Low Dose Naltrexone

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Overall Health Benefits
Key Takeaways of Low Dose Naltrexone
What is Low Dose Naltrexone?
How Low Dose Naltrexone Works?
Chemical Structure of Naltrexone
Research on Low Dose Naltrexone
Naltrexone and Opioid Receptors
Low Dose Naltrexone for Cancer
Low Dose Naltrexone for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Low Dose Naltrexone for COVID
Low Dose Naltrexone for Fibromyalgia
Low Dose Naltrexone Dosing Guidelines
Low Dose Naltrexone Starting Dose
FAQ
Reference

Overall Health Benefits

Fights inflammation [1-8]
Fights oxidative stress [2, 9-14]
Modulates immune function [5, 15-25]
Fights cancer [13, 15, 24-32]
Treats autoimmune conditions [33-34]
Reduces insulin resistance [2, 3, 8]
Improves skin health [35-39]
Treats chronic pain [2, 40-41]

2. Key Takeaways of Low Dose Naltrexone

Antioxidative Properties: Low-dose naltrexone(LDN) has demonstrated significant antioxidative effects across various clinical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders, and chronic inflammatory conditions. By reducing oxidative stress markers and enhancing the body’s natural antioxidant defenses, LDN helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Neuroprotective Potential: LDN has shown promising results in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, where it reduces oxidative damage to neurons and supports mitochondrial function. This neuroprotective effect may slow the progression of these conditions, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in managing neurodegenerative diseases.
Broad Clinical Applications: LDN’s ability to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation has made it a versatile therapeutic option in various conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic complications. Its broad applicability reflects its effectiveness in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune response.
Support in Cancer Therapy: Research has indicated that LDN can help manage oxidative stress in cancer patients, both from the disease and the treatments involved. By reducing oxidative damage to healthy cells, LDN may enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies and minimize treatment side effects, making it a potential adjunctive therapy in oncology.
Immune Modulation: LDN is known to modulate the immune system by influencing the body’s endorphin and opioid receptor pathways. This immune-modulating effect can help manage autoimmune conditions, reduce chronic inflammation, and support overall immune function, making it a valuable therapeutic tool in various immune-related disorders.

3. What is Low Dose Naltrexone?

Low dose naltrexone (LDN) is a lower dose formulation of the medication naltrexone, typically used at doses of 1.5 to 4.5 mg, much lower than the standard 50 mg dose for treating opioid or alcohol dependence. LDN is believed to modulate the immune system by temporarily blocking opioid receptors, which may lead to an increase in the production of endorphins and enkephalins. This mechanism is thought to have potential benefits in managing a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and certain cancers.

4. How Low Dose Naltrexone Works?

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Low dose naltrexone (LDN) works by temporarily blocking opioid receptors in the central nervous system for a few hours. This brief blockade is thought to trigger a rebound effect, leading to an increased production and release of endorphins, which are the body’s natural painkillers and immune modulators. This surge in endorphins may help reduce inflammation and modulate immune system activity, making LDN potentially beneficial for conditions involving immune dysregulation, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic pain disorders, and some cancers. Additionally, LDN may influence other pathways, such as those involving microglial cells in the brain, which are implicated in neuroinflammation and various neurological disorders.

5. Chemical Structure of Naltrexone

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6. Research on Low Dose Naltrexone

A. Fights Inflammation

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) reduces inflammation by modulating the body’s immune system. It blocks opioid receptors for a short period, leading to increased production of endorphins, which helps regulate immune responses and lower inflammatory markers like pro-inflammatory cytokines. This anti-inflammatory effect makes LDN beneficial in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn’s disease.

