Melanotan 2

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Potential Benefits of Melanotan 2
What is Melanotan 2?
How Melanotan 2 Works
Chemical Structure of Melanotan 2
Research on Melanotan 2
Associated Side Effects of Melanotan 2
References

Potential Benefits of Melanotan 2

Treats erectile dysfunction [1-9]
Helps lose weight [10-17]
Prevents cancer [18-19]
Prevents heart disease [20-22]
Promotes healthy brain [23-28]
Treats inflammatory disorders [29-30]
Improves blood sugar levels and treats symptoms of diabetes [31-33]
Treats alcohol abuse disorder [34-37]

What is Melanotan 2?

Melanotan 2 or MT-2 is a synthetic analog of the peptide hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It is used to induce erections in men with erectile dysfunction and increase sexual arousal in women.

How Melanotan 2 Works?

Melanotan 2 is similar to the melanocyte-stimulating hormone, a substance found in your body that is responsible for the production of skin-darkening pigments called melanin. It works by binding with melanocortin receptors. Melanotan 2 binds to MC-1R to stimulate the darkening of the skin and hair. It also stimulates penile erection by binding to MC-4R.

Chemical Structure of Melanotan 2

Research on Melanotan 2

Treats Erectile Dysfunction

Evidence suggests that MT-2 has beneficial effects on sexual function:

In men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction, MT-2 treatment successfully resulted in penile erections. [1]
In men with erectile dysfunction (ED), MT-2 treatment led to increased sexual desire and penile erection even without any sexual stimulation. [2-3]
In rats, MT-2 induced erections sufficient for sexual intercourse. [4]
In rabbits, intravenous injection of MT-2 resulted in increased pressure within the erectile tissue. [5]
In normal male volunteers, administration of MT-2 produced spontaneous, penile erections after 1-5 hours. [6]
A rat study showed that MT-2 was effective for skin tanning and could be used to prevent sunlight-induced skin cancers. [7]
In men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction, MT-2 was effective in inducing an erection. [8]
In male rats, MT-2 injection successfully induced penile erection. [9]

Helps Lose Weight

Studies also found that MT-2 has fat-burning effects that can be beneficial in overweight and obese individuals:

In obese rats, MT-2 treatment resulted in increased fat breakdown. [10]
In rats, peripheral MT-2 treatment led to weight loss. [11]
A study showed that MT-2 could safely reduce fat mass without inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in rats. [12]
A study showed that continued MT-2 application consistently induced weight and fat loss in rat subjects. [13]
In rats, MT-2 treatment effectively reduced body mass without long-term food restrictions. [14]
A rat study also found that MT-2 treatment decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure. [15]
A study suggested that MT-2 treatment could be effective in treating obesity by stimulating leptin and melanocortin pathways in the brain.[16-17]

Prevents Cancer

Studies show that MT-2 also exerts anti-cancer properties that can help protect against skin cancer:

A study suggested that MT-2 application could prevent sunlight-induced skin cancer. [18]
In healthy volunteers, it was found that MT-1 was safe and effective for skin tanning when combined with solar UV light, and has protective effects against sunlight-induced skin cancer. [19]

Prevents Heart Disease

MT-2 has also been shown to exert cardioprotective properties:

In mice, MT-2 treatment had therapeutic benefits in pre-established atherosclerosis (plaque formation within the heart arteries) by limiting inflammation and promoting vascular endothelial function. [20]
In patients with coronary heart disease, it was found that they have altered levels of MT-2 in the heart. [21]
In an animal model of myocardial ischemia (inadequate blood flow to the heart), MT-2 treatment improved heart function by reducing oxidative stress and programmed cell death. [22]

Promotes Healthy Brain

Evidence suggests that MT-2 is essential for optimal brain function:

In rats, it was shown that treatment with melanocortin receptor agonists like melanotan 2 could regulate the activity of central dopamine neurons in the brain. [23]
In a mouse model of stroke, MT-2 treatment improved working memory. [24]
In rats, it was found that MT-2 levels were impaired in the group with cognitive dysfunction. [25]
A study reported that MT-2 may potentially treat mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. [26]
In rats, MT-2 promoted nerve regeneration in the brain and protected against injury. [27]
In a maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model of autism, MT-2 administration reversed the negative behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). [28]

Treats Inflammatory Disorders

A good deal of evidence supports the anti-inflammatory properties of MT-2:

In a mouse model of stroke, MT-2 treatment inhibited brain inflammation. [29]
In mice with plaque build-up within the heart, MT-2 inhibited plaque inflammation and promoted vascular endothelial function. [30]

Improves Blood Sugar Levels and Treats Symptoms of Diabetes

Studies suggest that MT-2 can help stabilize blood sugar levels and treat diabetic symptoms:

In rats, injection of MT-2 reduced food intake and body weight and improved insulin sensitivity. [31]
In rats fed with a high-fat diet, MT-2 reversed diabetes by suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. [32]
In mice, MT-2 and leptin administration induced increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. [33]

Treats Alcohol Abuse Disorder

MT-2 has also been found to significantly reduce alcohol intake which makes it beneficial for those with alcohol abuse disorder:

In male rats who were subjected to long-term voluntary alcohol consumption, MT-2 reduced alcohol intake. [34]
In mice, MT-2 administration reduced binge-like ethanol drinking. [35]
In a mouse model of alcohol abuse disorder, low-dose MT-2 reduced binge-ethanol drinking. [36]
In rats, MT-2 administration through injections at the border of the central amygdala nucleus and the basolateral amygdala resulted in reduced alcohol intake while increasing their water intake. [37]

Associated Side Effects of Melanotan 2

Melanotan 2 side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on melanotan 2. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of melanotan 2. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with melanotan 2 even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with melanotan 2 may include the following:

Agitation
Darkening of the skin
Facial flushing
Fatigue
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Increased moles and freckles
Increased sweating
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Spontaneous erections
Vomiting

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Reference

Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N. Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. J Urol. 1998 Aug;160(2):389-93. PMID: 9679884.

Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study

The study by Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N, published in The Journal of Urology in August 1998, explores the effects of a synthetic melanotropic peptide on men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. This double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated the efficacy of the peptide in initiating erections compared to a placebo. The findings indicate that the synthetic melanotropic peptide, acting through the melanocortin system, can effectively induce erections in subjects with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. This research provides evidence for the potential therapeutic use of melanocortin receptor agonists in treating sexual dysfunction, offering a novel approach that targets the central mechanisms involved in sexual arousal and response. The study underscores the importance of understanding the neuroendocrine pathways in sexual function and opens new avenues for the treatment of erectile dysfunction beyond the traditional phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

For the full article https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62903-3
Wessells H, Levine N, Hadley ME, Dorr R, Hruby V. Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II. Int J Impot Res. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:S74-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900582. PMID: 11035391.

Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II

The study by Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N, published in The Journal of Urology in August 1998, explores the effects of a synthetic melanotropic peptide on men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. This double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated the efficacy of the peptide in initiating erections compared to a placebo. The findings indicate that the synthetic melanotropic peptide, acting through the melanocortin system, can effectively induce erections in subjects with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. This research provides evidence for the potential therapeutic use of melanocortin receptor agonists in treating sexual dysfunction, offering a novel approach that targets the central mechanisms involved in sexual arousal and response. The study underscores the importance of understanding the neuroendocrine pathways in sexual function and opens new avenues for the treatment of erectile dysfunction beyond the traditional phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

For the full article https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62903-3
Wessells H, Gralnek D, Dorr R, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME, Levine N. Effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2000 Oct 1;56(4):641-6. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00680-4. PMID: 11018622.

Effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction

The study conducted by Wessells H, Gralnek D, Dorr R, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME, Levine N, and published in Urology in October 2000, investigates the effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction (ED). This research aimed to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of melanocortin receptor agonists in treating ED, focusing on men whose ED had an organic rather than psychogenic basis. The findings demonstrated that the α-MSH analog could significantly improve penile erection and enhance sexual desire in the study participants, indicating a promising approach for ED treatment that diverges from the mechanisms targeted by traditional therapies such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. This study highlights the role of melanocortin receptors in sexual function and suggests that α-MSH analogs could offer a new treatment pathway for men with ED, particularly those for whom current treatments are ineffective or unsuitable.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090429500006804
Giuliano F, Clément P, Droupy S, Alexandre L, Bernabé J. Melanotan-II: Investigation of the inducer and facilitator effects on penile erection in anaesthetized rat. Neuroscience. 2006;138(1):293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.008. Epub 2005 Dec 19. PMID: 16360286.

Melanotan-II: Investigation of the inducer and facilitator effects on penile erection in anaesthetized rat

The study by Giuliano F, Clément P, Droupy S, Alexandre L, Bernabé J, published in Neuroscience in 2006, explores the effects of Melanotan-II, a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone α-MSH, on penile erection in anaesthetized rats. The research aimed to assess both the inducer and facilitator roles of Melanotan-II in the erectile process. The findings indicate that Melanotan-II significantly enhances penile erection when administered centrally, demonstrating its potential as both an inducer and facilitator of the erectile response. This study provides valuable insights into the pharmacological actions of melanocortin receptor agonists like Melanotan-II on sexual function, suggesting that targeting the melanocortin system could offer a novel therapeutic avenue for treating erectile dysfunction. The implications of these findings extend to the understanding of the neurochemical pathways involved in sexual arousal and erection, highlighting the potential for melanocortin-based therapies in sexual health.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452205012881
Vemulapalli R, Kurowski S, Salisbury B, Parker E, Davis H. Activation of central melanocortin receptors by MT-II increases cavernosal pressure in rabbits by the neuronal release of NO. Br J Pharmacol. 2001;134(8):1705-1710. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704437.

Activation of central melanocortin receptors by MT‐II increases cavernosal pressure in rabbits by the neuronal release of NO

The study by Vemulapalli R, Kurowski S, Salisbury B, Parker E, Davis H, published in the British Journal of Pharmacology in 2001, investigates the effects of central melanocortin receptor activation by Melanotan-II (MT-II) on cavernosal pressure in rabbits. The research aimed to understand the role of melanocortin receptors in modulating erectile function and the mechanisms involved. The findings demonstrate that MT-II administration centrally increases cavernosal pressure, indicating enhanced penile erection, through the neuronal release of nitric oxide (NO). This study suggests that the melanocortin system plays a significant role in erectile function by facilitating NO release, a crucial mediator of penile erection. The results highlight the potential of melanocortin receptor agonists like MT-II as therapeutic agents for erectile dysfunction, providing insight into the neurophysiological pathways involved in the modulation of erectile responses and underlining the importance of the central nervous system in sexual function.

For the full article https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704437
Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, Brooks C, Xiang L, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME. Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study. Life Sci. 1996;58(20):1777-84. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00160-9. PMID: 8637402.

Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study

The study by Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, Brooks C, Xiang L, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME, published in Life Sciences in 1996, evaluates Melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide, in a pilot phase-I clinical study. Melanotan-II is an analog of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and has been studied for its effects on melanogenesis and potential as a tanning agent without the need for sun exposure. The phase-I trial aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Melanotan-II in human volunteers. The findings indicate that Melanotan-II effectively stimulates melanogenesis, leading to increased pigmentation. Moreover, the study provided initial data on the safety profile of Melanotan-II, marking an important step in exploring its potential therapeutic applications beyond tanning, such as protecting against skin cancers associated with UV exposure. This early clinical research underscores the significance of melanocortin receptors in skin physiology and opens the door for further studies on Melanotan-II and related peptides in various therapeutic areas.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024320596001609
Lan EL, Ugwu SO, Blanchard J, Fang X, Hruby VJ, Sharma S. Preformulation studies with melanotan-II: a potential skin cancer chemopreventive peptide. J Pharm Sci. 1994 Aug;83(8):1081-4. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600830805. PMID: 7983590.

Preformulation studies with melanotan-II: a potential skin cancer chemopreventive peptide

The study by Lan EL, Ugwu SO, Blanchard J, Fang X, Hruby VJ, Sharma S, published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in August 1994, focuses on preformulation studies with Melanotan-II, a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring melanocortin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Melanotan-II has been investigated for its potential role in skin tanning and protection against UV radiation, with implications for skin cancer chemoprevention. This research aimed to assess the stability, solubility, and formulation characteristics of Melanotan-II to develop an effective delivery system for potential clinical use. The findings contribute essential data on the physical and chemical properties of Melanotan-II, laying the groundwork for its further development as a chemopreventive agent against skin cancer. By identifying the optimal conditions for the peptide’s stability and solubility, this study plays a crucial role in advancing Melanotan-II towards clinical applications, emphasizing its potential not only for inducing skin tanning but also for offering a protective effect against the harmful effects of UV radiation.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354915495474
Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N. Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. J Urol. 1998 Aug;160(2):389-93. PMID: 9679884.

Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study

The study by Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N, published in The Journal of Urology in August 1998, investigates the efficacy of a synthetic melanotropic peptide in initiating erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. This double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study aimed to evaluate the effects of the melanotropic peptide, acting through the melanocortin system, on inducing erections in subjects with psychogenic erectile dysfunction. The findings indicate that the synthetic melanotropic peptide effectively initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction, highlighting the potential of melanocortin receptor agonists as a novel therapeutic approach for this condition. This research provides valuable insights into the role of the melanocortin system in erectile function and offers promising prospects for the development of new treatments for erectile dysfunction.

For the full article https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62903-3
Available from https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03166.x.
Li G, Zhang Y, Wilsey JT, Scarpace PJ. Unabated anorexic and enhanced thermogenic responses to melanotan II in diet-induced obese rats despite reduced melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor expression. J Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;182(1):123-32. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1820123. PMID: 15225137.

Unabated anorexic and enhanced thermogenic responses to melanotan II in diet-induced obese rats despite reduced melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor expression

The study by Li G, Zhang Y, Wilsey JT, and Scarpace PJ, published in the Journal of Endocrinology in July 2004, investigates the effects of melanotan II (MTII) on anorexic and thermogenic responses in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats, along with changes in melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor (MC3/4R) expression. The research aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the anorexic and thermogenic effects of MTII in DIO rats and whether alterations in MC3/4R expression contribute to these responses. Despite reduced MC3/4R expression in DIO rats, the study found that MTII induced unabated anorexic responses and enhanced thermogenic effects. These findings suggest that MTII’s actions on anorexia and thermogenesis are not solely mediated by MC3/4R and highlight the complexity of melanocortin signaling in the regulation of energy balance. This research contributes valuable insights into the mechanisms of action of MTII and its potential as a therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic disorders.

For the full article https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b70953c7bd1d002019b236d36e29c1fb703992f0
Strader AD, Shi H, Ogawa R, Seeley RJ, Reizes O. The effects of the melanocortin agonist (MT-II) on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Sep;322(3):1153-61. doi: 10.1124/jpet.107.123091. Epub 2007 Jun 13. PMID: 17567964.

The effects of the melanocortin agonist (MT-II) on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in rodents
The study conducted by Strader AD, Shi H, Ogawa R, Seeley RJ, and Reizes O, published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in September 2007, explores the effects of the melanocortin agonist melanotan II (MT-II) on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in rodents. The research aimed to investigate how MT-II influences adipose tissue distribution and metabolism, particularly focusing on subcutaneous and visceral fat depots. Through a series of experiments, the study demonstrated that MT-II treatment led to a reduction in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue mass in rodents. Additionally, MT-II treatment was associated with improved metabolic parameters, including increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that MT-II may have potential as a therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic disorders by targeting adipose tissue distribution and metabolism. This research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of action of melanocortin agonists in modulating adipose tissue physiology and highlights their potential as pharmacological interventions for obesity management.

For the full article https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/322/3/1153.short
Choi YH, Li C, Hartzell DL, Lin J, Della-Fera MA, Baile CA. MTII administered peripherally reduces fat without invoking apoptosis in rats. Physiol Behav. 2003 Jul;79(2):331-7. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00118-5. PMID: 12834806.

MTII administered peripherally reduces fat without invoking apoptosis in rats. Physiol Behav

The study by Choi YH, Li C, Hartzell DL, Lin J, Della-Fera MA, and Baile CA, published in Physiology & Behavior in July 2003, investigates the effects of peripherally administered melanotan II (MTII) on fat reduction in rats, particularly focusing on the involvement of apoptosis. The research aimed to assess whether MTII-induced fat reduction is associated with apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death. Through their experiments, the study found that peripheral administration of MTII resulted in a reduction in fat mass without inducing apoptosis in rats. These findings suggest that MTII’s mechanism of action in reducing fat mass may involve pathways other than apoptosis. This research contributes to our understanding of the physiological effects of MTII on fat metabolism and provides insights into its potential as a therapeutic agent for obesity management.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938403001185
Zhang Y, Collazo R, Gao Y, Li G, Scarpace PJ. Intermittent MTII application evokes repeated anorexia and robust fat and weight loss. Peptides. 2010;31(4):639-643. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.019.

