante, P., & Stoop, R. (2005). Vasopressin and oxytocin excite distinct neuronal populations in the central amygdala. Science (New York, N.Y.), 308(5719), 245–248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105636.

Vasopressin and oxytocin excite distinct neuronal populations in the central amygdala

Vasopressin and oxytocin influence autonomic fear responses by activating distinct neuronal groups within the central amygdala’s inhibitory network, modulating excitatory signals differently and potentially regulating fear response expression via receptor activation.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1694.
Landgraf, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2004). Vasopressin and oxytocin release within the brain: a dynamic concept of multiple and variable modes of neuropeptide communication. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 25(3-4), 150–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.05.001.

Vasopressin and oxytocin release within the brain: a dynamic concept of multiple and variable modes of neuropeptide communication

Neuropeptides like vasopressin and oxytocin are released from multiple neuronal sites within the brain, enabling diverse and flexible signaling patterns through both diffuse and focal release. This dynamic release mechanism modulates brain communication, impacting behavior, neuroendocrine functions, and potentially psychopathology by triggering varied receptor-mediated effects in the brain’s extracellular fluid.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091302204000056?via%3Dihub.
Andari, E., Duhamel, J. R., Zalla, T., Herbrecht, E., Leboyer, M., & Sirigu, A. (2010). Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(9), 4389–4394. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910249107.

Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders

Oxytocin administration in individuals with high-functioning autism improved social engagement by enhancing interactions with cooperative partners, increasing trust, and focusing gaze on the eye region of faces, suggesting its therapeutic potential for addressing social deficits in autism.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2840168/.
Kosaka, H., Munesue, T., Ishitobi, M., Asano, M., Omori, M., Sato, M., Tomoda, A., & Wada, Y. (2012). Long-term oxytocin administration improves social behaviors in a girl with autistic disorder. BMC psychiatry, 12, 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-110.

Long-term oxytocin administration improves social behaviors in a girl with autistic disorder

A 16-year-old girl with autism spectrum disorder showed significant improvement in social interactions, communication, and behavior after two months of long-term oxytocin nasal spray treatment, suggesting it as a promising and well-tolerated option for addressing social impairments in autism.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3466125/.
Voncken, M. J., Dijk, C., Stöhr, F., Niesten, I. J. M., Schruers, K., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2021). The effect of intranasally administered oxytocin on observed social behavior in social anxiety disorder. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 53, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.07.005.

The effect of intranasally administered oxytocin on observed social behavior in social anxiety disorder

This study found that intranasal oxytocin influenced social learning in high and low socially anxious individuals, with effects varying by anxiety level, sex, and emotional valence. High socially anxious individuals reported greater sympathy and showed increased insula activation under oxytocin, especially in men. These results suggest that oxytocin impacts emotional learning beyond amygdala-centered models, highlighting the insula’s role, and may open new treatment possibilities combining oxytocin and neurofeedback tailored by sex and anxiety level.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390824000996?via%3Dihub.
Preti, A., Melis, M., Siddi, S., Vellante, M., Doneddu, G., & Fadda, R. (2014). Oxytocin and autism: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 24(2), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2013.0040.

Oxytocin and autism: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

This review of seven randomized controlled trials on oxytocin interventions in autism suggests promising improvements in emotion recognition and eye gaze, though most studies had small samples and moderate bias. While oxytocin was generally well tolerated, mild side effects like restlessness were more frequent. Larger, more rigorous studies with diverse participants are needed to confirm effectiveness and establish long-term safety before making clinical recommendations.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2013.0040?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed.
Parker, K. J., Oztan, O., Libove, R. A., Sumiyoshi, R. D., Jackson, L. P., Karhson, D. S., Summers, J. E., Hinman, K. E., Motonaga, K. S., Phillips, J. M., Carson, D. S., Garner, J. P., & Hardan, A. Y. (2017). Intranasal oxytocin treatment for social deficits and biomarkers of response in children with autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(30), 8119–8124. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705521114.

Intranasal oxytocin treatment for social deficits and biomarkers of response in children with autism

This study found that intranasal oxytocin treatment significantly improved social abilities in children with autism, particularly for those with lower initial oxytocin levels, suggesting oxytocin as a potential treatment targeting core social deficits in ASD. Oxytocin was well tolerated and specifically improved social functioning, with no effect on repetitive behaviors or anxiety. Some placebo participants also showed social improvements, possibly linked to increased endogenous oxytocin levels.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5544319/.
Campbell, A., Ruffman, T., Murray, J. E., & Glue, P. (2014). Oxytocin improves emotion recognition for older males. Neurobiology of aging, 35(10), 2246–2248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.021.

Oxytocin improves emotion recognition for older males. Neurobiology of aging

This study found that oxytocin improved emotion recognition in older men, who generally have lower natural oxytocin levels and more difficulty recognizing emotions, while having no effect on older women or young adults, suggesting oxytocin’s potential to enhance emotion processing in those with lower baseline recognition abilities.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0197-4580(14)00323-6.
Palgi, S., Klein, E., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2016). Oxytocin improves compassion toward women among patients with PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 64, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.008.

Oxytocin improves compassion toward women among patients with PTSD

This study found that individuals with PTSD show compassion deficits, particularly linked to emotional numbing symptoms, and that a single dose of oxytocin increased compassion toward women in both PTSD patients and healthy controls, suggesting oxytocin’s potential as a treatment to improve social functioning in PTSD.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453015300081?via%3Dihub.
Fragkaki, I., & Cima, M. (2019). The effect of oxytocin administration on empathy and emotion recognition in residential youth: A randomized, within-subjects trial. Hormones and behavior, 114, 104561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104561.

The effect of oxytocin administration on empathy and emotion recognition in residential youth: A randomized, within-subjects trial

A study on intranasal oxytocin (OT-IN) in 100 male adolescents in youth care facilities found that OT-IN increased empathy, especially in those with high callous-unemotional traits, and improved fear recognition accuracy, though it had no effect on general emotion recognition. Trauma and dissociation did not alter these effects. The findings suggest OT-IN, combined with psychological interventions, could offer a promising approach for enhancing social-affective skills in youth with severe impairments.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X19301102?via%3Dihub.
Gibson, C. M., Penn, D. L., Smedley, K. L., Leserman, J., Elliott, T., & Pedersen, C. A. (2014). A pilot six-week randomized controlled trial of oxytocin on social cognition and social skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 156(2-3), 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.009.

A pilot six-week randomized controlled trial of oxytocin on social cognition and social skills in schizophrenia

This study found that six weeks of intranasal oxytocin in individuals with schizophrenia improved fear recognition, perspective taking, and reduced negative symptoms, suggesting oxytocin could enhance social cognition and social skills in schizophrenia, with potential therapeutic implications for social functioning.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996414001674?via%3Dihub.
Auyeung, B., Lombardo, M. V., Heinrichs, M., Chakrabarti, B., Sule, A., Deakin, J. B., Bethlehem, R. A., Dickens, L., Mooney, N., Sipple, J. A., Thiemann, P., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Oxytocin increases eye contact during a real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism. Translational psychiatry, 5(2), e507. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2014.146.

Oxytocin increases eye contact during a real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism

This study found that intranasal oxytocin improved eye contact in real-time social interactions for adults with autism, particularly enhancing gaze duration in those with lower baseline eye contact, suggesting oxytocin’s potential therapeutic role in improving social communication in autism.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4445747/.
Simpson, E. A., Sclafani, V., Paukner, A., Hamel, A. F., Novak, M. A., Meyer, J. S., Suomi, S. J., & Ferrari, P. F. (2014). Inhaled oxytocin increases positive social behaviors in newborn macaques. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(19), 6922–6927. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402471111.

Inhaled oxytocin increases positive social behaviors in newborn macaques

This study demonstrates that nebulized oxytocin enhances social behaviors, like facial gesturing and caregiver proximity, in newborn macaques, especially in those with strong early social skills, and reduces cortisol, suggesting anxiolytic effects and potential therapeutic value for infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4024859/.
Stavropoulos, K. K., & Carver, L. J. (2013). Research review: Social motivation and oxytocin in autism–implications for joint attention development and intervention. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 54(6), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12061.

Research review: Social motivation and oxytocin in autism–implications for joint attention development and intervention

This review examines the social motivation hypothesis (SMH) in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), suggesting that individuals with ASD find social stimuli less rewarding, potentially due to oxytocin-related deficits. Evidence indicates that oxytocin administration can enhance social cognitive task performance and may support joint attention, a key area of social impairment in ASD. Integrating oxytocin with behavioral interventions could improve treatment outcomes and deepen understanding of social motivation deficits in ASD.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3663901/.
Jones, C., Barrera, I., Brothers, S., Ring, R., & Wahlestedt, C. (2017). Oxytocin and social functioning. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 19(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/cjones.

Oxytocin and social functioning

Social anxiety, characterized by persistent fear in social settings, remains inadequately treated in 30-40% of cases despite existing therapies. This review explores oxytocin as a potential treatment for social anxiety, noting its role in promoting prosocial behaviors and reducing anxiety in animal studies, while human studies show correlations between oxytocin levels and social anxiety. Oxytocin’s therapeutic potential may also extend to related social dysfunctions in conditions like autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5573563/.
Andari, E., Duhamel, J. R., Zalla, T., Herbrecht, E., Leboyer, M., & Sirigu, A. (2010). Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(9), 4389–4394. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910249107.

Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders

Individuals with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome struggle with social interactions despite intact intellectual abilities. In a study involving 13 individuals with autism, oxytocin inhalation increased social engagement with cooperative partners, enhanced feelings of trust, and improved focus on the eye region in faces, indicating that oxytocin may help address core social deficits in autism.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2840168/.
Tauber, M., Boulanouar, K., Diene, G., Çabal-Berthoumieu, S., Ehlinger, V., Fichaux-Bourin, P., Molinas, C., Faye, S., Valette, M., Pourrinet, J., Cessans, C., Viaux-Sauvelon, S., Bascoul, C., Guedeney, A., Delhanty, P., Geenen, V., Martens, H., Muscatelli, F., Cohen, D., Consoli, A., … Salles, J. P. (2017). The Use of Oxytocin to Improve Feeding and Social Skills in Infants With Prader-Willi Syndrome. Pediatrics, 139(2), e20162976. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2976.

The Use of Oxytocin to Improve Feeding and Social Skills in Infants With Prader-Willi Syndrome

In a study of 18 infants with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a 7-day course of intranasal oxytocin significantly improved feeding, social skills, and mother-infant interactions without adverse effects. Oxytocin increased ghrelin levels and enhanced brain connectivity, suggesting potential for early treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders with feeding difficulties.

You can read the full article at https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/139/2/e20162976/60312/The-Use-of-Oxytocin-to-Improve-Feeding-and-Social?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
Gordon, I., Vander Wyk, B. C., Bennett, R. H., Cordeaux, C., Lucas, M. V., Eilbott, J. A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2013). Oxytocin enhances brain function in children with autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(52), 20953–20958. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312857110.

Oxytocin enhances brain function in children with autism

Intranasal oxytocin (OT) administration in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder increased brain activity in regions associated with social processing, such as the striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal sulcus, particularly during judgments of socially meaningful stimuli. This OT-induced brain response suggests enhanced salience and enjoyment of social cues, offering insights into how OT may improve social functioning in autism.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3876263/.
de Boer, M., Kokal, I., Blokpoel, M., Liu, R., Stolk, A., Roelofs, K., van Rooij, I., & Toni, I. (2017). Oxytocin modulates human communication by enhancing cognitive exploration. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.010.

Oxytocin modulates human communication by enhancing cognitive exploration

This study found that oxytocin administration enhances the quality of non-verbal communicative signals and improves the ability to adjust those signals based on the addressee’s understanding, suggesting that oxytocin not only boosts prosocial behaviors but also promotes cognitive exploration in knowledge-sharing contexts.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453017302391.
Gutkowska, J., Jankowski, M., Mukaddam-Daher, S., & McCann, S. M. (2000). Oxytocin is a cardiovascular hormone. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 33(6), 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879×2000000600003.