A review evaluated LDN’s safety and efficacy in managing chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn’s disease. It concluded that LDN effectively reduced inflammation and pain through immune system modulation and was well-tolerated with minimal side effects. [1]
A study on chronic pain conditions demonstrated that LDN significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in fibromyalgia patients. The results showed notable improvements in pain levels and inflammatory markers, supporting LDN as a viable option for managing chronic inflammatory conditions. [2]
LDN was investigated in patients with hyperinsulinemia, where it reduced inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF-alpha and improved insulin sensitivity. The findings suggest that LDN not only helps with inflammation but also improves metabolic health, making it useful in conditions like diabetes. [3]
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, LDN was found to induce remission by reducing inflammation. The clinical trial showed that patients receiving LDN had better remission outcomes compared to those on placebo, suggesting LDN’s potential as an adjunct therapy for IBD. [4]
In fibromyalgia patients, an eight-week LDN treatment led to a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. This reduction was associated with improvements in pain and overall quality of life, further supporting LDN’s role in treating inflammation-related conditions. [5]
A systematic literature review assessed LDN’s effectiveness in treating fibromyalgia. It highlighted LDN’s ability to reduce inflammatory cytokines and improve pain symptoms, although more randomized controlled trials were recommended to confirm these findings. [6]
A pilot study demonstrated significant reductions in fibromyalgia symptoms following LDN treatment. Patients reported improved pain, fatigue, and inflammation, providing early evidence for LDN’s role in managing chronic inflammatory conditions. [7]
A retrospective analysis examined the predictors of treatment success or discontinuation of LDN in fibromyalgia and other chronic pain conditions over fourteen years. The study concluded that LDN is effective in improving pain outcomes and has a favorable safety profile. [8]

B. Fights Oxidative Stress

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Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) combats oxidative stress by modulating immune function and promoting the release of endogenous opioids, which have antioxidant properties. This process helps neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to tissues. By minimizing oxidative stress, LDN may protect against chronic conditions linked to inflammation and oxidative damage.

Research on chronic pain patients revealed that LDN has a significant anti-inflammatory effect by reducing oxidative stress markers. The study suggested that LDN decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage, contributing to pain relief and better overall health. These results suggest that LDN may be a useful therapy for oxidative stress-related chronic conditions. [2]
A study demonstrated that LDN extended both health span and lifespan in C. elegans through the activation of SKN-1, a regulator of oxidative stress response. This model supports LDN’s potential for reducing oxidative damage and promoting longevity in more complex organisms. The findings provide a foundation for future research into the role of LDN in managing oxidative stress and aging. [9]
In patients with multiple sclerosis, LDN was proposed as a treatment for not only managing symptoms but also reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The hypothesis centers around LDN’s ability to modulate immune responses and reduce cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially improving outcomes for patients with neurodegenerative diseases. [10]
The combination of alpha-lipoic acid and LDN was studied in pancreatic cancer patients, showing improved outcomes, possibly due to the antioxidative properties of the treatment. The combination appeared to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially improving the patients’ overall condition and longevity. This approach offers promising adjunctive therapy for cancer treatment. [11]
A randomized controlled trial investigated LDN’s role as an adjunct therapy for major depressive disorder, revealing that it reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in patients. The study highlighted how reducing oxidative damage can alleviate depressive symptoms, supporting LDN’s broader therapeutic potential. These findings open avenues for using LDN in mental health treatments linked to oxidative stress. [12]
In cancer therapy, LDN was found to enhance the effects of conventional treatments by reducing oxidative stress and improving immune responses. This combination therapy demonstrated better outcomes in managing tumor progression, highlighting LDN’s role as an adjunct in fighting oxidative damage associated with cancer. The study supports LDN’s application in reducing oxidative stress in cancer patients. [13]
A study on patients with systemic sclerosis found that LDN alleviated pruritus (itching) by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The treatment’s impact on oxidative damage contributed to symptom relief, supporting LDN’s use in conditions characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings highlight the broad therapeutic scope of LDN beyond pain management. [14]

C. Modulates Immune Function

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) modulates the immune system by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing immune balance. LDN temporarily blocks opioid receptors, which triggers the body to release endogenous opioids, helping to modulate immune cell activity. This modulation reduces inflammation and promotes immune homeostasis, making LDN beneficial in treating autoimmune and immune-mediated conditions.