Intermittent MTII application evokes repeated anorexia and robust fat and weight loss

The study conducted by Zhang Y, Collazo R, Gao Y, Li G, and Scarpace PJ, published in Peptides in 2010, investigates the effects of intermittent application of melanotan II (MTII) on anorexia, fat loss, and weight loss. The research aimed to assess the impact of intermittent MTII administration on these parameters in rodents. Through their experiments, the study demonstrated that intermittent application of MTII resulted in repeated episodes of anorexia, as well as robust fat and weight loss in the animals. These findings suggest that intermittent MTII administration may be an effective strategy for inducing significant and sustained reductions in body fat and weight. This research contributes valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of MTII for obesity management.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978109005397
Côté I, Sakarya Y, Kirichenko N, et al. Activation of the central melanocortin system chronically reduces body mass without the necessity of long-term caloric restriction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;95(2):206-214. doi:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0290.

Activation of the central melanocortin system chronically reduces body mass without the necessity of long-term caloric restriction

The study by Côté I, Sakarya Y, Kirichenko N, et al., published in the Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology in 2017, explores the effects of chronic activation of the central melanocortin system on body mass without the need for long-term caloric restriction. The research aimed to investigate whether sustained activation of the central melanocortin system could lead to reductions in body mass independently of caloric restriction. Through their experiments, the study demonstrated that chronic activation of the central melanocortin system resulted in a significant and sustained reduction in body mass, even without the imposition of long-term caloric restriction. These findings suggest that targeting the central melanocortin system may hold promise as a therapeutic approach for managing body weight and obesity. This research contributes valuable insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying body weight regulation and highlights potential avenues for developing novel anti-obesity interventions.

For the full article https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0290
Maria M. Glavas, Sandra E. Joachim, Shin J. Draper, M. Susan Smith, Kevin L. Grove, Melanocortinergic Activation by Melanotan II Inhibits Feeding and Increases Uncoupling Protein 1 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Developing Rat, Endocrinology, Volume 148, Issue 7, 1 July 2007, Pages 3279–3287, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0184.

Melanocortinergic activation by melanotan II inhibits feeding and increases uncoupling protein 1 messenger ribonucleic acid in the developing rat

The study by Maria M. Glavas, Sandra E. Joachim, Shin J. Draper, M. Susan Smith, and Kevin L. Grove, published in Endocrinology in July 2007, investigates the effects of melanocortinergic activation by melanotan II (MTII) on feeding behavior and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in the developing rat. The research aimed to elucidate the role of melanocortinergic signaling in regulating feeding behavior and thermogenesis during early development. Through their experiments, the study demonstrated that melanocortinergic activation by MTII inhibits feeding and increases UCP1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the developing rat. These findings suggest that melanocortinergic signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of energy balance and thermogenesis during early stages of development. This research provides valuable insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of melanocortin agonists on feeding behavior and metabolic regulation.

For the full article https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/148/7/3279/2502072
Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24019710_The_Role_of_Leptin-Melanocortin_System_and_Human_Weight_Regulation_Lessons_from_Experiments_of_Nature.
Bjørbaek C, Hollenberg AN. Leptin and melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus. Vitam Horm. 2002;65:281-311. doi: 10.1016/s0083-6729(02)65068-x. PMID: 12481551.

Leptin and melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus

The reference you’ve provided is for a scientific publication focused on leptin and melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus, which appears in the “Vitamins and Hormones” journal. This article, authored by C. Bjørbaek and A.N. Hollenberg in 2002, is part of volume 65 and spans pages 281 to 311. The given DOI (Digital Object Identifier), 10.1016/s0083-6729(02)65068-x, ensures a persistent link to this digital resource. The PMID (PubMed Identifier) 12481551 is a unique number assigned by PubMed, a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.

The publication likely discusses the roles of leptin and melanocortin in regulating energy balance through their signaling pathways in the hypothalamus, an area of the brain that’s crucial for hunger and energy expenditure regulation. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which in turn diminishes fat storage in adipocytes. Melanocortin signaling, on the other hand, involves a set of pathways that also play significant roles in controlling appetite and energy homeostasis.

Research in this area is fundamental for understanding metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, as it uncovers the biological mechanisms underlying appetite regulation and energy balance. If you need more specific details about the article’s content or findings, accessing the full text via an academic library or a database subscription would be necessary, as the summary provided here is based on the citation information and general knowledge of the topic.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S008367290265068X/pdf?md5=76aa99d052ee7795ae405b1e6c03ef08&pid=1-s2.0-S008367290265068X-main.pdf
Lan EL, Ugwu SO, Blanchard J, Fang X, Hruby VJ, Sharma S. Preformulation studies with melanotan-II: a potential skin cancer chemopreventive peptide. J Pharm Sci. 1994 Aug;83(8):1081-4. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600830805. PMID: 7983590.

Preformulation studies with melanotan-II: a potential skin cancer chemopreventive peptide

The citation you’ve provided refers to a scientific study titled “Preformulation studies with melanotan-II: a potential skin cancer chemopreventive peptide,” published in the “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” in August 1994. Authored by Lan EL, Ugwu SO, Blanchard J, Fang X, Hruby VJ, and Sharma S, this paper, found in volume 83, issue 8, on pages 1081-1084, discusses preformulation research on Melanotan-II. The DOI 10.1002/jps.2600830805 serves as a direct link to this research article, and its PubMed Identifier (PMID) is 7983590.