Oxytocin is a cardiovascular hormone

Oxytocin, originally known for its role in childbirth and lactation, is now recognized for broader functions, including cognitive, social, and cardiovascular regulation. Recent findings suggest oxytocin influences heart and vascular function by promoting atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release, which aids in reducing blood volume and pressure. Additionally, the heart and major blood vessels contain oxytocin receptors and can produce oxytocin locally, implying potential roles in regulating heart rate and vascular tone.

You can read the full article at https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/VSLC3ZfLNSGTpPFLKhgBGsp/?lang=en.
Langesæter, E., Rosseland, L. A., & Stubhaug, A. (2011). Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin in women with severe preeclampsia. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 20(1), 26–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2010.10.004.

Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin in women with severe preeclampsia

In women with severe preeclampsia, an intravenous oxytocin bolus during caesarean section causes increased heart rate, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and reduced blood pressure, with some patients experiencing reduced cardiac output due to limited stroke volume increase. These effects, which are less predictable than in healthy pregnancies, suggest oxytocin should be administered cautiously in severe preeclampsia cases.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.obstetanesthesia.com/article/S0959-289X(10)00164-0/abstract.
Jameson, H., Bateman, R., Byrne, P., Dyavanapalli, J., Wang, X., Jain, V., & Mendelowitz, D. (2016). Oxytocin neuron activation prevents hypertension that occurs with chronic intermittent hypoxia/hypercapnia in rats. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 310(11), H1549–H1557. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00808.2015.

Oxytocin neuron activation prevents hypertension that occurs with chronic intermittent hypoxia/hypercapnia in rats

This study finds that chronic activation of hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) neurons restores diminished OXT release in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and prevents hypertension in an obstructive sleep apnea model, suggesting OXT’s potential as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular issues linked to sleep apnea.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4935509/.
Petersson, M., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2007). Effects of an acute stressor on blood pressure and heart rate in rats pretreated with intracerebroventricular oxytocin injections. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(8-10), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.015.

Effects of an acute stressor on blood pressure and heart rate in rats pretreated with intracerebroventricular oxytocin injections

Repeated intracerebroventricular oxytocin administration in rats significantly lowers blood pressure without affecting heart rate, yet when exposed to an acute stressor, oxytocin-treated rats show increased blood pressure and heart rate, suggesting oxytocin’s potential to reduce basal blood pressure while enhancing cardiovascular response to stress.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453007001667?via%3Dihub.
Petersson, M., Lundeberg, T., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1999). Oxytocin enhances the effects of clonidine on blood pressure and locomotor activity in rats. Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 78(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1838(99)00061-2.

Oxytocin enhances the effects of clonidine on blood pressure and locomotor activity in rats

Subchronic oxytocin treatment in rats enhances the blood pressure-lowering and motor activity effects of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine, while reducing the blood pressure response to the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist idazoxan, suggesting that oxytocin’s effects on blood pressure and motor activity may involve modulation of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165183899000612?via%3Dihub.
Petersson, M., Lundeberg, T., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1999). Short-term increase and long-term decrease of blood pressure in response to oxytocin-potentiating effect of female steroid hormones. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 33(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199901000-00015.

Short-term increase and long-term decrease of blood pressure in response to oxytocin-potentiating effect of female steroid hormones

Oxytocin treatment has opposite effects on blood pressure depending on duration and hormonal status, with acute doses transiently raising blood pressure (more so during proestrus and estrus), while chronic treatment decreases it in both intact and ovariectomized female rats. The lasting blood pressure reduction, unaffected by an oxytocin antagonist, suggests that female sex hormones modulate oxytocin’s cardiovascular effects.

You can read the full article at https://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/fulltext/1999/01000/short_term_increase_and_long_term_decrease_of.15.aspx.
Petersson, M., Alster, P., Lundeberg, T., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1996). Oxytocin causes a long-term decrease of blood pressure in female and male rats. Physiology & behavior, 60(5), 1311–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00261-2.

Oxytocin causes a long-term decrease of blood pressure in female and male rats

Long-term oxytocin treatment significantly lowers blood pressure in both male and female rats, without affecting heart rate. In males, blood pressure gradually returns to baseline within 10 days post-treatment, whereas females maintain the lowered blood pressure for a longer period. Both subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular injections of oxytocin yield this effect, supporting oxytocin’s potential for sustained blood pressure reduction.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938496002612?via%3Dihub.
Uvnäs-Moberg K. (1998). Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(8), 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00056-0.

Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions

Oxytocin, released during breastfeeding and social interactions, induces potent antistress effects, reducing blood pressure, cortisol levels, and enhancing insulin and wound healing. These effects, lasting from weeks to several after oxytocin injections, involve increased activity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors and potentially unidentified oxytocin receptors. Oxytocin’s influence may underlie health benefits associated with positive social interactions and alternative therapies like hypnosis and meditation, due to its capacity to become conditioned to psychological states.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453098000560?via%3Dihub.
Petersson, M., Lundeberg, T., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1997). Oxytocin decreases blood pressure in male but not in female spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 66(1-2), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1838(97)00040-4.

Oxytocin decreases blood pressure in male but not in female spontaneously hypertensive rats

Repeated oxytocin injections in spontaneously hypertensive male rats significantly reduced blood pressure without affecting heart rate, with effects peaking after five days and partially persisting even after treatment ended, while female rats showed no such response.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165183897000404?via%3Dihub.
Jankowski, M., Broderick, T. L., & Gutkowska, J. (2020). The Role of Oxytocin in Cardiovascular Protection. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 2139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02139.

The Role of Oxytocin in Cardiovascular Protection

Oxytocin offers cardioprotection by reducing inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, enhancing glucose uptake, promoting angiogenesis, and protecting mitochondria; it activates key signaling pathways at reperfusion, suggesting potential for treating cardiovascular diseases.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7477297/.
Wasserman, A. H., Huang, A. R., Lewis-Israeli, Y. R., Dooley, M. D., Mitchell, A. L., Venkatesan, M., & Aguirre, A. (2022). Oxytocin promotes epicardial cell activation and heart regeneration after cardiac injury. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 10, 985298. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.985298.

Oxytocin promotes epicardial cell activation and heart regeneration after cardiac injury

Oxytocin promotes heart regeneration by stimulating epicardial cell proliferation, EMT, and activation in both human stem cell models and zebrafish, with the TGF-β pathway as a primary mediator; this discovery highlights a brain-controlled, evolutionarily conserved mechanism with potential for cardiac injury treatment.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9561106/.
Houshmand, F., Faghihi, M., & Zahediasl, S. (2009). Biphasic protective effect of oxytocin on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in anaesthetized rats. Peptides, 30(12), 2301–2308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.010.

Biphasic protective effect of oxytocin on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in anaesthetized rats

Oxytocin shows dose-dependent cardioprotective effects in rats, reducing infarct size and cardiac injury markers (LDH and CK-MB) in ischemia/reperfusion injury without affecting blood pressure or heart rate; this effect is abolished by OT receptor blockade, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196978109003684?via%3Dihub.
Ondrejcakova, M., Ravingerova, T., Bakos, J., Pancza, D., & Jezova, D. (2009). Oxytocin exerts protective effects on in vitro myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 87(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1139/Y08-108.

Oxytocin exerts protective effects on in vitro myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion

Oxytocin exerts cardioprotective effects in ischemia-reperfusion injury by significantly reducing infarct size in isolated rat hearts, with its negative chronotropic action contributing to this protection, highlighting oxytocin’s therapeutic potential in ischemic heart disease.

You can read the full article at https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/Y08-108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.
Alizadeh, A. M., Faghihi, M., Sadeghipour, H. R., Mohammadghasemi, F., & Khori, V. (2011). Role of endogenous oxytocin in cardiac ischemic preconditioning. Regulatory peptides, 167(1), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2010.11.004.

Role of endogenous oxytocin in cardiac ischemic preconditioning

This study suggests that endogenous oxytocin contributes to the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning, as both oxytocin administration and ischemic preconditioning reduced infarct size and ventricular arrhythmias in rats, while blocking oxytocin receptors diminished these benefits.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167011510004106?via%3Dihub.
Gutkowska, J., Jankowski, M., Lambert, C., Mukaddam-Daher, S., Zingg, H. H., & McCann, S. M. (1997). Oxytocin releases atrial natriuretic peptide by combining with oxytocin receptors in the heart. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(21), 11704–11709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.21.11704.

Oxytocin releases atrial natriuretic peptide by combining with oxytocin receptors in the heart

Oxytocin stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the heart, leading to a reduction in heart rate and contraction force, likely through cyclic GMP release; this action, mediated by cardiac oxytocin receptors, helps reduce circulating blood volume.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC23602/.
Moghimian, M., Faghihi, M., Karimian, S. M., Imani, A., Houshmand, F., & Azizi, Y. (2013). Role of central oxytocin in stress-induced cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused heart model. Journal of cardiology, 61(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.08.021.

Role of central oxytocin in stress-induced cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused heart model

Central infusion of oxytocin or stress-induced endogenous oxytocin can mimic preconditioning effects on the heart, reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through brain oxytocin receptors, without raising plasma oxytocin levels.

You can read the full article at https://www.journal-of-cardiology.com/article/S0914-5087(12)00259-6/fulltext.
Gutkowska J, Paquette A, Wang D, Lavoie JM, Jankowski M. Effect of exercise training on cardiac oxytocin and natriuretic peptide systems in ovariectomized rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293:R267–R275. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2007.

Effect of exercise training on cardiac oxytocin and natriuretic peptide systems in ovariectomized rats

Central infusion of oxytocin or stress-induced endogenous oxytocin can mimic preconditioning effects on the heart, reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through brain oxytocin receptors, without raising plasma oxytocin levels.

You can read the full article at https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2007?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.
Jankowski M, Wang D, Danalache B, Gangal M, Gutkowska J. Cardiac oxytocin receptor blockade stimulates adverse cardiac remodeling in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299:H265–H274. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00487.2009.

Cardiac oxytocin receptor blockade stimulates adverse cardiac remodeling in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats

Oxytocin receptors (OTRs) in the heart are beneficial for cardiovascular health in hypertensive, ovariectomized rats, as demonstrated by genistein treatment, which upregulates OTRs, improves heart function, reduces blood pressure, and lowers fibrosis; blocking these receptors worsens heart function and fibrosis, suggesting OTRs play a protective role, especially post-menopause.

You can read the full article at https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.00487.2009?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.
Nation, D. A., Szeto, A., Mendez, A. J., Brooks, L. G., Zaias, J., Herderick, E. E., Gonzales, J., Noller, C. M., Schneiderman, N., & McCabe, P. M. (2010). Oxytocin attenuates atherosclerosis and adipose tissue inflammation in socially isolated ApoE-/- mice. Psychosomatic medicine, 72(4), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d74c48.

Oxytocin attenuates atherosclerosis and adipose tissue inflammation in socially isolated ApoE-/- mice

Exogenous oxytocin administration in socially isolated apoE(-/-) mice reduces inflammation and atherosclerosis by decreasing IL-6 secretion from adipose tissue and limiting lesion development in the thoracic aorta, highlighting oxytocin’s potential to mimic the cardiovascular benefits of positive social interactions.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4784697/.
Jankowski, M., Danalache, B., Wang, D., Bhat, P., Hajjar, F., Marcinkiewicz, M., Paquin, J., McCann, S. M., & Gutkowska, J. (2004). Oxytocin in cardiac ontogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(35), 13074–13079. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405324101.

Oxytocin in cardiac ontogeny

Oxytocin (OT) and its receptors (OTRs) are highly expressed in the developing rat heart, especially during intense cardiomyocyte hyperplasia in late gestation and early postnatal stages, suggesting a role in cardiomyogenesis. As rats mature, OT and OTR levels decline in cardiomyocytes but stabilize in coronary vasculature endothe]lial cells. Retinoic acid (RA), a cardiac morphogen, significantly increases OT expression, and blocking OT inhibits RA-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation, indicating RA promotes heart development through the OT system.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC516519/.
Szeto, A., Nation, D. A., Mendez, A. J., Dominguez-Bendala, J., Brooks, L. G., Schneiderman, N., & McCabe, P. M. (2008). Oxytocin attenuates NADPH-dependent superoxide activity and IL-6 secretion in macrophages and vascular cells. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 295(6), E1495–E1501. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90718.2008.