In fibromyalgia patients, LDN was found to significantly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines after eight weeks of treatment. The reduction in these cytokines was associated with improved symptoms, highlighting LDN’s capacity to modulate immune function in chronic pain conditions. [5]
A scoping review evaluated LDN’s utility in non-cancer centralized pain conditions and found that LDN modulates immune responses, reducing inflammation and pain. The study highlighted LDN’s role in adjusting immune system activity to alleviate symptoms of chronic pain conditions, making it an effective therapy for patients with immune-mediated pain syndromes. [15]
In a case study on chronic fatigue syndrome, LDN was found to reduce immune dysfunction by regulating inflammatory markers. The study demonstrated improvements in fatigue and immune function, suggesting that LDN’s immune-modulating properties could be beneficial for patients suffering from immune-related fatigue conditions. [16]
A hypothesis-driven study proposed LDN for disease prevention and improving quality of life by modulating immune responses. The study emphasized LDN’s potential role in balancing immune function, which could prevent the development of autoimmune and chronic diseases. [17]
A review of LDN’s role in rheumatological diseases highlighted its ability to modulate immune responses, specifically by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study suggested that LDN could be an effective treatment for autoimmune diseases, particularly those affecting the joints and connective tissues. [18]
In a study investigating the long-term effects of LDN on mesenchymal stem cells, it was shown that LDN enhances the immunomodulatory properties of these cells. This indicates that LDN has the potential to be used in regenerative therapies and immune system modulation. [19]
LDN was found to regulate macrophage activity in an animal model, leading to reduced inflammation. The study provided evidence of how LDN impacts immune cells to promote anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its use in chronic inflammatory conditions. [20]
In a study focusing on the potential repurposing of LDN for COVID-19, researchers found that LDN might help prevent and treat immunothrombosis by modulating immune responses. The study demonstrated LDN’s ability to reduce excessive immune reactions, making it a potential therapeutic option for managing COVID-19-related complications. [21]
A study on BV-2 microglia cells showed that LDN has immunometabolic effects, reducing inflammation and modulating cellular energy metabolism. These findings support LDN’s role in managing neuroinflammatory conditions by balancing immune and metabolic responses in immune cells. [22]
A study found that LDN enhanced the maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells, crucial players in immune system activation. This research supports LDN’s role in promoting immune balance by enhancing immune cell functionality. [23]
LDN was investigated in a case report on lung cancer, where it was found to modulate the immune system to slow tumor growth. The immune modulation contributed to a better response to cancer therapy, providing insights into LDN’s potential in oncology. [24]
A therapeutic review discussed the widespread utility of LDN in various conditions, emphasizing its role in immune modulation. The study noted that LDN’s ability to regulate immune function makes it an effective and versatile treatment option across a wide range of immune-related disorders. [25]

D. Fights Cancer

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) shows potential in cancer therapy by modulating the immune system and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells. It can upregulate the body’s natural immune response to target cancer cells, reduce tumor progression, and enhance the effects of traditional cancer treatments like chemotherapy. LDN’s ability to modulate macrophage activity and suppress oncogenic pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, makes it a promising adjunctive treatment in various cancers.

Research on the use of LDN as an adjuvant in cancer therapy found that it enhances the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The study demonstrated that LDN improves the body’s immune response to target cancer cells while reducing the side effects associated with cancer treatments, making it a promising complementary therapy. [13]
A scoping review investigated LDN’s utility in non-cancer pain conditions and highlighted its immune-modulating properties that could be beneficial in cancer therapy. The review found that LDN helps reduce inflammation and might have protective effects in patients undergoing cancer treatment due to its regulatory impact on immune function. [15]
In a case report on lung cancer, LDN was shown to have beneficial effects when combined with standard cancer treatments. The report highlighted the role of LDN in modulating immune function, which contributed to better outcomes in lung cancer patients. [24]
A study discussed the relevance of LDN in cancer therapy, showing that it can enhance immune system activity and promote tumor cell apoptosis. It also highlighted that LDN’s ability to regulate cytokine production and immune cell activity might provide a complementary approach in cancer treatment alongside conventional therapies. [25]
A study exploring LDN’s role in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy found that it helps regulate the immune response and may slow tumor progression. The research suggested that LDN could be a valuable treatment option in immune-mediated cancers, particularly due to its immunomodulatory properties. [26]
In colorectal cancer, LDN was shown to promote apoptosis and inhibit cancer progression by increasing the activity of M1-type macrophages. This study suggested that LDN’s role in enhancing immune cell activity could be crucial in controlling cancer growth and promoting tumor cell death. [27]
LDN was found to upregulate unique gene expressions in cancer cells, distinct from higher doses, which contributes to its antitumor effects. This study highlighted how LDN’s unique gene expression modulation could be leveraged in cancer therapy for better outcomes. [28]
In an ovarian cancer study, LDN was shown to suppress tumor growth and enhance the effects of cisplatin. The research demonstrated that LDN could act synergistically with chemotherapy, reducing tumor size and improving patient response to treatment. [29]
A study on cervical cancer demonstrated that LDN inhibits cancer progression by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The results indicate that LDN not only prevents cancer growth but also enhances immune cell activity against tumor cells, making it a promising treatment for cervical cancer. [30]
Another case report on lung cancer confirmed the beneficial effects of LDN in combination with traditional cancer treatments. The study emphasized that LDN’s immune-modulating properties could enhance the therapeutic response and reduce the risk of cancer progression. [31]
In vitro studies on cervical cancer cells found that LDN inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which plays a critical role in cancer metastasis. Additionally, LDN’s indirect effects on tumor-associated macrophages further suppressed tumor progression, highlighting its potential in preventing cancer metastasis. [32]

E. Treats Autoimmune Conditions

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has shown potential in treating autoimmune conditions by modulating the immune system. LDN works by briefly blocking opioid receptors, which leads to increased endorphin production, subsequently regulating immune responses. This action helps reduce inflammation and autoimmune activity, making it a promising therapy for conditions such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and other immune-mediated disorders.