Melanotan-II is a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It has been investigated for its ability to stimulate melanogenesis, a process that increases melanin production in the skin, potentially providing a protective tan that could reduce the risk of skin damage from UV exposure, thereby offering a chemopreventive approach against skin cancer.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354915495474
Dorr RT, Ertl G, Levine N, Brooks C, Bangert JL, Powell MB, Humphrey S, Alberts DS. Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Jul;140(7):827-35. doi: 10.1001/archderm.140.7.827. PMID: 15262693.

Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers

The reference you’ve shared is for a research article titled “Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers,” published in the “Archives of Dermatology” in July 2004. The study, authored by Dorr RT, Ertl G, Levine N, Brooks C, Bangert JL, Powell MB, Humphrey S, and Alberts DS, appears in volume 140, issue 7, on pages 827-835. The digital object identifier (DOI) for this publication is 10.1001/archderm.140.7.827, and its PubMed Identifier (PMID) is 15262693.

This research investigates the effects of a potent melanotropic peptide, likely a variant of Melanotan or a similar compound, on human skin tanning when used in conjunction with exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Melanotropic peptides are known to stimulate the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, which can provide a protective tan against UV radiation. The study’s objective would have been to assess the effectiveness of this peptide in enhancing skin tanning, potentially offering a protective mechanism against UV-induced skin damage and reducing the risk of skin cancer.

For the full article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/480676
Rinne P, Silvola JM, Hellberg S, Ståhle M, Liljenbäck H, Salomäki H, Koskinen E, Nuutinen S, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Roivainen A, Savontaus E. Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Jul;34(7):1346-54. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302963. Epub 2014 May 1. PMID: 24790139.

Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice

The study titled “Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice” was published in the journal “Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology” in July 2014. Authored by Rinne P, Silvola JM, Hellberg S, Ståhle M, Liljenbäck H, Salomäki H, Koskinen E, Nuutinen S, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Roivainen A, Savontaus E, this research article appears in volume 34, issue 7, on pages 1346-1354. The publication’s DOI is 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302963, and it was first available online on May 1, 2014. Its PubMed Identifier (PMID) is 24790139.

This research focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of activating the melanocortin system in the context of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of plaques within the arterial walls, leading to vascular dysfunction and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The melanocortin system, known for its role in energy homeostasis, inflammation regulation, and skin pigmentation, has been pharmacologically targeted in this study to evaluate its impact on plaque inflammation and vascular function in mice models of atherosclerosis.

For the full article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302963
Ekmekcioglu C, Thalhammer T, Humpeler S, Mehrabi MR, Glogar HD, Hölzenbein T, Markovic O, Leibetseder VJ, Strauss-Blasche G, Marktl W. The melatonin receptor subtype MT2 is present in the human cardiovascular system. J Pineal Res. 2003 Aug;35(1):40-4. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00051.x. PMID: 12823612.

The melatonin receptor subtype MT2 is present in the human cardiovascular system

The study “The melatonin receptor subtype MT2 is present in the human cardiovascular system,” published in the “Journal of Pineal Research” in August 2003 by Ekmekcioglu C, Thalhammer T, Humpeler S, Mehrabi MR, Glogar HD, Hölzenbein T, Markovic O, Leibetseder VJ, Strauss-Blasche G, and Marktl W, explores the presence and potential role of the MT2 melatonin receptor in the human cardiovascular system. Found in volume 35, issue 1, on pages 40-44, the research article (DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00051.x, PMID: 12823612) contributes to the understanding of how melatonin, a hormone known for its role in regulating circadian rhythms, may also impact cardiovascular health.

Melatonin receptors, including MT1 and MT2 subtypes, are known to be involved in various physiological processes beyond sleep regulation, such as antioxidative defense, immune response modulation, and possibly cardiovascular function. The identification of MT2 receptors within the cardiovascular system suggests that melatonin could influence heart and vascular health through these receptors, potentially affecting blood pressure, heart rate, and vessel dilation.

For the full article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1600-079X.2003.00051.x
Han D, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Yu P, Zhang R, Li S, Tao B, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Xu M, Gao E, Cao F. Activation of melatonin receptor 2 but not melatonin receptor 1 mediates melatonin-conferred cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Pineal Res. 2019 Aug;67(1):e12571. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12571. Epub 2019 Apr 12. PMID: 30903623.

Activation of melatonin receptor 2 but not melatonin receptor 1 mediates melatonin-conferred cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

The research article titled “Activation of melatonin receptor 2 but not melatonin receptor 1 mediates melatonin-conferred cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury” was published in the “Journal of Pineal Research” in August 2019. Authored by Han D, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Yu P, Zhang R, Li S, Tao B, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Xu M, Gao E, and Cao F, this study is found in volume 67, issue 1, with the article number e12571. The DOI for this publication is 10.1111/jpi.12571, and it was electronically published on April 12, 2019. The PubMed Identifier (PMID) for this study is 30903623.

This study investigates the specific roles of melatonin receptor subtypes, MT1 and MT2, in cardioprotection, particularly in the context of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Myocardial I/R injury, which can occur after the restoration of blood flow following a period of ischemia, contributes significantly to the damage experienced during heart attacks and cardiac procedures. Melatonin, a hormone known for its role in regulating circadian rhythms, has also been recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in various medical conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.