Oxytocin attenuates NADPH-dependent superoxide activity and IL-6 secretion in macrophages and vascular cells

Oxytocin, produced in the heart and vasculature, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation—key factors in atherosclerosis—by decreasing NADPH-dependent superoxide activity and interleukin-6 secretion in human vascular cells, monocytes, and macrophages, highlighting a potential protective role for oxytocin in cardiovascular disease.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2603556/.
Florian, M., Jankowski, M., & Gutkowska, J. (2010). Oxytocin increases glucose uptake in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Endocrinology, 151(2), 482–491. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0624.

Oxytocin increases glucose uptake in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

Oxytocin (OT) and its extended form OT-GKR enhance glucose uptake in neonatal cardiomyocytes, particularly during metabolic stress, suggesting that the cardiac OT system supports heart function and cell survival under hypoxic conditions through pathways shared with insulin.

You can read the full article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/en.2009-0624.
Kobayashi, H., Yasuda, S., Bao, N., Iwasa, M., Kawamura, I., Yamada, Y., Yamaki, T., Sumi, S., Ushikoshi, H., Nishigaki, K., Takemura, G., Fujiwara, T., Fujiwara, H., & Minatoguchi, S. (2009). Postinfarct treatment with oxytocin improves cardiac function and remodeling via activating cell-survival signals and angiogenesis. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 54(6), 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181bfac02.

Postinfarct treatment with oxytocin improves cardiac function and remodeling via activating cell-survival signals and angiogenesis

Postinfarct oxytocin treatment improves left ventricular function and reduces infarct size by activating oxytocin receptors and promoting prosurvival, antifibrotic, and angiogenic signaling, offering potential therapeutic benefits for ischemic heart disease.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/abstract/2009/12000/postinfarct_treatment_with_oxytocin_improves.8.aspx.
Jankowski, M., Bissonauth, V., Gao, L., Gangal, M., Wang, D., Danalache, B., Wang, Y., Stoyanova, E., Cloutier, G., Blaise, G., & Gutkowska, J. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of oxytocin in rat myocardial infarction. Basic research in cardiology, 105(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-009-0076-5.

Anti-inflammatory effect of oxytocin in rat myocardial infarction

Continuous oxytocin infusion post-myocardial infarction reduces inflammation, cell apoptosis, and fibrosis while promoting cell proliferation and improving cardiac function, highlighting its potential role in heart repair and recovery.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00395-009-0076-5.
Al-Amran, F., & Shahkolahi, M. (2013). Oxytocin ameliorates the immediate myocardial injury in rat heart transplant through downregulation of neutrophil-dependent myocardial apoptosis. Transplantation proceedings, 45(6), 2506–2512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.03.022.

Oxytocin ameliorates the immediate myocardial injury in rat heart transplant through downregulation of neutrophil-dependent myocardial apoptosis

Oxytocin reduces immediate myocardial injury post-heart transplantation by decreasing inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil-dependent apoptosis, suggesting protective effects on the transplanted heart.

You can read the full article at
An, X., Sun, X., Hou, Y., Yang, X., Chen, H., Zhang, P., & Wu, J. (2019). Protective effect of oxytocin on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. Scientific reports, 9(1), 2836. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39349-1.

Protective effect of oxytocin on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice

Oxytocin reduces inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (ALI) by decreasing lung tissue damage, myeloperoxidase activity, and levels of key inflammatory cytokines, with its effects blocked by an oxytocin receptor antagonist, indicating OT’s protective role in ALI.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6391417/.
Yuan, L., Liu, S., Bai, X., Gao, Y., Liu, G., Wang, X., Liu, D., Li, T., Hao, A., & Wang, Z. (2016). Oxytocin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglial cells and attenuates microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Journal of neuroinflammation, 13(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0541-7.

Oxytocin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglial cells and attenuates microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice

Oxytocin reduces neuroinflammation by inhibiting LPS-induced microglial activation, pro-inflammatory mediator release, and MAPK pathway activation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammatory diseases.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4831099/.
Inoue, T., Yamakage, H., Tanaka, M., Kusakabe, T., Shimatsu, A., & Satoh-Asahara, N. (2019). Oxytocin Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide through Inhibition of the eIF-2-ATF4 Pathway in Mouse Microglia. Cells, 8(6), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8060527.

Oxytocin Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide through Inhibition of the eIF-2-ATF4 Pathway in Mouse Microglia

Oxytocin suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting the ER stress-related eIF-2α-ATF4 pathway in activated microglia, reducing proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, suggesting a new anti-inflammatory role for OT in neurodegenerative disease contexts.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6627458/.
Sünnetçi, E., Solmaz, V., & Erbaş, O. (2021). Chronic Oxytocin treatment has long lasting therapeutic potential in a rat model of neonatal hypercapnic-hypoxia injury, through enhanced GABAergic signaling and by reducing hippocampal gliosis with its anti-inflammatory feature. Peptides, 135, 170398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170398.

Chronic Oxytocin treatment has long lasting therapeutic potential in a rat model of neonatal hypercapnic-hypoxia injury, through enhanced GABAergic signaling and by reducing hippocampal gliosis with its anti-inflammatory feature

Chronic oxytocin treatment in rats exposed to early-life hypercapnic hypoxia reduced seizure activity, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, while enhancing seizure resistance and GABA pathway activity, suggesting long-term neuroprotective and anticonvulsant benefits potentially valuable for drug-resistant epilepsy.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196978120301479?via%3Dihub.
Clodi, M., Vila, G., Geyeregger, R., Riedl, M., Stulnig, T. M., Struck, J., Luger, T. A., & Luger, A. (2008). Oxytocin alleviates the neuroendocrine and cytokine response to bacterial endotoxin in healthy men. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 295(3), E686–E691. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90263.2008.

Oxytocin alleviates the neuroendocrine and cytokine response to bacterial endotoxin in healthy men

Oxytocin administration in healthy men reduced neuroendocrine and cytokine responses to bacterial endotoxin, possibly by modulating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, suggesting oxytocin’s therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases involving high cytokine and VEGF levels.

You can read the full article at https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.90263.2008?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.
Buemann, B., Marazziti, D., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2021). Can intravenous oxytocin infusion counteract hyperinflammation in COVID-19 infected patients?. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 22(5), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2020.1814408.

Can intravenous oxytocin infusion counteract hyperinflammation in COVID-19 infected patients?

Oxytocin, due to its anti-inflammatory and restorative properties, may benefit hospitalized COVID-19 patients by reducing inflammation, supporting immune function, and potentially shortening recovery time, making it a promising therapeutic candidate with potentially fewer immune-suppressive effects than glucocorticoids.

You can read the full article at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15622975.2020.1814408#d1e167.
Imami, A. S., O’Donovan, S. M., Creeden, J. F., Wu, X., Eby, H., McCullumsmith, C. B., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., McCullumsmith, R. E., & Andari, E. (2020). Oxytocin’s anti-inflammatory and proimmune functions in COVID-19: a transcriptomic signature-based approach. Physiological genomics, 52(9), 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2020.

Oxytocin’s anti-inflammatory and proimmune functions in COVID-19: a transcriptomic signature-based approach

Intravenous oxytocin, specifically through its agonist carbetocin, is proposed as adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 due to its anti-inflammatory and immune-supportive properties, with transcriptomic data suggesting it may reduce inflammation, enhance T cell activation, and better modulate immune responses than treatments like lopinavir and hydroxychloroquine.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7877479/.
Sever, I. H., Ozkul, B., Erisik Tanriover, D., Ozkul, O., Elgormus, C. S., Gur, S. G., Sogut, I., Uyanikgil, Y., Cetin, E. O., & Erbas, O. (2021). Protective effect of oxytocin through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role in a model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury: Demonstrated by CT and histological findings. Experimental lung research, 47(9), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/01902148.2021.1992808.

Protective effect of oxytocin through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role in a model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury: Demonstrated by CT and histological findings

Oxytocin shows protective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects in a sepsis-induced ARDS rat model, as evidenced by reduced inflammatory biomarkers, improved lung density on CT, and lower histopathological lung damage scores, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in ARDS.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01902148.2021.1992808.
Nishimura, H., Yoshimura, M., Shimizu, M., Sanada, K., Sonoda, S., Nishimura, K., Baba, K., Ikeda, N., Motojima, Y., Maruyama, T., Nonaka, Y., Baba, R., Onaka, T., Horishita, T., Morimoto, H., Yoshida, Y., Kawasaki, M., Sakai, A., Muratani, M., Conway-Campbell, B., … Ueta, Y. (2022). Endogenous oxytocin exerts anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rats. Communications biology, 5(1), 907. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03879-8.

Endogenous oxytocin exerts anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rats

Oxytocin may reduce pain and inflammation through both neuronal and humoral mechanisms, as shown in a study with transgenic rats where activation of oxytocin neurons led to reduced hyperalgesia, influenced gene expression in pain-related areas, and inhibited inflammation through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and mast cell stabilization.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9445084/.
Yuan, L., Liu, S., Bai, X., Gao, Y., Liu, G., Wang, X., Liu, D., Li, T., Hao, A., & Wang, Z. (2016). Oxytocin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglial cells and attenuates microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Journal of neuroinflammation, 13(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0541-7.

Oxytocin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglial cells and attenuates microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice

Oxytocin shows potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammatory diseases by reducing microglial activation and pro-inflammatory factors through pathways involving ERK, p38, and calcium regulation, as demonstrated in both cell and mouse models of induced inflammation.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4831099/.
Petersson, M., Wiberg, U., Lundeberg, T., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2001). Oxytocin decreases carrageenan induced inflammation in rats. Peptides, 22(9), 1479–1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00469-7.

Oxytocin decreases carrageenan induced inflammation in rats

Oxytocin, administered subcutaneously at higher doses (100 and 1000 µg/kg), significantly reduced paw edema and neutrophil recruitment in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation, with effects comparable to dexamethasone and improved response to pain stimuli, but showed no effect when administered intracerebroventricularly.

You can read the full article at https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-9781(01)00469-7.
Işeri, S. O., Sener, G., Saglam, B., Gedik, N., Ercan, F., & Yegen, B. C. (2005). Oxytocin protects against sepsis-induced multiple organ damage: role of neutrophils. The Journal of surgical research, 126(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2005.01.021.

Oxytocin protects against sepsis-induced multiple organ damage: role of neutrophils

Oxytocin demonstrated protective effects against sepsis-induced pelvic inflammation in rats by reducing oxidative damage, neutrophil infiltration, and lipid peroxidation while restoring antioxidant levels and lowering TNF-alpha levels, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for sepsis-related organ damage.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/article/S0022-4804(05)00055-7/abstract.
Grieb, Z. A., & Lonstein, J. S. (2022). Oxytocin interactions with central dopamine and serotonin systems regulate different components of motherhood. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 377(1858), 20210062. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0062.

Oxytocin interactions with central dopamine and serotonin systems regulate different components of motherhood

Oxytocin demonstrated protective effects against sepsis-induced pelvic inflammation in rats by reducing oxidative damage, neutrophil infiltration, and lipid peroxidation while restoring antioxidant levels and lowering TNF-alpha levels, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for sepsis-related organ damage.

You can read the full article at https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-4804(05)00055-7.
Pfister, H. P., & Muir, J. L. (1989). Influence of exogenously administered oxytocin on central noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin levels following psychological stress in nulliparous female rats (Rattus norvegicus). The International journal of neuroscience, 45(3-4), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207458908986235.

Influence of exogenously administered oxytocin on central noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin levels following psychological stress in nulliparous female rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Oxytocin treatment increased serotonin levels in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brainstem, and elevated dopamine specifically in the hypothalamus. When administered before psychological stress, oxytocin raised noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and serotonin in the hippocampus and brainstem, indicating its role in modulating monoaminergic activity during stress.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00207458908986235.
Pedersen C. A. (2017). Oxytocin, Tolerance, and the Dark Side of Addiction. International review of neurobiology, 136, 239–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.003.