A quasi-experimental study investigated the effects of LDN in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), focusing on medication use. The study found that LDN helped reduce the need for other medications, indicating its potential to manage MS symptoms effectively. This suggests that LDN can offer a complementary approach to standard MS therapies by reducing inflammation and modulating immune function. [33]
In a case report, LDN was used to treat a patient with guttate psoriasis, an autoimmune skin condition. The patient experienced significant improvement in symptoms, including reduced skin lesions and inflammation, after starting LDN therapy. This case highlights LDN’s potential as an alternative treatment for psoriasis, offering symptom relief and improved quality of life for patients with autoimmune skin conditions. [34]

F. Reduces Insulin Resistance

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been found to reduce insulin resistance by addressing inflammation, which plays a critical role in metabolic disorders. LDN modulates the immune system and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diabetes and other metabolic conditions.

Another study explored the anti-inflammatory effects of LDN in chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia, and noted improved insulin sensitivity in patients with chronic inflammation. By reducing pro-inflammatory markers, LDN contributed to better metabolic outcomes, highlighting its utility in addressing both pain and metabolic disorders like insulin resistance. [2]
A study on hyperinsulinemia demonstrated that LDN effectively reduced inflammation and insulin resistance. The study showed that LDN lowered markers such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha, leading to improved insulin sensitivity in patients with hyperinsulinemia. These findings suggest LDN’s potential as a therapeutic agent for managing insulin resistance and improving metabolic health. [3]
A fourteen-year retrospective analysis of patients with fibromyalgia and other chronic pain conditions revealed that LDN not only helped manage pain but also had an impact on metabolic functions. The long-term study identified predictors of treatment success, with many patients showing improved inflammatory and metabolic profiles. This suggests LDN’s broader application in conditions linked to insulin resistance. [8]

G. Improves Skin Health

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been increasingly studied for its potential benefits in improving skin health. By modulating the immune system and reducing inflammation, LDN may help alleviate various dermatological conditions, including chronic skin disorders like eczema, psoriasis, and Hailey-Hailey disease. LDN’s ability to reduce inflammation and modulate immune responses contributes to better skin barrier function and healing.

A review on LDN’s role in dermatology highlighted its effectiveness in treating various skin conditions. The study focused on inflammatory skin disorders, such as eczema and psoriasis, where LDN helped reduce symptoms by modulating immune responses and lowering inflammatory markers. The review suggested that LDN could serve as an adjunct therapy in dermatological practice. [35]
A study on excoriation disorder demonstrated that LDN helped improve compulsive skin-picking behaviors. Patients showed significant reductions in skin lesions and overall improvement in their skin health, with LDN helping to control the psychological and inflammatory aspects of the condition. These findings indicate LDN’s potential as a treatment for skin-picking disorders. [36]
In a report discussing LDN’s broader applications, it was noted that the drug’s anti-inflammatory properties helped reduce flare-ups in skin conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The study suggested that LDN could improve skin health by regulating immune function and reducing chronic inflammation, thus promoting healing in long-standing skin conditions. [37]
LDN has also been used to treat Hailey-Hailey disease, a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by painful blisters. In this case report, patients treated with LDN showed remarkable improvement in skin lesions and reduced flare-ups. This suggests that LDN can be an effective treatment for chronic, difficult-to-treat skin conditions. [38]
Another study on excoriation disorder further validated LDN’s efficacy, showing reductions in both skin-picking behaviors and related skin damage. The patients experienced significant healing in excoriated areas, highlighting LDN’s potential to improve not just skin conditions but also behavioral patterns contributing to skin damage. [39]

H. Treats Chronic Pain

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been shown to alleviate chronic pain by modulating the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. By temporarily blocking opioid receptors, LDN triggers a compensatory increase in the production of endorphins and other endogenous opioids, which helps reduce pain perception. Additionally, LDN decreases inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, making it a promising option for managing chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia, neuropathy, and corneal pain.