For the full article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jpi.12571
Lindblom J, Kask A, Hägg E, Härmark L, Bergström L, Wikberg J. Chronic infusion of a melanocortin receptor agonist modulates dopamine receptor binding in the rat brain. Pharmacol Res. 2002 Feb;45(2):119-24. doi: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0913. PMID: 11846623.

Chronic infusion of a melanocortin receptor agonist modulates dopamine receptor binding in the rat brain

The study titled “Chronic infusion of a melanocortin receptor agonist modulates dopamine receptor binding in the rat brain” was published in the journal “Pharmacological Research” in February 2002. This research, conducted by Lindblom J, Kask A, Hägg E, Härmark L, Bergström L, and Wikberg J, appears in volume 45, issue 2, on pages 119-124. The publication’s DOI is 10.1006/phrs.2001.0913, and its PubMed Identifier (PMID) is 11846623.

This study explores the interaction between the melanocortin system and dopaminergic signaling within the rat brain, specifically focusing on how chronic infusion of a melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist can affect dopamine receptor binding. The melanocortin system, known for its role in regulating appetite, energy expenditure, and sexual function, interacts with various neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic system, which is pivotal for motivation, reward, and motor control.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661801909132
Wang W, Guo DY, Lin YJ, Tao YX. Melanocortin Regulation of Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:683. Published 2019 Oct 9. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00683.

Melanocortin regulation of inflammation

The article titled “Melanocortin Regulation of Inflammation” by Wang W, Guo DY, Lin YJ, Tao YX, was published in “Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)” on October 9, 2019, as article number 683 in the 2019 volume. The publication’s DOI is 10.3389/fendo.2019.00683.

This review article delves into the role of the melanocortin system in regulating inflammation. The melanocortin system, which includes melanocortin receptors (MCRs) and their ligands, such as the adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, is primarily recognized for its involvement in energy homeostasis, skin pigmentation, and steroidogenesis. However, this system also plays a significant role in modulating immune responses and inflammation.

For the full article https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2019.00683/full
Bahna SG, Sathiyapalan A, Foster JA, Niles LP. Regional upregulation of hippocampal melatonin MT2 receptors by valproic acid: therapeutic implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2014 Jul 25;576:84-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.056. Epub 2014 Jun 5. PMID: 24909617.

Regional upregulation of hippocampal melatonin MT2 receptors by valproic acid: therapeutic implications for Alzheimer’s disease

The research article “Regional upregulation of hippocampal melatonin MT2 receptors by valproic acid: therapeutic implications for Alzheimer’s disease” was published in “Neuroscience Letters” on July 25, 2014. The study, conducted by Bahna SG, Sathiyapalan A, Foster JA, and Niles LP, can be found in volume 576, pages 84-87. It was first available online on June 5, 2014, as indicated by its electronic publication date. The publication’s DOI is 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.056, and its PubMed Identifier (PMID) is 24909617.

This study investigates the effect of valproic acid (VPA), a commonly used anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, on the expression of melatonin MT2 receptors in the hippocampus, a region of the brain critical for memory and cognition. The research specifically focuses on the potential of VPA to upregulate MT2 receptors, which could have significant implications for treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439401400456X
Comai S, Gobbi G. Unveiling the role of melatonin MT2 receptors in sleep, anxiety and other neuropsychiatric diseases: a novel target in psychopharmacology. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2014;39(1):6-21. doi:10.1503/jpn.130009.

Unveiling the role of melatonin MT2 receptors in sleep, anxiety and other neuropsychiatric diseases: a novel target in psychopharmacology

The article titled “Unveiling the role of melatonin MT2 receptors in sleep, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric diseases: a novel target in psychopharmacology” by Comai S and Gobbi G, was published in the “Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience” in 2014, within volume 39, issue 1, pages 6-21. The DOI for this publication is 10.1503/jpn.130009.

This review discusses the significant role of melatonin MT2 receptors in regulating sleep patterns, anxiety levels, and their implications in various neuropsychiatric conditions. The MT2 receptor, one of the two main receptor subtypes through which the hormone melatonin exerts its physiological effects, has garnered interest for its distinct role in modulating circadian rhythms and mood disorders.

The paper delves into how MT2 receptors influence sleep regulation, highlighting their potential as a target for treating sleep disorders such as insomnia. It also explores the receptors’ involvement in anxiety and how modulation of MT2 receptors could offer new therapeutic avenues for anxiety disorders, which are often complex and difficult to treat with existing medications.

For the full article https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA356582103&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=11804882&p=AONE&sw=w
The potent melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan-II promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and has neuroprotective properties in the rat. Ter Laak, M.P., Brakkee, J.H., Adan, R.A., Hamers, F.P., Gispen, W.H. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2003).

The potent melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan-II promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and has neuroprotective properties in the rat

The study you’re referencing, “The potent melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan-II promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and has neuroprotective properties in the rat,” by Ter Laak, M.P., Brakkee, J.H., Adan, R.A., Hamers, F.P., and Gispen, W.H., was published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2003. While I don’t have direct access to databases to retrieve the exact volume and issue or the DOI and PMID for this specific publication, the title suggests the research focuses on the effects of Melanotan-II, a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone α-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), on peripheral nerve regeneration and its potential neuroprotective effects in rats.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990202945X
Minakova E, Lang J, Medel-Matus JS, Gould GG, Reynolds A, Shin D, Mazarati A, Sankar R. Melanotan-II reverses autistic features in a maternal immune activation mouse model of autism. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 10;14(1):e0210389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210389. PMID: 30629642; PMCID: PMC6328175.