Oxytocin, Tolerance, and the Dark Side of Addiction

Oxytocin shows promise as a treatment for substance use disorders, particularly alcohol addiction, by blocking withdrawal symptoms, reducing consumption, and inhibiting tolerance development. Animal and preliminary clinical studies indicate oxytocin’s potential to reduce self-administration of addictive substances and mitigate stress and anxiety, addressing negative reinforcement that sustains addiction.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0074774217301423?via%3Dihub.
Lee, M. R., Rohn, M. C., Tanda, G., & Leggio, L. (2016). Targeting the Oxytocin System to Treat Addictive Disorders: Rationale and Progress to Date. CNS drugs, 30(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0313-z.

Targeting the Oxytocin System to Treat Addictive Disorders: Rationale and Progress to Date

Oxytocin, involved in reward, stress, social bonding, and memory, is increasingly studied as a treatment for addiction, with evidence showing it can counteract neuroadaptations from repeated drug or alcohol use. Preclinical studies in rodents and recent small clinical trials in cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol dependence suggest oxytocin may help modify behaviors associated with substance abuse.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4815424/.
King, C. E., Gano, A., & Becker, H. C. (2020). The role of oxytocin in alcohol and drug abuse. Brain research, 1736, 146761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146761.

The role of oxytocin in alcohol and drug abuse

Oxytocin (OXT) is increasingly recognized for its potential to treat alcohol and substance use disorders, as it modulates reward, tolerance, memory, and stress responses. Preclinical evidence suggests OXT reduces tolerance, sensitization, and withdrawal, and may reverse neuroadaptations from chronic substance use, though only limited clinical trials have been conducted.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7137097/.
Sarnyai, Z., & Kovács, G. L. (2014). Oxytocin in learning and addiction: From early discoveries to the present. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 119, 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.019

Oxytocin in learning and addiction: From early discoveries to the present

Oxytocin (OXT) has diverse effects on brain function and may counter addiction-related neuroadaptations by influencing stress, learning, memory, and social behavior, which are integral to addiction as a form of “pathological learning.” Research highlights OXT’s potential in reducing long-term neuroadaptation in opiate and psychostimulant addiction.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305713003183?via%3Dihub
Che, X., Cai, J., Liu, Y., Xu, T., Yang, J., & Wu, C. (2021). Oxytocin signaling in the treatment of drug addiction: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 223, 107820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107820.

Oxytocin signaling in the treatment of drug addiction: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges

Oxytocin (OXT) shows promise as a therapeutic agent for drug addiction by reducing drug reward, stress responses, and social impairments across various addiction stages. Research indicates that OXT helps mitigate addiction-related neurobehavioral changes in both preclinical and clinical settings, with beneficial effects observed in reducing dependence on substances like heroin, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163725821000218?via%3Dihub.
Kovács, G. L., Sarnyai, Z., & Szabó, G. (1998). Oxytocin and addiction: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(8), 945–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00064-x.

Oxytocin and addiction: a review

Oxytocin (OXT), a neuropeptide active in the central nervous system, shows promise in addiction treatment by inhibiting morphine tolerance, reducing heroin self-administration, and decreasing cocaine-induced hyperactivity, with effects mediated by OXT receptors in limbic and basal forebrain regions and interactions with dopaminergic pathways.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030645309800064X?via%3Dihub.
Sarnyai, Z., & Kovács, G. L. (1994). Role of oxytocin in the neuroadaptation to drugs of abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19(1), 85–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(94)90062-0.

Role of oxytocin in the neuroadaptation to drugs of abuse

Oxytocin (OXT) modulates central nervous system processes related to addiction by inhibiting tolerance, dependence, and self-administration of opiates (like morphine and heroin) and reducing cocaine-induced behaviors. Acting through limbic and basal forebrain structures, OXT influences dopaminergic neurotransmission, suggesting it may regulate adaptive mechanisms underlying addiction and serve as a potential therapeutic target for drug abuse intervention.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9210215/#:~:text=OXT%20inhibited%20the%20development%20of,delta%2Dagonist%20enkephalin%20in%20mice.
Lee, M. R., & Weerts, E. M. (2016). Oxytocin for the treatment of drug and alcohol use disorders. Behavioural pharmacology, 27(8), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0000000000000258.

Oxytocin for the treatment of drug and alcohol use disorders

Oxytocin (OT) shows promise as a treatment for substance use disorders by modulating addiction-related processes such as reward, tolerance, and stress responses. Through its influence on the HPA axis and neurotransmitter systems like dopamine, OT may reduce withdrawal symptoms, stress-driven relapse, and normalize stress responses blunted by addiction, with clinical trials indicating potential benefits for those with cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol use disorders.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5089904/.
McGregor, I. S., & Bowen, M. T. (2012). Breaking the loop: oxytocin as a potential treatment for drug addiction. Hormones and behavior, 61(3), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.001.

Breaking the loop: oxytocin as a potential treatment for drug addiction

Social factors are key in addiction cycles, and oxytocin (OT) may influence addiction by modulating both social behavior and drug reward systems. Evidence suggests that OT can reduce tolerance to alcohol and opiates, lessen withdrawal symptoms, and curb drug-seeking behaviors, possibly by affecting dopamine and glutamate systems. Notably, drug use alters OT function, which may contribute to social deficits observed with long-term use. Recent studies highlight OT’s potential to mitigate these effects, offering hope for future treatments that address both addiction and social impairments.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X11002765?via%3Dihub.
Sundar, M., Patel, D., Young, Z., & Leong, K. C. (2021). Oxytocin and Addiction: Potential Glutamatergic Mechanisms. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(5), 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052405.

Oxytocin and Addiction: Potential Glutamatergic Mechanisms

Oxytocin (OXT) shows promise in reducing addictive behaviors, potentially by restoring drug-induced disruptions in the glutamatergic system, which is key to reward processing. While dopamine’s role has been studied, less focus has been given to glutamate (Glu), despite its importance in addiction mechanisms. This review suggests that OXT may influence Glu transmission in reward pathways, offering a novel approach to addiction treatment through OXT’s interaction with glutamatergic and other neurotransmitter systems.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7957657/.
Leong, K. C., Freeman, L. R., Berini, C. R., Ghee, S. M., See, R. E., & Reichel, C. M. (2017). Oxytocin Reduces Cocaine Cued Fos Activation in a Regionally Specific Manner. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 20(10), 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx058.

Oxytocin Reduces Cocaine Cued Fos Activation in a Regionally Specific Manner

This study explored the effects of oxytocin on cocaine-seeking behavior and brain activity in male and female rats. Oxytocin reduced cocaine seeking and increased Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and central amygdala, while normalizing cue-induced Fos activation in regions like the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core. The results indicate that oxytocin acts on specific brain regions to influence drug-seeking behavior, with no sex differences observed in its effects.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5737335/.
Hansson, A. C., Koopmann, A., Uhrig, S., Bühler, S., Domi, E., Kiessling, E., Ciccocioppo, R., Froemke, R. C., Grinevich, V., Kiefer, F., Sommer, W. H., Vollstädt-Klein, S., & Spanagel, R. (2018). Oxytocin Reduces Alcohol Cue-Reactivity in Alcohol-Dependent Rats and Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(6), 1235–1246. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.257.

Oxytocin Reduces Alcohol Cue-Reactivity in Alcohol-Dependent Rats and Humans

This study highlights oxytocin as a promising candidate for treating alcohol use disorder by reducing craving and cue-induced relapse. Oxytocin receptor expression was significantly upregulated in key brain regions of alcohol-dependent rats and deceased alcoholics. In dependent rats, oxytocin administration reduced cue-induced alcohol-seeking, and a clinical pilot study found that intranasal oxytocin reduced neural cue-reactivity in heavy drinkers, supporting its potential as an anti-craving treatment in alcohol addiction.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5916348/.
King, C. E., Griffin, W. C., Luderman, L. N., Kates, M. M., McGinty, J. F., & Becker, H. C. (2017). Oxytocin Reduces Ethanol Self-Administration in Mice. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 41(5), 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13359.

Oxytocin Reduces Ethanol Self-Administration in Mice

This study shows that oxytocin effectively reduces ethanol (EtOH) consumption and motivation for alcohol in mice without sedative effects or impacting natural rewards like sucrose. By decreasing binge drinking and voluntary alcohol intake, oxytocin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic target for alcohol use disorder, with effects likely mediated through oxytocin receptors.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5404956/.
Mitchell, J. M., Arcuni, P. A., Weinstein, D., & Woolley, J. D. (2016). Intranasal Oxytocin Selectively Modulates Social Perception, Craving, and Approach Behavior in Subjects With Alcohol Use Disorder. Journal of addiction medicine, 10(3), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000213.

Intranasal Oxytocin Selectively Modulates Social Perception, Craving, and Approach Behavior in Subjects With Alcohol Use Disorder

This pilot study suggests that intranasal oxytocin may improve social perception and reduce cue-induced alcohol craving and appetitive approach bias in individuals with alcohol abuse, with effects influenced by attachment style. Oxytocin was well-tolerated, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option for alcohol use disorder with both prosocial and antiaddiction benefits.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/abstract/2016/06000/intranasal_oxytocin_selectively_modulates_social.8.aspx.
Moeini, M., Omidi, A., Sehat, M., & Banafshe, H. R. (2019). The Effects of Oxytocin on Withdrawal, Craving and Stress Response in Heroin-Dependent Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. European addiction research, 25(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496194.

The Effects of Oxytocin on Withdrawal, Craving and Stress Response in Heroin-Dependent Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

This study indicates that a single intranasal dose of oxytocin (OT) significantly reduces craving, withdrawal symptoms, and cortisol levels in heroin-dependent patients, suggesting OT’s potential as a treatment for opioid dependence, possibly through modulation of stress-related hormones.

You can read the full article at https://karger.com/ear/article/25/1/41/134236/The-Effects-of-Oxytocin-on-Withdrawal-Craving-and.
Carson, D. S., Cornish, J. L., Guastella, A. J., Hunt, G. E., & McGregor, I. S. (2010). Oxytocin decreases methamphetamine self-administration, methamphetamine hyperactivity, and relapse to methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats. Neuropharmacology, 58(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.018.

Oxytocin decreases methamphetamine self-administration, methamphetamine hyperactivity, and relapse to methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats

This study demonstrates that oxytocin significantly reduces methamphetamine self-administration, methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, and relapse-like behavior in rats, suggesting oxytocin’s potential as a therapeutic treatment for methamphetamine addiction.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028390809001750?via%3Dihub.
Baracz, S. J., Robinson, K. J., Wright, A. L., Turner, A. J., McGregor, I. S., Cornish, J. L., & Everett, N. A. (2022). Oxytocin as an adolescent treatment for methamphetamine addiction after early life stress in male and female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(8), 1561–1573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01336-y.

Oxytocin as an adolescent treatment for methamphetamine addiction after early life stress in male and female rats

Early life stress (ELS) increases vulnerability to addiction and mental health disorders, partly by disrupting the oxytocin system. This study shows that adolescent oxytocin treatment can counteract ELS-induced anxiety, reduce methamphetamine-seeking behaviors, and restore stress-responsive oxytocin and corticosterone levels, suggesting oxytocin as a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating addiction risk linked to early stress.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9206013/.
Baracz, S. J., Everett, N. A., McGregor, I. S., & Cornish, J. L. (2016). Oxytocin in the nucleus accumbens core reduces reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats. Addiction biology, 21(2), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12198.

Oxytocin in the nucleus accumbens core reduces reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats

Oxytocin administered directly into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core reduces methamphetamine (METH)-seeking behavior in rats, suggesting it can curb relapse. This effect appears dose-dependent and is not specifically reversed by an oxytocin receptor antagonist, indicating oxytocin may act through additional receptor pathways within the NAc to modulate METH-related relapse behavior.

You can read the full article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/adb.12198.
Everett, N., Baracz, S., & Cornish, J. (2019). Oxytocin treatment in the prelimbic cortex reduces relapse to methamphetamine-seeking and is associated with reduced activity in the rostral nucleus accumbens core. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 183, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2019.06.002.