In a study investigating LDN as an anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain, researchers found that LDN reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved pain symptoms. The study was conducted on patients with various chronic pain conditions, and it provided evidence of LDN’s dual effect on pain relief and inflammation reduction. These results suggest that LDN could be an effective alternative therapy for patients suffering from chronic pain conditions. [2]
A systematic review examined the safety and efficacy of LDN in patients with fibromyalgia. The review highlighted LDN’s ability to reduce pain intensity, improve mood, and enhance overall quality of life. The findings suggest that LDN offers a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for managing chronic pain in fibromyalgia patients. [40]
A case series at a single institution evaluated LDN’s efficacy in treating chronic pain patients. Results showed that patients experienced a significant reduction in pain levels and improved quality of life after LDN treatment. The study further supported the potential of LDN as a low-risk, cost-effective treatment for chronic pain management. [41]

Naltrexone and Opioid Receptors

Naltrexone is a medication that works by blocking opioid receptors in the brain, specifically the mu, kappa, and delta receptors. It acts as an opioid antagonist, meaning it binds to these receptors without activating them, preventing other opioids from producing their usual effects, such as euphoria and pain relief. This makes naltrexone useful in treating opioid addiction, as it helps to reduce cravings and prevent relapse by blocking the pleasurable sensations that drive opioid misuse.

Opioid receptors are part of the body’s endogenous system for pain regulation and reward. When activated by opioids or naturally occurring substances called endorphins, these receptors can alter pain perception, mood, and even breathing. However, when opioid receptors are overstimulated by drugs like heroin or prescription painkillers, it can lead to addiction and, in severe cases, respiratory depression. Naltrexone interrupts this process, offering a pharmacological approach to managing addiction without the risk of dependence or abuse associated with other treatments like methadone.

In addition to its role in treating opioid use disorder, naltrexone has also been used to manage alcohol dependence. It is thought to reduce alcohol cravings by modulating the same opioid receptors that are involved in the brain’s reward pathways. By blocking these receptors, naltrexone reduces the reinforcing effects of alcohol consumption, making it easier for individuals to maintain sobriety. However, unlike opioids, alcohol does not directly activate opioid receptors, which means naltrexone’s effects on alcohol dependence are more subtle but still clinically significant.

Low Dose Naltrexone for Cancer

Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) is an off-label treatment that has gained attention for its potential in cancer therapy. Originally used to treat opioid addiction at higher doses, LDN is administered at much lower doses, typically 1.5 to 4.5 mg. This low dose is thought to modulate the immune system by increasing the production of endorphins, which can enhance the body’s natural defenses against cancer cells. It also inhibits certain pathways, such as the opioid growth factor (OGF) pathway, which may slow down the proliferation of cancer cells.

One of the most promising aspects of LDN is its role in immunomodulation. By influencing the release of immune-enhancing chemicals, LDN may help activate T cells and other immune responses that are critical in identifying and destroying cancerous cells. Some research suggests that LDN may reduce inflammation, which plays a significant role in the development and progression of various cancers. This makes it an appealing option for patients looking for complementary treatments to standard therapies like chemotherapy and radiation.

Low Dose Naltrexone for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) is an emerging treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), a chronic pain condition marked by severe, often debilitating pain, usually in the limbs. CRPS involves heightened sensitivity of the nervous system, and LDN works by modulating the body’s immune response and reducing inflammation. By blocking toll-like receptors on microglia in the central nervous system, LDN may help decrease the neuroinflammatory processes believed to contribute to the pain and dysfunction seen in CRPS.

LDN is typically prescribed at doses much lower than the traditional naltrexone used to treat opioid dependence. At low doses, it is thought to promote the release of endorphins and enhance the body’s natural pain-relief mechanisms. Patients with CRPS have reported significant pain relief and improvements in mobility, although the treatment is still considered experimental due to limited large-scale clinical studies.

Low Dose Naltrexone for COVID

Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) has been explored as a potential treatment for COVID-19 due to its immune-modulating properties. Naltrexone is traditionally used to treat opioid addiction in higher doses, but in smaller doses (1-5 mg), it has been found to reduce inflammation by acting on the body’s endorphin and immune systems. Since COVID-19 often triggers an overactive immune response, leading to complications like cytokine storms, LDN’s ability to calm excessive immune activity has drawn attention in managing these severe inflammatory reactions.