Melanotan-II reverses autistic features in a maternal immune activation mouse model of autism

The study “Melanotan-II reverses autistic features in a maternal immune activation mouse model of autism,” published in “PLoS One” on January 10, 2019, by Minakova E, Lang J, Medel-Matus JS, Gould GG, Reynolds A, Shin D, Mazarati A, Sankar R, explores the therapeutic potential of Melanotan-II in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This research is detailed in volume 14, issue 1, under the article number e0210389. The DOI for this publication is 10.1371/journal.pone.0210389, with the PubMed Identifier (PMID) being 30629642 and the PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) PMC6328175.

This study investigates the effects of Melanotan-II, a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), on the behavior of a mouse model of autism induced by maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA is a well-established method for creating animal models that exhibit ASD-like behaviors, based on the hypothesis that maternal infection during pregnancy can increase the risk of ASD in offspring.

For the full article https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0210389
Tsai TH, Lin CJ, Chua S, Chung SY, Yang CH, Tong MS, Hang CL. Melatonin attenuated the brain damage and cognitive impairment partially through MT2 melatonin receptor in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Oncotarget. 2017 Aug 22;8(43):74320-74330. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20382. Erratum in: Oncotarget. 2020 Sep 22;11(38):3558. PMID: 29088788; PMCID: PMC5650343.

Melatonin attenuated the brain damage and cognitive impairment partially through MT2 melatonin receptor in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion

The study titled “Melatonin attenuated the brain damage and cognitive impairment partially through MT2 melatonin receptor in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion” was published in “Oncotarget” on August 22, 2017, by Tsai TH, Lin CJ, Chua S, Chung SY, Yang CH, Tong MS, Hang CL. This research is found in volume 8, issue 43, pages 74320-74330. The DOI for the article is 10.18632/oncotarget.20382, with the PubMed Identifier (PMID) being 29088788 and the PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) PMC5650343. An erratum for the article was published on September 22, 2020, in “Oncotarget” volume 11, issue 38, page 3558.

This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of melatonin, a hormone known for its role in regulating sleep-wake cycles, on brain damage and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). CCH is a condition that mimics aspects of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in humans, characterized by reduced blood flow to the brain over a prolonged period, leading to cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration.

For the full article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5650343/
Rinne P, Silvola JM, Hellberg S, Ståhle M, Liljenbäck H, Salomäki H, Koskinen E, Nuutinen S, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Roivainen A, Savontaus E. Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Jul;34(7):1346-54. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302963. Epub 2014 May 1. PMID: 24790139.

Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice

The study “Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice,” published in “Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology” in July 2014, explores the impact of activating the melanocortin system on cardiovascular health in atherosclerosis. Authored by Rinne P, Silvola JM, Hellberg S, Ståhle M, Liljenbäck H, Salomäki H, Koskinen E, Nuutinen S, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Roivainen A, Savontaus E, this research (DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302963, PMID: 24790139) was published online on May 1, 2014.

This study investigates the effects of pharmacologically activating the melanocortin system on atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and vascular function in mice. The melanocortin system, which includes several receptor subtypes, is known for its roles in energy balance, feeding behavior, and inflammation regulation. This research focuses on how this system’s activation can influence the progression of atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow and the risk of cardiovascular events.

For the full article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302963
Banno R, Arima H, Sato I, Hayashi M, Goto M, Sugimura Y, Murase T, Oiso Y. The melanocortin agonist melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats. Peptides. 2004 Aug;25(8):1279-86. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.05.007. PMID: 15350695.

The melanocortin agonist melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats

The study titled “The melanocortin agonist melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats” was published in the journal “Peptides” in August 2004. Authored by Banno R, Arima H, Sato I, Hayashi M, Goto M, Sugimura Y, Murase T, and Oiso Y, this research (DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.05.007, PMID: 15350695) examines the effects of melanotan II, a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone α-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), on insulin sensitivity in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model for type 2 diabetes.

The study investigates the potential of melanotan II to improve insulin sensitivity, an important factor in the management of type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity refers to how effectively the body uses insulin to lower blood glucose levels. Improving insulin sensitivity can help in managing or preventing type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978104002050
Zhou J, Zhang J, Luo X, Li M, Yue Y, Laudon M, Jia Z, Zhang R. Neu-P11, a novel MT1/MT2 agonist, reverses diabetes by suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Oct 5;812:225-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.001. Epub 2017 Jul 4. PMID: 28687198.

Neu-P11, a novel MT1/MT2 agonist, reverses diabetes by suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats

The study “Neu-P11, a novel MT1/MT2 agonist, reverses diabetes by suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats” was published in the European Journal of Pharmacology on October 5, 2017. Authored by Zhou J, Zhang J, Luo X, Li M, Yue Y, Laudon M, Jia Z, Zhang R, this research (DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.001, PMID: 28687198) investigates the effects of Neu-P11, a novel agonist for the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, on diabetes management through the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats.

The HPA axis plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress and has been implicated in the development and progression of diabetes, particularly through its effects on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory pathways. By activating melatonin receptors, which are involved in regulating circadian rhythms and metabolic processes, Neu-P11 was explored for its potential to modulate the HPA axis and thereby exert a therapeutic effect on diabetes.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299917304466
Toda C, Shiuchi T, Lee S, Yamato-Esaki M, Fujino Y, Suzuki A, Okamoto S, Minokoshi Y. Distinct effects of leptin and a melanocortin receptor agonist injected into medial hypothalamic nuclei on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Diabetes. 2009 Dec;58(12):2757-65. doi: 10.2337/db09-0638. Epub 2009 Sep 14. PMID: 19752162; PMCID: PMC2780865.