Oxytocin treatment in the prelimbic cortex reduces relapse to methamphetamine-seeking and is associated with reduced activity in the rostral nucleus accumbens core

Oxytocin (OXY) infused into the prelimbic cortex (PrL) reduces methamphetamine (METH)-seeking behavior and decreases METH-induced neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens core (NAc) in rats, suggesting that OXY acts within the PrL-NAc pathway to curb relapse. These findings support the potential of targeting this pathway to develop effective OXY-based treatments for METH addiction.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305719300498?via%3Dihub.
Carson, D. S., Hunt, G. E., Guastella, A. J., Barber, L., Cornish, J. L., Arnold, J. C., Boucher, A. A., & McGregor, I. S. (2010). Systemically administered oxytocin decreases methamphetamine activation of the subthalamic nucleus and accumbens core and stimulates oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus. Addiction biology, 15(4), 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00247.x.

Systemically administered oxytocin decreases methamphetamine activation of the subthalamic nucleus and accumbens core and stimulates oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus

Oxytocin (OXY) shows promise in treating methamphetamine (METH) dependence by reducing METH-induced behaviors and altering brain activity. In rats, OXY co-administration decreased METH-induced activation in the subthalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens core, regions tied to compulsive behaviors. Additionally, OXY alone stimulated oxytocin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus, suggesting that peripheral OXY can impact brain circuits related to addiction and compulsivity.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00247.x.
Azadbakht, A., Salehi, M., Maracy, M. R., & Banafshe, H. R. (2022). The Effects of Oxytocin on Craving, Mental Health Parameters, and Stress Hormones in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients Undergoing Matrix Treatment Model: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. European addiction research, 28(5), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1159/000525443.

The Effects of Oxytocin on Craving, Mental Health Parameters, and Stress Hormones in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients Undergoing Matrix Treatment Model: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Oxytocin (OXT) may be a promising treatment for methamphetamine (METH) dependence, as a 4-week administration in METH-dependent patients undergoing matrix treatment significantly reduced cravings, depression, cortisol, and ACTH levels, though it had no effect on anxiety. Further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://karger.com/ear/article-abstract/28/5/340/823436/The-Effects-of-Oxytocin-on-Craving-Mental-Health?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
Tunstall, B. J., Kirson, D., Zallar, L. J., McConnell, S. A., Vendruscolo, J. C. M., Ho, C. P., Oleata, C. S., Khom, S., Manning, M., Lee, M. R., Leggio, L., Koob, G. F., Roberto, M., & Vendruscolo, L. F. (2019). Oxytocin blocks enhanced motivation for alcohol in alcohol dependence and blocks alcohol effects on GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala. PLoS biology, 17(4), e2006421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2006421.

Oxytocin blocks enhanced motivation for alcohol in alcohol dependence and blocks alcohol effects on GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala

Oxytocin shows promise in treating alcohol dependence by reducing excessive alcohol consumption and motivation for drinking in dependent rats, possibly through central mechanisms affecting GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala (CeA). This effect appears specific to alcohol dependence and is replicated by both intraperitoneal and intranasal administration, highlighting oxytocin’s potential as a targeted therapy for alcohol use disorder.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467366/.
Pirnia, B., Hamdieh, M., Kazemi Ashtiani, M., Malekanmehr, P., Pirnia, K., Zahiroddin, A., & Sadeghi, P. (2020). The Effectiveness of Intranasal Oxytocin on Addiction Severity Index and Anhedonia Symptoms in an Alcoholic Case with Oropharyngeal Cancer, a Protocol for a Single-case Experimental Design Pilot Study. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR, 19(3), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.14338.12314.

The Effectiveness of Intranasal Oxytocin on Addiction Severity Index and Anhedonia Symptoms in an Alcoholic Case with Oropharyngeal Cancer, a Protocol for a Single-case Experimental Design Pilot Study

In a case study of a 67-year-old man with alcohol-dependent oropharyngeal cancer, intranasal oxytocin significantly reduced alcohol dependence severity and improved anhedonia during treatment phases, though these benefits did not persist at the six-month follow-up. This suggests oxytocin may temporarily aid alcohol management and alleviate anhedonia, though further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757988/.
Zanos, P., Georgiou, P., Weber, C., Robinson, F., Kouimtsidis, C., Niforooshan, R., & Bailey, A. (2018). Oxytocin and opioid addiction revisited: old drug, new applications. British journal of pharmacology, 175(14), 2809–2824. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13757.

Oxytocin and opioid addiction revisited: old drug, new applications

This review highlights oxytocin’s therapeutic potential in opioid addiction, noting its influence on reward, stress, social bonding, and memory. Preclinical evidence supports oxytocin’s role in mitigating addiction-related behaviors and interacting with key neurotransmitter systems. While initial clinical findings are promising, more studies are needed to fully assess oxytocin’s efficacy in treating opioid addiction and preventing relapse, especially for those with co-existing mental health conditions.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6016632/.
Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (1995). Oxytocin-induced penile erection. Role of nitric oxide. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 395, 247–254.

Oxytocin-induced penile erection. Role of nitric oxide

This study suggests that oxytocin induces penile erection by activating nitric oxide (NO) synthase in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), triggering NO release that stimulates oxytocinergic neurons projecting to areas that regulate sexual function. This process appears to work through a cGMP-independent mechanism within the PVN, with oxytocin’s effects blocked by NO synthase inhibitors and oxytocin antagonists but not by NO scavengers directly in the PVN.

You can read the full article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8713973/.
Pitsouni, E., Grigoriadis, T., Douskos, A., Kyriakidou, M., Falagas, M. E., & Athanasiou, S. (2018). Efficacy of vaginal therapies alternative to vaginal estrogens on sexual function and orgasm of menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 229, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.08.008.

Efficacy of vaginal therapies alternative to vaginal estrogens on sexual function and orgasm of menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

This study reviews 29 RCTs on vaginal therapies, alternative to vaginal estrogens, for improving sexual function in menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Non-hormonal options (e.g., vaginal laser, lubricants, phytoestrogens) and hormonal treatments (e.g., DHEA, testosterone, oxytocin) were assessed for dyspareunia, vaginal dryness, and sexual satisfaction. While dyspareunia and vaginal dryness generally improved, evidence on orgasm and overall sexual satisfaction remains inconsistent, limiting clear recommendations for estrogen alternatives in treating female sexual dysfunction in GSM.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.ejog.org/article/S0301-2115(18)30367-1/abstract.
IsHak, W. W., Berman, D. S., & Peters, A. (2008). Male anorgasmia treated with oxytocin. The journal of sexual medicine, 5(4), 1022–1024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00691.x.

Male anorgasmia treated with oxytocin

This case report describes a male patient with treatment-resistant anorgasmia who successfully regained ejaculation following intracoital administration of intranasal oxytocin, highlighting oxytocin’s potential as an effective off-label treatment for male orgasmic disorder.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/5/4/1022/6862160?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Oti, T., Satoh, K., Uta, D., Nagafuchi, J., Tateishi, S., Ueda, R., Takanami, K., Young, L. J., Galione, A., Morris, J. F., Sakamoto, T., & Sakamoto, H. (2021). Oxytocin Influences Male Sexual Activity via Non-synaptic Axonal Release in the Spinal Cord. Current biology : CB, 31(1), 103–114.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.089.

Oxytocin Influences Male Sexual Activity via Non-synaptic Axonal Release in the Spinal Cord

Oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus project to spinal areas controlling erectile function and activate the spinal ejaculation generator (SEG) neurons via oxytocin receptors in the lumbar spinal cord. This study found that oxytocin, released through diffusion rather than conventional synapses, activates SEG neurons to facilitate male sexual behavior and ejaculation in rats, with oxytocin receptor antagonists significantly impairing these functions.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7855431/.
Oti, T., Sakamoto, T., & Sakamoto, H. (2021). Systemic effects of oxytocin on male sexual activity via the spinal ejaculation generator in rats. Communicative & integrative biology, 14(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2021.1902056.

Systemic effects of oxytocin on male sexual activity via the spinal ejaculation generator in rats

Oxytocin, typically associated with female reproductive functions, also influences male sexual ac tivity by acting on the spinal ejaculation generator (SEG) neurons in the lumbar spinal cord, which express gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). In male rats, systemic oxytocin administration reduced the time to mounting, intromission, and ejaculation, suggesting that oxytocin enhances male sexual behavior via its effects on the SEG system.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8009111.
Muin, D. A., Wolzt, M., Marculescu, R., Sheikh Rezaei, S., Salama, M., Fuchs, C., Luger, A., Bragagna, E., Litschauer, B., & Bayerle-Eder, M. (2015). Effect of long-term intranasal oxytocin on sexual dysfunction in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Fertility and sterility, 104(3), 715–23.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.010.

Effect of long-term intranasal oxytocin on sexual dysfunction in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized trial

A study investigating on-demand intranasal oxytocin (32 IU) in pre- and postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction found that both oxytocin and placebo significantly improved sexual function, quality of life, desire, and reduced sexual distress, with no significant differences between the two treatments or effects from treatment order.

You can read the full article at https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(15)00432-X/fulltex.
Abedi, P., Zohrabi, I., Ansari, S., Maraghi, E., Maram, N. S., & Houshmand, G. (2020). The Impact of Oxytocin Vaginal Gel on Sexual Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 46(4), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1738606.

The Impact of Oxytocin Vaginal Gel on Sexual Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

In a study on 96 postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy and sexual dysfunction, oxytocin vaginal gel (400 IU) significantly improved vaginal health (pH and maturation index) and all aspects of sexual function, including desire, arousal, lubrication, and satisfaction, compared to placebo, suggesting it as a non-hormonal option for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32169019/.
Abedi, P., Zohrabi, I., Ansari, S., Maraghi, E., Maram, N. S., & Houshmand, G. (2020). The Impact of Oxytocin Vaginal Gel on Sexual Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 46(4), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1738606.

The Impact of Oxytocin Vaginal Gel on Sexual Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A study on 96 postmenopausal women found that oxytocin vaginal gel (400 IU) significantly improved vaginal health and all aspects of sexual function, such as desire, arousal, and satisfaction, compared to placebo, suggesting it as a promising non-hormonal treatment for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women.

You can read the full article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32169019/
MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D. (2012). Dramatic improvement in sexual function induced by intranasal oxytocin. The journal of sexual medicine, 9(5), 1407–1410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02703.x.

Dramatic improvement in sexual function induced by intranasal oxytocin

A case report describes a male patient who experienced significant improvements in libido, erection, and orgasm during an intranasal oxytocin treatment for social anxiety, suggesting potential broad benefits of oxytocin on male sexual function and supporting further investigation into its effects on sexuality.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/9/5/1407/6886689?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Behnia, B., Heinrichs, M., Bergmann, W., Jung, S., Germann, J., Schedlowski, M., Hartmann, U., & Kruger, T. H. (2014). Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples. Hormones and behavior, 65(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.009.

Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples

In a study of 29 healthy couples, intranasal oxytocin did not impact sexual drive or arousal but enhanced orgasm intensity, post-orgasmic satisfaction, and aspects of partner interaction, especially in men. Women reported increased relaxation and improved communication of sexual desires, suggesting oxytocin’s potential to positively affect sexual satisfaction and couple bonding.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X14000105?via%3Dihub.
Wang, H., & Chen, Y. (2020). Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology, 26(5), 464–467.
Melis, M. R., Argiolas, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1986). Oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain. Brain research, 398(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)91485-x.

Oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain

Microinjection of oxytocin into specific brain regions, like the hypothalamus and hippocampus, significantly increased penile erection and yawning in male rats, with effects seen at doses as low as 3 ng in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin proved more potent than a similar peptide, vasopressin, suggesting a distinct role for oxytocin in regulating these behaviors.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000689938691485X?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Succu, S., Sanna, F., Boi, A., & Argiolas, A. (2009). Oxytocin injected into the ventral subiculum or the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala induces penile erection and increases extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens of male rats. The European journal of neuroscience, 30(7), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06912.x.

Oxytocin injected into the ventral subiculum or the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala induces penile erection and increases extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens of male rats

Oxytocin injected into the ventral subiculum or amygdala of male rats induced penile erection by activating mesolimbic dopamine pathways, a response blocked by oxytocin and dopamine receptor antagonists. This indicates that oxytocin stimulates glutamatergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area, which then activates dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens, supporting oxytocin and dopamine’s role in both the physical and motivational aspects of sexual behavior.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06912.x.
Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Mauri, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1987). Paraventricular nucleus lesion prevents yawning and penile erection induced by apomorphine and oxytocin but not by ACTH in rats. Brain research, 421(1-2), 349–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91305-9.