Researchers have suggested that LDN may help by balancing the immune system, enhancing its antiviral response while reducing harmful inflammation. By blocking opioid receptors temporarily, LDN is thought to increase the production of endorphins and enkephalins, which can improve immune function and reduce inflammation. This has led to the hypothesis that it could reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms or help manage long COVID, a condition where symptoms persist long after the initial infection.

While some anecdotal reports and preliminary studies suggest that LDN might benefit COVID-19 patients, more robust clinical trials are necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety for this purpose. The off-label use of LDN is generally considered safe, with minimal side effects, but its role in COVID treatment remains an area of active research.

Low Dose Naltrexone for Fibromyalgia

Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) has gained attention as a potential treatment for fibromyalgia, a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. Naltrexone, traditionally used in higher doses to treat opioid and alcohol dependence, works by blocking opioid receptors. At lower doses (typically 1.5 to 4.5 mg), however, it is thought to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, which could help alleviate the symptoms of fibromyalgia.

Studies suggest that LDN may help reduce pain and improve quality of life in fibromyalgia patients by increasing the body’s natural production of endorphins and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory effects could be particularly beneficial since fibromyalgia is associated with abnormal pain processing and heightened sensitivity to stimuli. Some research also points to LDN’s ability to reduce glial cell activation, which has been implicated in chronic pain conditions.

Low Dose Naltrexone Dosing Guidelines

Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) is typically prescribed in doses ranging from 1.5 mg to 4.5 mg per day, much lower than the standard naltrexone doses used for opioid or alcohol dependence. The dosing guidelines for LDN aim to modulate the immune system rather than block opioid receptors. It is most often used for autoimmune diseases and chronic conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn’s disease, due to its potential anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating properties.

The starting dose of LDN is commonly around 1.5 mg, with gradual increases of 0.5 to 1 mg every 1-2 weeks, depending on tolerance and symptom relief. Some patients may find relief at doses as low as 1.5 mg, while others may need the full 4.5 mg daily dose to achieve optimal effects. Since LDN is generally well tolerated, side effects are minimal, but some users may experience vivid dreams or sleep disturbances, particularly in the early stages of treatment.

Timing of LDN administration is also crucial, with many patients advised to take it in the evening, as it is believed that the drug’s effects on endorphin production are enhanced during nighttime. However, some individuals might require adjustments based on personal tolerance or side effects. LDN should be prescribed and monitored by a healthcare professional familiar with its unique dosing requirements.

Low Dose Naltrexone Starting Dose

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is commonly prescribed at a starting dose of around 1.5 mg to 3 mg per day, significantly lower than the doses used to treat opioid addiction. The low dose is designed to modulate the immune system, reduce inflammation, and help with conditions such as autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and fibromyalgia. Starting with a low dose helps minimize potential side effects while allowing the body to gradually adjust.

Patients typically begin with a 1.5 mg dose, which is then increased slowly over several weeks, depending on tolerance and response. Incremental adjustments often lead to a maintenance dose of around 4.5 mg. This cautious approach ensures the patient experiences the benefits of LDN without triggering significant adverse effects such as sleep disturbances or vivid dreams, which are common during early treatment.

LDN’s mechanism of action involves blocking opioid receptors temporarily, which leads to a rebound effect that boosts endorphin levels and helps regulate the immune system. By starting with a lower dose, physicians aim to fine-tune the immune-modulatory effects and reduce inflammation without overwhelming the system, making it an effective option for managing various chronic conditions.

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FAQ

What is LDN used for?

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is used primarily for its potential to modulate the immune system by interacting with the opioid growth factor and is being explored as a treatment for conditions like cancer, autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and alcohol use disorder. By influencing the opioid growth factor pathway, LDN helps regulate immune responses and inhibit cell growth. Its ability to target the opioid growth factor makes it a promising option for managing these conditions, including alcohol use disorder. Research is also looking into the role of LDN in treating alcohol use disorder, given its influence on opioid receptors.

What to avoid when taking low dose naltrexone?

Avoid alcohol and opioid-containing medications when taking low-dose naltrexone (LDN). Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors, so using opioids can lead to withdrawal symptoms or reduce the effectiveness of opioid pain relievers. It’s also wise to avoid certain supplements or medications that might interact, like high-dose steroids.

What are the long-term side effects of low dose naltrexone?

Long-term side effects of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) are generally minimal compared to higher doses. Common side effects include vivid dreams, sleep disturbances, and mild digestive issues like nausea. However, there is limited long-term research on LDN, so potential side effects over many years remain largely unknown, though it is considered to have a good safety profile.