Distinct effects of leptin and a melanocortin receptor agonist injected into medial hypothalamic nuclei on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues

The study “Distinct effects of leptin and a melanocortin receptor agonist injected into medial hypothalamic nuclei on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues” published in “Diabetes” in December 2009, by Toda C, Shiuchi T, Lee S, Yamato-Esaki M, Fujino Y, Suzuki A, Okamoto S, Minokoshi Y, investigates how leptin and melanocortin receptor agonists, when administered into the medial hypothalamic nuclei, influence glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. The publication (DOI: 10.2337/db09-0638, PMID: 19752162, PMCID: PMC2780865) explores the distinct pathways through which these compounds affect glucose metabolism, highlighting their potential implications for treating diabetes and obesity.

Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue, signals the brain to regulate energy balance and food intake, and is known for its role in obesity and diabetes. Melanocortin receptors, part of the central melanocortin system, are involved in energy homeostasis and food intake regulation as well. The study focuses on the medial hypothalamic nuclei, a crucial brain area for regulating energy balance and glucose metabolism.

For the full article https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article-abstract/58/12/2757/23747
Vengeliene V, Noori HR, Spanagel R. Activation of Melatonin Receptors Reduces Relapse-Like Alcohol Consumption. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Dec;40(13):2897-906. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.143. Epub 2015 May 21. PMID: 25994077; PMCID: PMC4864625.

Activation of Melatonin Receptors Reduces Relapse-Like Alcohol Consumption

The study “Activation of Melatonin Receptors Reduces Relapse-Like Alcohol Consumption” published in “Neuropsychopharmacology” in December 2015 by Vengeliene V, Noori HR, and Spanagel R, explores the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin receptor activation on alcohol addiction. This research (DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.143, PMID: 25994077, PMCID: PMC4864625) investigates how stimulating melatonin receptors might influence the propensity for relapse-like drinking behaviors in animal models.

Melatonin, a hormone known for regulating sleep-wake cycles, also interacts with various physiological processes through its receptors. Given the complex role of circadian rhythms in behavior and addiction, the study posits that melatonin receptor activation could offer a novel approach to reducing alcohol consumption and preventing relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorders.

For the full article https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2015143
Olney JJ, Sprow GM, Navarro M, Thiele TE. The protective effects of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), against binge-like ethanol drinking are facilitated by deletion of the MC3 receptor in mice. Neuropeptides. 2014;48(1):47-51. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.11.001.

The protective effects of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), against binge-like ethanol drinking are facilitated by deletion of the MC3 receptor in mice

The study “The protective effects of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), against binge-like ethanol drinking are facilitated by deletion of the MC3 receptor in mice” was published in “Neuropeptides” in 2014. Authored by Olney JJ, Sprow GM, Navarro M, Thiele TE, this research (DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.11.001) focuses on exploring how the melanocortin system, specifically through the use of the melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan-II (MTII) and the deletion of the MC3 receptor, affects binge-like ethanol drinking behavior in mice.

Melanotan-II (MTII) is a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring hormone α-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) that acts on melanocortin receptors, playing roles in a variety of physiological functions including appetite regulation, sexual arousal, and the body’s response to inflammation. The study’s objective was to investigate the potential of MTII as a therapeutic agent in reducing excessive ethanol consumption, particularly binge-like drinking patterns, and to understand the role of the MC3 receptor in this process.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143417913000917
Navarro M, Carvajal F, Lerma-Cabrera JM, Cubero I, Picker MJ, Thiele TE. Evidence that Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II Synergistically Augments the Ability of Naltrexone to Blunt Binge-Like Ethanol Intake in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015 Aug;39(8):1425-33. doi: 10.1111/acer.12774. Epub 2015 Jun 24. PMID: 26108334; PMCID: PMC4515169.

Evidence that Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II Synergistically Augments the Ability of Naltrexone to Blunt Binge-Like Ethanol Intake in Male C57BL/6J Mice

The study titled “Evidence that Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II Synergistically Augments the Ability of Naltrexone to Blunt Binge-Like Ethanol Intake in Male C57BL/6J Mice” was published in “Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research” in August 2015. The authors of this research are Navarro M, Carvajal F, Lerma-Cabrera JM, Cubero I, Picker MJ, and Thiele TE. The study (DOI: 10.1111/acer.12774, PMID: 26108334, PMCID: PMC4515169) investigates the potential synergistic effects of combining the melanocortin receptor agonist Melanotan-II (MTII) with the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone in reducing binge-like ethanol intake in male C57BL/6J mice.

Naltrexone is commonly used to treat alcohol use disorder by reducing the rewarding effects of alcohol consumption. Melanotan-II (MTII) is a synthetic analog of the hormone α-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and acts on melanocortin receptors, which play roles in various physiological processes including appetite regulation and stress response.

For the full article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acer.12774
York DA, Boghossian S, Park-York M. Melanocortin activity in the amygdala influences alcohol intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Mar;98(1):112-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.010. Epub 2010 Dec 15. PMID: 21167196.

Melanocortin activity in the amygdala influences alcohol intake

The study titled “Melanocortin activity in the amygdala influences alcohol intake” was published in “Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior” in March 2011. The authors of this research are York DA, Boghossian S, and Park-York M. The study (DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.010, PMID: 21167196) investigates the role of melanocortin activity in the amygdala, a brain region involved in emotional processing and reward, in influencing alcohol intake.

Melanocortins are a group of peptides that include alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). They act on melanocortin receptors, which are widely distributed in the brain and play roles in various physiological processes including energy homeostasis, stress response, and addiction.

For the full article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305710003862

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