Paraventricular nucleus lesion prevents yawning and penile erection induced by apomorphine and oxytocin but not by ACTH in rats

Lesions in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in male rats reduced yawning and penile erection responses to apomorphine and oxytocin but not to ACTH, indicating that the PVN is essential for these behaviors when triggered by dopaminergic and oxytocin pathways, while ACTH acts independently of PVN dopamine or oxytocin mechanisms.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899387913059?via%3Dihub.
Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Vargiu, L., & Gessa, G. L. (1987). d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-[Orn8]vasotocin, a potent oxytocin antagonist, antagonizes penile erection and yawning induced by oxytocin and apomorphine, but not by ACTH-(1-24). European journal of pharmacology, 134(2), 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(87)90168-3.

d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-[Orn8]vasotocin, a potent oxytocin antagonist, antagonizes penile erection and yawning induced by oxytocin and apomorphine, but not by ACTH-(1-24)

Intraventricular injection of an oxytocin antagonist dose-dependently blocked penile erection and yawning induced by apomorphine and oxytocin but did not affect these behaviors when induced by ACTH, suggesting that apomorphine triggers these responses through oxytocin release, unlike ACTH.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0014299987901683?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., & Argiolas, A. (1994). Penile erection and yawning induced by paraventricular NMDA injection in male rats are mediated by oxytocin. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 48(1), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(94)90517-7.

Penile erection and yawning induced by paraventricular NMDA injection in male rats are mediated by oxytocin

Microinjection of NMDA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus dose-dependently induced penile erection and yawning in male rats, likely through increased oxytocinergic transmission, while AMPA and ACPD also induced erections but were less effective and did not cause yawning.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0091305794905177?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Succu, S., Iannucci, U., & Argiolas, A. (1997). Oxytocin increases nitric oxide production in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats: correlation with penile erection and yawning. Regulatory peptides, 69(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-0115(97)00002-5.

Oxytocin increases nitric oxide production in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats: correlation with penile erection and yawning

A dose of oxytocin that induces penile erection and yawning in male rats also significantly increases nitric oxide (NO) levels in the hypothalamus, suggesting that oxytocin stimulates nitric oxide synthase activity in oxytocinergic neurons, facilitating these behavioral responses via NO signaling.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167011597000025?via%3Dihub.
Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., & Gessa, G. L. (1990). Omega-conotoxin prevents apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning in male rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 37(2), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(90)90330-k.

Omega-conotoxin prevents apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning in male rats

The study found that omega-conotoxin GVIA, when administered in the brain or hypothalamus, blocked penile erection and yawning in male rats induced by oxytocin or the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine, suggesting that calcium mobilization through N-type calcium channels is crucial for these behaviors.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/009130579090330K?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., & Argiolas, A. (1994). Prevention by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 48(3), 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(94)90349-2.

Prevention by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain

In male rats, inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) synthase in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME) reduced penile erection and yawning responses to apomorphine and oxytocin, highlighting NO’s role as a neurotransmitter in these behaviors.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0091305794903492?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Spano, M. S., Succu, S., Locatelli, V., Torsello, A., Muller, E. E., Deghenghi, R., & Argiolas, A. (2000). EP 60761- and EP 50885-induced penile erection: structure-activity studies and comparison with apomorphine, oxytocin and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid. International journal of impotence research, 12(5), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900611.

EP 60761- and EP 50885-induced penile erection: structure-activity studies and comparison with apomorphine, oxytocin and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid

In male rats, certain peptides structurally related to the growth hormone-releasing peptide hexarelin, when injected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, induced penile erection by activating hypothalamic oxytocinergic neurons through a mechanism involving nitric oxide and calcium channels, with effects similar to dopamine receptor agonists and oxytocin.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.nature.com/articles/3900611.
Succu, S., Cocco, C., Mascia, M. S., Melis, T., Melis, M. R., Possenti, R., Levi, A., Ferri, G. L., & Argiolas, A. (2004). Pro-VGF-derived peptides induce penile erection in male rats: possible involvement of oxytocin. The European journal of neuroscience, 20(11), 3035–3040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03781.x.

Pro-VGF-derived peptides induce penile erection in male rats: possible involvement of oxytocin

Certain peptides derived from the C-terminal portion of rat pro-VGF, when injected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, induced penile erection in male rats by activating oxytocinergic neurons, suggesting that pro-VGF peptides may naturally influence sexual function through this neural pathway.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03781.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed.
Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., Gessa, G. L., & Argiolas, A. (1992). Prevention by morphine of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6(1), 17–21.

Prevention by morphine of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain

Systemic or localized administration of morphine in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus prevents penile erection and yawning induced by oxytocin or apomorphine in male rats, likely by inhibiting oxytocinergic neurons via mu-type receptors.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1315136/.
Melis, M. R., Succu, S., Iannucci, U., & Argiolas, A. (1997). Prevention by morphine of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: involvement of nitric oxide. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s archives of pharmacology, 355(5), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00004989.

Prevention by morphine of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: involvement of nitric oxide

Morphine prevents penile erection and yawning induced by apomorphine or oxytocin in male rats by acting on mu receptors in the paraventricular nucleus, decreasing nitric oxide (NO) activity in this region—a response reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/PL00004989.
Succu, S., Sanna, F., Cocco, C., Melis, T., Boi, A., Ferri, G. L., Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (2008). Oxytocin induces penile erection when injected into the ventral tegmental area of male rats: role of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. The European journal of neuroscience, 28(4), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06385.x.

Oxytocin induces penile erection when injected into the ventral tegmental area of male rats: role of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP

Oxytocin injected into the caudal ventral tegmental area (VTA) of male rats induces penile erection by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production, which activates guanylate cyclase in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, raising cyclic GMP levels; this effect is blocked by inhibitors of oxytocin receptors, NO synthase, and N-type calcium channels, but not by guanylate cyclase inhibition on NO production.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06385.x.
Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., & Argiolas, A. (1992). Hippocampal oxytocin mediates apomorphine-induced penile erection and yawning. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 42(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(92)90447-n.

Hippocampal oxytocin mediates apomorphine-induced penile erection and yawning

In male rats, repeated penile erection and yawning can be induced by apomorphine or oxytocin administered systemically, ICV, or directly into the PVN, with responses blocked by an oxytocin antagonist ICV but not by PVN injection, indicating that oxytocin acts at different central levels to control these behaviors; however, apomorphine’s effects specifically involve the hypothalamic-hippocampal oxytocinergic pathway, as medial septum lesions reduce hippocampal oxytocin and prevent apomorphine-induced responses.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/009130579290447N?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Succu, S., Cocco, C., Caboni, E., Sanna, F., Boi, A., Ferri, G. L., & Argiolas, A. (2010). Oxytocin induces penile erection when injected into the ventral subiculum: role of nitric oxide and glutamic acid. Neuropharmacology, 58(7), 1153–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.02.008.

Oxytocin induces penile erection when injected into the ventral subiculum: role of nitric oxide and glutamic acid

Oxytocin injected into the ventral subiculum of male rats induces penile erection by increasing nitric oxide (NO) and glutamic acid levels, with responses starting about 30 minutes after injection. This effect is blocked by oxytocin receptor antagonists, NO synthase inhibitors, and NO scavengers, suggesting that oxytocin triggers NO production, which then boosts glutamatergic neurotransmission, potentially affecting mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons through projections to other brain areas.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028390810000419?via%3Dihub.
Succu, S., Sanna, F., Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (2011). Oxytocin injected into the hippocampal ventral subiculum induces penile erection in male rats by increasing glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology, 61(1-2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.026.

Oxytocin injected into the hippocampal ventral subiculum induces penile erection in male rats by increasing glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area

Oxytocin injected into the ventral subiculum induces penile erection in male rats, starting 30 minutes post-injection and accompanied by increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex, and increased glutamic acid in the ventral tegmental area. These effects, blocked by an oxytocin receptor antagonist, suggest that oxytocin enhances glutamic acid neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area, activating dopaminergic pathways associated with sexual arousal, motivation, and reward.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028390811001432?via%3Dihub.
Giuliano, F., Bernabé, J., McKenna, K., Longueville, F., & Rampin, O. (2001). Spinal proerectile effect of oxytocin in anesthetized rats. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 280(6), R1870–R1877. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.R1870.

Spinal proerectile effect of oxytocin in anesthetized rats

Oxytocin injected into the lumbosacral spinal cord of male rats increases intracavernous pressure (ICP) in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that oxytocin released from the paraventricular nucleus activates spinal neurons that control penile erection. This pro-erectile effect, blocked by an oxytocin receptor antagonist or pelvic nerve section, highlights oxytocin’s key role in spinal regulation of erection in response to sexually relevant stimuli.

You can read the full article at https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.R1870?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.
Yanagimoto, M., Honda, K., Goto, Y., & Negoro, H. (1996). Afferents originating from the dorsal penile nerve excite oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Brain research, 733(2), 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00800-1.

Afferents originating from the dorsal penile nerve excite oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal penile nerve (DPN) or tactile stimulation of the glans penis activates oxytocin cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) but rarely affects vasopressin cells, indicating that somatosensory input from the penis is preferentially relayed to oxytocin cells in the PVN.Electrical stimulation of the dorsal penile nerve (DPN) or tactile stimulation of the glans penis activates oxytocin cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) but rarely affects vasopressin cells, indicating that somatosensory input from the penis is preferentially relayed to oxytocin cells in the PVN.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899396008001?via%3Dihub.
Kita, I., Yoshida, Y., & Nishino, S. (2006). An activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection. Neuroscience research, 54(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.12.005.

An activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of oxytocin in male rats induce yawning and penile erection and increase activity in parvocellular oxytocin neurons in the PVN, while lithium chloride also activates PVN oxytocin neurons but counteracts oxytocin-induced yawning and erection, suggesting a specific role for parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in these behaviors.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168010205003263.
Argiolas, A., Collu, M., Gessa, G. L., Melis, M. R., & Serra, G. (1988). The oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin inhibits male copulatory behaviour in rats. European journal of pharmacology, 149(3), 389–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(88)90675-9.

The oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin inhibits male copulatory behaviour in rats

Intracerebroventricular injection of the oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin significantly reduced mounting and intromission behaviors and nearly abolished ejaculation in male rats, without affecting general motor activity, supporting a role for central oxytocin in copulatory behavior.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0014299988906759?via%3Dihub.
Waldherr, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2007). Centrally released oxytocin mediates mating-induced anxiolysis in male rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(42), 16681–16684. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705860104.

Centrally released oxytocin mediates mating-induced anxiolysis in male rats

Sexual activity in male rats reduces anxiety and increases risk-taking for hours post-mating, effects mediated by oxytocin release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus during mating. Blocking oxytocin receptors immediately after mating prevents this anxiolytic effect, highlighting oxytocin’s key role in post-mating emotional regulation.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2034242/.
Blitzer, D. S., Wells, T. E., & Hawley, W. R. (2017). Administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist attenuates sexual motivation in male rats. Hormones and behavior, 94, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.06.002.

Administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist attenuates sexual motivation in male rats

In male rats, blocking oxytocin receptors reduces sexual motivation, as indicated by less time spent near a receptive female without affecting overall activity, exploratory behavior, or consummatory sexual actions, suggesting oxytocin plays a key role in sexual motivation.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X16304330?via%3Dihub.
Sanna, F., Bratzu, J., Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (2017). Oxytocin induces penile erection and yawning when injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Involvement of glutamic acid, dopamine, and nitric oxide. Hormones and behavior, 96, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.004.

Oxytocin induces penile erection and yawning when injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Involvement of glutamic acid, dopamine, and nitric oxide

Oxytocin injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) induces penile erection and yawning in male rats via activation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, dopamine D1 receptors, and nitric oxide synthesis, suggesting that oxytocin stimulates glutamatergic pathways in the BNST that connect to other brain regions involved in sexual and arousal behaviors.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X16305347?via%3Dihub.
Bratzu, J., Bharatiya, R., Manca, E., Cocco, C., Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., & Sanna, F. (2019). Oxytocin induces penile erection and yawning when injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: A microdialysis and immunohistochemical study. Behavioural brain research, 375, 112147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112147.