How long does it take for low dose naltrexone to work?

The onset of effects from low-dose naltrexone varies, with some individuals experiencing mucosal healing within a few weeks, especially in cases related to diabetic neuropathy. Others, including those with diabetic neuropathy, may take a couple of months to notice significant benefits, such as mucosal healing. The response depends on the condition being treated, individual differences, and how quickly mucosal healing occurs, particularly for those suffering from diabetic neuropathy.

Why take low dose naltrexone at night?

DN is often taken at night because it may boost the body’s production of endorphins during sleep. This timing aligns with the body’s natural rhythm, and some research suggests it might enhance the therapeutic effects on mu opioid receptors, particularly for conditions related to immune function and pain. The interaction with mu opioid receptors is believed to be a key factor in LDN’s role in modulating pain. Additionally, the influence of LDN on the mu opioid receptors may provide broader benefits in conditions involving chronic inflammation and immune system regulation.

What is low dose naltrexone used for?

Low-dose naltrexone is used for a variety of conditions, often off-label. It’s commonly prescribed for autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis), chronic pain conditions (e.g., fibromyalgia), and as an adjunct in cancer therapy. It’s also explored for mood disorders and certain neurodegenerative diseases.

How to get low dose naltrexone?

LDN can only be obtained with a prescription from a healthcare provider. It’s typically compounded at specialized pharmacies since the low doses needed are not available in standard commercial formulations. Discussing your symptoms and potential benefits with your doctor is the first step in obtaining it.

What is the downside of LDN?

The downside of LDN, which includes the opioid antagonist naltrexone, is that its long-term effects are not fully understood. The opioid antagonist naltrexone may also cause side effects such as sleep disturbances, vivid dreams, or gastrointestinal discomfort. Due to these uncertainties, it’s important to monitor the use of opioid antagonist naltrexone carefully.

Is LDN a narcotic?

No, LDN is not a narcotic. Naltrexone, the active ingredient in LDN, is an opioid antagonist, meaning it blocks opioid receptors rather than activating them, and it can be used to treat chronic pain. LDN’s ability to block these receptors without causing addiction makes it a viable option to treat chronic pain. Many patients use LDN as an alternative to opioids to safely treat chronic pain.

Do you gain weight with LDN?

Weight gain is not commonly reported as a side effect of LDN. In fact, compounding pharmacies can create customized doses of LDN, which may help regulate metabolism and reduce inflammation in certain cases. Many patients obtain LDN through compounding pharmacies due to its specialized dosing needs, as traditional pharmacies may not carry it. Thus, for those concerned about weight gain, compounding pharmacies provide access to tailored LDN solutions that may benefit metabolic health.

What is LDN naltrexone used for?

LDN naltrexone is used for conditions like autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and cancer due to its immune-modulating properties, particularly its role in reducing proinflammatory cytokines. It can help regulate the immune response by decreasing proinflammatory cytokines, which are often elevated in these conditions. Additionally, LDN has the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth, partly through its effect on proinflammatory cytokines.

How does low-dose naltrexone work?

LDN works by temporarily blocking opioid receptors, which leads to an increase in the production of opioid growth factor (OGF) and enhances endogenous opioid production. This, in turn, inhibits cell proliferation, especially in cancer cells, and modulates the immune system.

Low-dose naltrexone works by temporarily blocking opioid receptors, which increases the production of endorphins and endogenous opioid production, while also modulating the immune system. This dual action helps reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms in various conditions by enhancing endogenous opioid production.

Can LDN be taken with other medications?

Prescribed LDN is generally considered safe to use with most medications, but it is important to consult with a healthcare provider, especially if you are managing opioid withdrawal, for specific drug interactions. Adjustments to other medications may be necessary for individuals undergoing opioid withdrawal or based on individual circumstances. In cases of opioid withdrawal, careful monitoring and adjustments may be needed when using prescribed LDN. It is essential to follow healthcare advice closely when being prescribed LDN.

Is LDN effective for autoimmune diseases?

LDN has shown a significant difference in managing autoimmune and neuropathic pain conditions by reducing inflammation and balancing the immune response. Research suggests a significant difference in benefits for conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and neuropathic pain conditions. Overall, LDN has made a significant difference in improving symptoms for patients with these autoimmune and neuropathic pain conditions.

Can LDN help with fibromyalgia?