Oxytocin induces penile erection and yawning when injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: A microdialysis and immunohistochemical study

Oxytocin injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in male rats induces penile erection and yawning by increasing glutamate, dopamine, and nitric oxide levels in this brain region, which activates glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and nitrergic pathways involved in these behaviors.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166432819309556?via%3Dihub.
Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., & Gessa, G. L. (1986). Oxytocin: an extremely potent inducer of penile erection and yawning in male rats. European journal of pharmacology, 130(3), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(86)90277-3.

Oxytocin: an extremely potent inducer of penile erection and yawning in male rats

Intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin induces penile erection and yawning in male rats, an effect blocked by atropine and morphine, suggesting oxytocin’s role as a central neuropeptide involved in regulating these behaviors.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0014299986902773?via%3Dihub.
Arletti, R., Bazzani, C., Castelli, M., & Bertolini, A. (1985). Oxytocin improves male copulatory performance in rats. Hormones and behavior, 19(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506x(85)90002-9.

Oxytocin improves male copulatory performance in rats

Oxytocin administration, either peripherally or centrally, shortens ejaculation latency and the post-ejaculatory interval in male rats, enhancing copulatory performance without affecting behavior when saline alone is used.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0018506X85900029?via%3Dihub.
Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., & Gessa, G. L. (1989). Penile erection and yawning induced by oxytocin and related peptides: structure-activity relationship. Peptides, 10(3), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(89)90142-3.

Penile erection and yawning induced by oxytocin and related peptides: structure-activity relationship

Oxytocin-related peptides induce penile erection and yawning in male rats when injected into the brain, with potency varying by structural modifications; oxytocin is most effective, while changes like disulfide bridge opening abolish activity. Antagonists block these effects in line with their known potency, suggesting central oxytocin receptors involved in these behaviors are similar to those in the uterus and mammary glands.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0196978189901423?via%3Dihub.
Melis, M. R., Mauri, A., & Argiolas, A. (1994). Apomorphine-and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning in intact and castrated male rats: effect of sexual steroids. Neuroendocrinology, 59(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126677.

Apomorphine-and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning in intact and castrated male rats: effect of sexual steroids

Apomorphine and oxytocin induce penile erection and yawning in male rats, but these responses are abolished by castration and restored with specific hormones: testosterone for penile erection and estradiol benzoate for yawning. Different steroid hormones modulate each behavior uniquely, indicating distinct mechanisms control erection and yawning, despite their association.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://karger.com/nen/article-abstract/59/4/349/224221/Apomorphine-and-Oxytocin-Induced-Penile-Erection?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
Hughes, A. M., Everitt, B. J., Lightman, S. L., & Todd, K. (1987). Oxytocin in the central nervous system and sexual behaviour in male rats. Brain research, 414(1), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91333-3.

Oxytocin in the central nervous system and sexual behaviour in male rats

Oxytocin levels in cerebrospinal fluid increase significantly in male rats after ejaculation but not in other conditions, while vasopressin levels remain constant. Lesions in specific hypothalamic areas prevent this oxytocin increase and affect copulatory behaviors, suggesting that central oxytocin systems play a role in postejaculatory recovery.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899387913333?via%3Dihub.
Arletti, R., & Bertolini, A. (1985). Oxytocin stimulates lordosis behavior in female rats. Neuropeptides, 6(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-4179(85)90095-2.

Oxytocin stimulates lordosis behavior in female rats

Oxytocin administration significantly enhances female sexual receptivity in hormonally primed ovariectomized rats, suggesting its action within the central nervous system.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0143417985900952?via%3Dihub.
Benelli, A., Poggioli, R., Luppi, P., Ruini, L., Bertolini, A., & Arletti, R. (1994). Oxytocin enhances, and oxytocin antagonism decreases, sexual receptivity in intact female rats. Neuropeptides, 27(4), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-4179(94)90005-1.

Oxytocin enhances, and oxytocin antagonism decreases, sexual receptivity in intact female rats

In female rats in spontaneous estrus, central oxytocin injection enhances sexual receptivity, while an oxytocin antagonist reduces it, supporting oxytocin’s role in promoting female sexual behaviors.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0143417994900051?via%3Dihub.
Pedersen, C. A., & Boccia, M. L. (2002). Oxytocin maintains as well as initiates female sexual behavior: effects of a highly selective oxytocin antagonist. Hormones and behavior, 41(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2001.1736.

Oxytocin maintains as well as initiates female sexual behavior: effects of a highly selective oxytocin antagonist

Central oxytocin receptor activation shortly after progesterone treatment promotes the onset of female sexual behavior (FSB) in estrogen-primed rats, while oxytocin’s effects at later stages help maintain FSB, indicating its role in sustaining sexual receptivity over time.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X01917362?via%3Dihub.
Pedersen, C. A., & Boccia, M. L. (2006). Vasopressin interactions with oxytocin in the control of female sexual behavior. Neuroscience, 139(3), 843–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.002.

Vasopressin interactions with oxytocin in the control of female sexual behavior

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) inhibits female sexual receptivity and proceptive behavior, potentially through interactions that reduce oxytocin’s stimulatory effect on sexual behavior, while blocking AVP V1a receptors increases receptivity. Oxytocin administration can counteract AVP’s effects, highlighting AVP’s role in modulating sexual behavior via oxytocin interactions.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.ibroneuroscience.org/article/S0306-4522(06)00047-9/abstract.
Gorzalka, B. B., & Lester, G. L. (1987). Oxytocin-induced facilitation of lordosis behaviour in rats is progesterone-dependent. Neuropeptides, 10(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-4179(87)90089-8.

Oxytocin-induced facilitation of lordosis behaviour in rats is progesterone-dependent

Oxytocin administered to ovariectomized female rats facilitated lordosis behavior only in those primed with specific doses of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, suggesting that oxytocin’s effect on sexual receptivity is dependent on adequate progesterone levels.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0143417987900898.
Caldwell, J. D., Barakat, A. S., Smith, D. D., Hruby, V. J., & Pedersen, C. A. (1990). A uterotonic antagonist blocks the oxytocin-induced facilitation of female sexual receptivity. Brain research, 512(2), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90639-S.

A uterotonic antagonist blocks the oxytocin-induced facilitation of female sexual receptivity

Oxytocin (OXT) infusion into the basal forebrain enhanced lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats, an effect blocked specifically by a uterotonic antagonist but not by vasopressor (V1) or antidiuretic (V2) antagonists, suggesting that central uterotonic receptors mediate OXT’s facilitation of sexual receptivity, while vasopressor receptors may inhibit it.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000689939090639S?via%3Dihub.
Caldwell, J. D., Jirikowski, G. F., Greer, E. R., & Pedersen, C. A. (1989). Medial preoptic area oxytocin and female sexual receptivity. Behavioral neuroscience, 103(3), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.103.3.655.

Medial preoptic area oxytocin and female sexual receptivity

Oxytocin (OXT) administered directly into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) significantly enhances lordosis behavior in estrogen-treated, ovariectomized female rats, identifying the MPOA as a key site for OXT’s facilitative effect on sexual receptivity, likely involving OXT release during mating.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-39257-001.
Flanagan, L. M., Pfaus, J. G., Pfaff, D. W., & McEwen, B. S. (1993). Induction of FOS immunoreactivity in oxytocin neurons after sexual activity in female rats. Neuroendocrinology, 58(3), 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126562.

Induction of FOS immunoreactivity in oxytocin neurons after sexual activity in female rats

Evidence suggests that oxytocin (OT) released in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) facilitates sexual behavior in estradiol- and progesterone-treated female rats, with sexual activity significantly increasing OT neuron activation, marked by FOS expression, in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supporting a role for OT in female sexual behavior and implicating PVN neurons as a source of OT in the VMN.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://karger.com/nen/article-abstract/58/3/352/224010/Induction-of-FOS-Immunoreactivity-in-Oxytocin?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
Stoneham, M. D., Everitt, B. J., Hansen, S., Lightman, S. L., & Todd, K. (1985). Oxytocin and sexual behaviour in the male rat and rabbit. The Journal of endocrinology, 107(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1070097.

Oxytocin and sexual behaviour in the male rat and rabbit

In male rabbits, oxytocin levels rise in plasma after ejaculation, and in male rats, oxytocin infused centrally delays initial sexual activity and prolongs the post-ejaculatory refractory period, suggesting oxytocin’s involvement in post-ejaculatory refractoriness and potential peripheral effects on genital function.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/107/1/joe_107_1_013.xml.
Melin, P., & Kihlstroem, J. E. (1963). Influence of Oxytocin On Sexual Behavior In Male Rabbits. Endocrinology, 73, 433–435. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-73-4-433.
Whitman, D. C., & Albers, H. E. (1995). Role of oxytocin in the hypothalamic regulation of sexual receptivity in hamsters. Brain research, 680(1-2), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00233-g.

Role of oxytocin in the hypothalamic regulation of sexual receptivity in hamsters

Oxytocin activity in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPOA-AH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) promotes sexual receptivity in female Syrian hamsters in a dose-dependent manner, and blocking oxytocin in these areas reduces receptivity, supporting its role in regulating sexual behavior.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000689939500233G?via%3Dihub.
Muin, D. A., Sheikh Rezaei, S., Tremmel-Scheinost, M., Salama, M., Luger, A., Wolzt, M., Husslein, P. W., & Bayerle-Eder, M. (2017). Men’s sexual response to female partner’s intranasal oxytocin administration for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: an open prospective cohort study. Fertility and sterility, 107(3), 781–787.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.003.

Men’s sexual response to female partner’s intranasal oxytocin administration for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: an open prospective cohort study

In a study of men whose partners were treated for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) with either oxytocin or placebo, both treatments significantly improved men’s sexual quality of life and their evaluation of partner performance, with no significant differences between the two treatments; minor, non-significant improvements were also noted in intercourse frequency, arousal, desire, satisfaction, and depression.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(16)63071-6/fulltext.
Altszuler, N., Rosenberg, C. R., Winkler, B., Fuchs, A. R., Hill, P. S., & Hruby, V. J. (1992). The metabolic effects of oxytocin are mediated by a uterine type of receptor and are inhibited by oxytocin antagonist and by arginine vasopressin in the dog. Life sciences, 50(10), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(92)90477-7.

The metabolic effects of oxytocin are mediated by a uterine type of receptor and are inhibited by oxytocin antagonist and by arginine vasopressin in the dog

In dogs, oxytocin (OT) infusion increased plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels, as well as glucose production and uptake, in correlation with the oxytocic potency of OT analogues. An OT antagonist suppressed these effects, while arginine vasopressin (AVP) completely blocked them, suggesting that OT’s metabolic effects are mediated by OT receptors linked to its oxytocic function, though the mechanism of AVP’s inhibition is yet to be clarified.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0024320592904777?via%3Dihub.
Filipov, P., & Kasakov, L. (1978). Effect of oxytocin on the blood glucose concentration. Acta physiologica et pharmacologica Bulgarica, 4(1), 38–41.

Effect of oxytocin on the blood glucose concentration

In male volunteers, intravenous oxytocin initially led to a hypoglycemic effect in most cases, with some showing mild hyperglycemia after 7 minutes, accompanied by skin flushing, lower diastolic blood pressure, and increased heart rate. The glucose changes are thought to result from oxytocin’s effects on blood flow to adipose tissue and insulin metabolism, though the overall impact on carbohydrate metabolism is considered physiologically negligible.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/726914/.
Paolisso, G., Sgambato, S., Giugliano, D., Pizza, G., Tesauro, P., Varricchio, M., & D’Onofrio, F. (1989). Effects of oxytocin delivery on counter-regulatory hormone response in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetic subjects. Hormone research, 31(5-6), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1159/000181126.

Effects of oxytocin delivery on counter-regulatory hormone response in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetic subjects

In type 1 diabetic patients, oxytocin infusion elevated plasma glucagon and adrenaline levels and decreased cortisol in both basal and insulin-induced hypoglycemic states, enhancing glucose recovery during hypoglycemia by boosting counter-regulatory hormone responses.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2693310/.
Elabd, S. K., Sabry, I., Mohasseb, M., & Algendy, A. (2014). Oxytocin as a novel therapeutic option for type I diabetes and diabetic osteopathy. Endocrine regulations, 48(2), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.4149/endo_2014_02_87.

Oxytocin as a novel therapeutic option for type I diabetes and diabetic osteopathy

In type 1 diabetic rats, oxytocin treatment improved glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity, showed regenerative effects on pancreatic islet cells, and had anabolic benefits on bone health, suggesting oxytocin receptor activation as a potential treatment for diabetes and related complications like diabetic osteopathy.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.elis.sk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=3865&category_id=113&option=com_virtuemart&vmcchk=1&Itemid=1.
Mohan, S., Khan, D., Moffett, R. C., Irwin, N., & Flatt, P. R. (2018). Oxytocin is present in islets and plays a role in beta-cell function and survival. Peptides, 100, 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.019.

Oxytocin is present in islets and plays a role in beta-cell function and survival

Oxytocin enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduces blood glucose levels, and promotes beta-cell proliferation and survival, suggesting an important role in pancreatic function beyond reproduction. These effects, observed in mouse islets and cultured human and rodent beta-cells, point to oxytocin and its receptor as potential targets for supporting beta-cell function and survival in diabetes.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196978117303881?via%3Dihub.
Zhang, H., Wu, C., Chen, Q., Chen, X., Xu, Z., Wu, J., & Cai, D. (2013). Treatment of obesity and diabetes using oxytocin or analogs in patients and mouse models. PloS one, 8(5), e61477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061477.

Treatment of obesity and diabetes using oxytocin or analogs in patients and mouse models

Intranasal oxytocin administration reduces obesity and improves insulin sensitivity in humans, while oxytocin and its analogs also reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mouse models, indicating potential therapeutic benefits for obesity and type-2 diabetes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3658979/.
Altszuler, N., Winkler, B., Rosenberg, C. R., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., & Fuchs, A. R. (1992). Role of insulin and glucagon in oxytocin effects on glucose metabolism. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 199(2), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-199-43353.

Role of insulin and glucagon in oxytocin effects on glucose metabolism

Oxytocin infusion in dogs raises plasma insulin and glucagon levels, stimulating glucose production and uptake; this effect is partly due to direct action on the pancreas and partly due to increased glucagon secretion, with insulin secretion mediating much of the glucose uptake.

You can read the full article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1346936/.
Ding, C., Leow, M. K., & Magkos, F. (2019). Oxytocin in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity and diabetes management. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12757.

Oxytocin in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity and diabetes management

Oxytocin, traditionally known for its role in social bonding and reproduction, also enhances glucose uptake and lipid metabolism in fat and muscle tissues, implicating its dysfunction in insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Low oxytocin levels are linked to obesity and diabetes, with recent studies showing that intranasal oxytocin can aid weight loss, improve insulin sensitivity, and enhance pancreatic function, making it a promising therapeutic target for managing obesity and diabetes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888317/.
Elabd, S., & Sabry, I. (2015). Two Birds with One Stone: Possible Dual-Role of Oxytocin in the Treatment of Diabetes and Osteoporosis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 6, 121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00121.

Two Birds with One Stone: Possible Dual-Role of Oxytocin in the Treatment of Diabetes and Osteoporosis

Oxytocin, beyond its role in labor and lactation, shows potential in diabetes management by enhancing glucose metabolism, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and promoting regenerative changes in pancreatic islet cells and bone. Activation of the oxytocin receptor pathway could offer promising therapeutic benefits for diabetes and related complications like diabetic osteopathy.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4530313/.
Altszuler, N., & Fuchs, A. R. (1994). Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by changes in glucose metabolism. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 207(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-207-43788.

Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by changes in glucose metabolism. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Infusion of insulin or glucose-depleting agents in normal and diabetic dogs increases oxytocin secretion, especially during hypoglycemia, suggesting that oxytocin release is stimulated by sudden drops in central glucose availability.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7938034/.
Raymond, J. S., Rehn, S., Hoyos, C. M., & Bowen, M. T. (2021). The influence of oxytocin-based interventions on sleep-wake and sleep-related behaviour and neurobiology: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 131, 1005–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.016.

The influence of oxytocin-based interventions on sleep-wake and sleep-related behaviour and neurobiology: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies

This systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies suggests that oxytocin (OXT) can influence sleep-wake behavior, with preclinical evidence indicating a wake-promoting effect, though clinical results show minimal impact on sleep promotion; oxytocin dose may modulate these effects, warranting further research.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763421004589?via%3Dihub.
Schuh-Hofer, S., Eichhorn, N., Grinevich, V., & Treede, R. D. (2018). Sleep Deprivation Related Changes of Plasma Oxytocin in Males and Female Contraceptive Users Depend on Sex and Correlate Differentially With Anxiety and Pain Hypersensitivity. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 12, 161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00161.

Sleep Deprivation Related Changes of Plasma Oxytocin in Males and Female Contraceptive Users Depend on Sex and Correlate Differentially With Anxiety and Pain Hypersensitivity

This study found that total sleep deprivation (TSD) increases pain sensitivity and anxiety, with a sex-dependent rise in oxytocin (OT) levels—observed only in sleep-deprived females. Higher OT levels correlated with lower heat pain thresholds and greater anxiety, but OT’s role in linking pain sensitivity and anxiety during TSD appears limited, suggesting further research is needed, particularly to examine the effect of oral contraceptives on these outcomes.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6082934/.
Jain, V., Marbach, J., Kimbro, S., Andrade, D. C., Jain, A., Capozzi, E., Mele, K., Del Rio, R., Kay, M. W., & Mendelowitz, D. (2017). Benefits of oxytocin administration in obstructive sleep apnea. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 313(5), L825–L833. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00206.2017.

Benefits of oxytocin administration in obstructive sleep apnea. American journal of physiology

In a small study on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, intranasal oxytocin administration improved cardiorespiratory stability by increasing parasympathetic activity, total sleep time, and sleep satisfaction, while reducing the frequency and duration of hypopneas and related arousals, although the overall apnea-hypopnea index was unchanged. These findings suggest oxytocin may help restore autonomic balance in OSA, warranting further research.

You can read the full article at https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajplung.00206.2017?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.
Jain, V., Kimbro, S., Kowalik, G., Milojevic, I., Maritza Dowling, N., Hunley, A. L., Hauser, K., Andrade, D. C., Del Rio, R., Kay, M. W., & Mendelowitz, D. (2020). Intranasal oxytocin increases respiratory rate and reduces obstructive event duration and oxygen desaturation in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled study. Sleep medicine, 74, 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.034.

Intranasal oxytocin increases respiratory rate and reduces obstructive event duration and oxygen desaturation in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled study

In a randomized, placebo-controlled study, intranasal oxytocin administration in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients reduced the duration of obstructive events, oxygen desaturation, and bradycardia, while increasing respiratory rate during non-obstructive periods without affecting sleep structure. These findings suggest oxytocin could help alleviate respiratory depression in OSA, with further research needed to understand its mechanisms and optimal dosing.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1389945720302446?via%3Dihub.
Lancel, M., Krömer, S., & Neumann, I. D. (2003). Intracerebral oxytocin modulates sleep-wake behaviour in male rats. Regulatory peptides, 114(2-3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-0115(03)00118-6.

Intracerebral oxytocin modulates sleep-wake behaviour in male rats

Oxytocin in the brain may promote sleep under normal conditions but can induce arousal when centrally elevated, such as during stress. In rats, blocking oxytocin receptors slightly increased wakefulness, suggesting endogenous oxytocin supports sleep. However, direct oxytocin infusion delayed sleep onset and heightened arousal, likely by activating the stress-related CRH system.

You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167011503001186?via%3Dihub.
Fekete, E. M., Seay, J., Antoni, M. H., Mendez, A. J., Fletcher, M. A., Szeto, A., & Schneiderman, N. (2014). Oxytocin, social support, and sleep quality in low-income minority women living with HIV. Behavioral sleep medicine, 12(3), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2013.791297.

Oxytocin, social support, and sleep quality in low-income minority women living with HIV

In low-income minority women with HIV, social support—especially from family—was linked to better sleep quality. For women with high oxytocin levels, friend support also improved sleep, while low oxytocin levels correlated with poorer sleep, suggesting these women may struggle to effectively benefit from available social support.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533907/.
Doerr, J. M., Klaus, K., Troxel, W., Nater, U. M., Bodenmann, G., Heinrichs, M., Ehlert, U., & Ditzen, B. (2022). The Effect of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Association Between Couple Interaction and Sleep: A Placebo-Controlled Study. Psychosomatic medicine, 84(6), 727–737. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001091.

The Effect of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Association Between Couple Interaction and Sleep: A Placebo-Controlled Study

In couples, feelings of closeness and positive interactions were linked to better sleep quality, with oxytocin enhancing this effect—particularly in women. Oxytocin increased overall sleep quality, and the boost in sleep quality from closeness was stronger with oxytocin, highlighting potential therapeutic applications for improving sleep through relationship support.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/abstract/2022/07000/the_effect_of_intranasal_oxytocin_on_the.11.aspx.
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Guan, X., Yue, J., Wu, H. E., Zhen, S., He, S. C., & Zhang, X. Y. (2022). Genotype-genotype interactions of the OXTR gene polymorphisms are associated with self-reported daytime dysfunction, sleep latency and personal distress. Journal of sleep research, e13668. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13668.

Genotype-genotype interactions of the OXTR gene polymorphisms are associated with self-reported daytime dysfunction, sleep latency and personal distress

This study explored how genetic variations in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) influence sleep quality, finding that certain polymorphisms interact to affect sleep disturbances and emotional distress. Notably, specific gene combinations were linked to higher daytime dysfunction and poor sleep quality, suggesting genetic factors in the regulation of sleep and emotional responses. These findings could inform future research on the genetic basis of sleep disorders and related psychopathologies.

You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.13668.

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Table of Contents

Overall Health Benefits of Oxytocin

Key Takeaways

What is Oxytocin?

How Oxytocin Works

Chemical Structure of Oxytocin

Research on Oxytocin

A. Produces Anti-Aging Effects

B. Promotes Weight Loss

C. Fights Stress

D. Improves Mood

E. Improves Cognitive Function

F. Improves Social Skills

G. Lowers Blood Pressure

H. Lowers the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

I. Fights Inflammation

J. Treats Substance Addiction

K. Improves Sexual Function

L. Improves Blood Sugar Levels

M. Improves Sleep Quality

Oxytocin Side Effects

Oxytocin Supplement

Oxytocin vs Pitocin

How to Increase Oxytocin

Oxytocin in Labour

Oxytocin Nasal Spray

FAQ

Why is oxytocin called the love drug?

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

When do men release oxytocin?

What does oxytocin do for humans?

When do guys release oxytocin?

What is the drug oxytocin used for?

What is the main function of oxytocin?

What are the five uses of oxytocin?

Why is oxytocin called love hormone?

How to get oxytocin naturally?

What is the love hormone in men?

Is there a supplement for oxytocin?

How can I raise my oxytocin levels?

Can you take oxytocin daily?

Is there a drug that stimulates oxytocin?

Is oxytocin the same as Pitocin?

Why do doctors push Pitocin?

Why is oxytocin preferred for induction of labor?

Does oxytocin make you dilate?

What is the general indication of oxytocin?

What is oxytocin used for?

Which is an indication for the nurse to administer an ordered oxytocin?

What is the clinical significance of oxytocin?

What are the 4 hormones for happiness?

Why does oxytocin make you happy?

What is dopamine vs oxytocin?

What is the hormone for happiness?

What are the 4 chemicals of happiness?

What is dopamine vs serotonin?

What are the 5 love hormones?

What is oxytocin injection used for?

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Is oxytocin used as a pain killer?

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What stimulates oxytocin?

What foods have oxytocin?

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What does oxytocin do for labor?

Is oxytocin the same as Pitocin?

Why do I touch myself during labor?

Is oxytocin more painful in induced labor?

What are the major side effects of oxytocin?

What is the problem with oxytocin?

What is the toxicity of oxytocin?

What does oxytocin nasal spray do?

How to get oxytocin nasal spray prescription?

Can you get oxytocin spray?