Studies suggest that high dose naltrexone and LDN may help alleviate diffuse musculoskeletal pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia patients by reducing central nervous system inflammation. It is considered a potential treatment option for managing diffuse musculoskeletal pain due to its low side-effect profile. Patients suffering from diffuse musculoskeletal pain often benefit from treatments that target inflammation, making high dose naltrexone and LDN promising options. Although LDN has a lower side-effect profile, high dose naltrexone is used in different therapeutic contexts.

What is the typical dosage of LDN?

The typical dosage of LDN ranges from 0.5 mg to 4.5 mg per day, depending on the condition being treated. LDN is often considered alongside natural pain relievers for its ability to modulate pain responses. It is usually started at a low dose and gradually increased to the optimal level for each patient, complementing natural pain relievers as part of an integrated approach to pain management. Many patients use LDN in conjunction with natural pain relievers to achieve better control over chronic conditions.

Does LDN have any impact on mood?

LDN, which is FDA-approved for other uses, may improve mood by increasing endorphin levels and reducing inflammation in the brain. Patients with depression or anxiety associated with chronic illness, including active Crohn’s disease, have reported mood stabilization with LDN. In addition to its potential effects on mood, LDN may also help manage symptoms of active Crohn’s disease by reducing inflammation. Those experiencing active Crohn’s disease have found LDN to be beneficial in stabilizing their condition.

How long does it take to see results with LDN?

The timeframe for seeing results with LDN can vary, but many patients report improvements within a few weeks to a few months of starting treatment. Consistent use is important for optimal benefits.

Can LDN be used for cancer treatment?

Some studies suggest that LDN may have a role in cancer treatment by boosting the immune system and inhibiting cancer cell growth, particularly in combination with opioid analgesics. However, more research is needed to confirm its efficacy as a standalone therapy or in synergy with opioid analgesics. Further studies on LDN’s interaction with opioid analgesics could provide a clearer understanding of its potential in cancer treatment.

Is LDN suitable for children?

LDN has been used in pediatric cases for conditions such as autism spectrum disorders and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. The efficacy of LDN in these cases varies, and further research is needed to fully understand its benefits. Always consult a pediatrician before starting LDN for children, as understanding LDN efficacy in pediatric applications is crucial. Parents should ensure that the treatment is closely monitored to assess LDN efficacy over time.

Can LDN help with thyroid disorders?

LDN may be beneficial for chronic pain states and thyroid disorders, particularly Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, by reducing thyroid antibodies and inflammation. Patients dealing with chronic pain states have reported improved thyroid function and symptom relief. Additionally, LDN’s potential in managing chronic pain states further highlights its wide-ranging therapeutic effects.

Is LDN addictive?

LDN is not addictive, as it does not produce euphoric effects or physical dependence. Unlike opioid analgesia, it works differently than narcotic medications, acting to modulate the immune system and reduce pain. While opioid analgesia typically provides pain relief by activating opioid receptors, LDN works by blocking them temporarily, which can enhance the body’s natural ability to manage pain without relying on opioid analgesia.

Can LDN be used to manage alcohol dependence?

LDN is used in higher doses to manage alcohol dependence by reducing cravings and the pleasurable effects of alcohol. It can also impact the peripheral nervous system, playing a role in the regulation of pain and addiction responses. By influencing both the central and peripheral nervous systems, LDN can be a valuable part of a comprehensive treatment plan for addiction. The modulation of the peripheral nervous system may further contribute to its effectiveness in managing symptoms associated with addiction and withdrawal.

Can LDN improve sleep?

Some patients with severe Crohn’s disease report improved sleep quality with LDN, possibly due to its effects on endorphin levels and reduction in inflammation. Sleep improvements are often observed alongside reductions in pain and fatigue. Additionally, LDN has shown potential benefits in managing symptoms of severe Crohn’s disease, helping to reduce inflammation and improve overall well-being. Patients suffering from severe Crohn’s disease may also experience less pain and fatigue, contributing to better sleep quality.

Is LDN effective for managing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)?

LDN has shown potential in managing symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome by reducing neuroinflammation and modulating immune function. However, in some cases, a positive urine screen may occur due to the presence of naltrexone in the system. Patients may experience improved energy levels and reduced pain, but healthcare providers should be aware that LDN might lead to a positive urine screen for opioids, as it can interfere with drug tests.

Does LDN interact with supplements?

LDN is generally safe to take with most supplements, but it is important to discuss all supplements with a healthcare provider, especially if you experience difficulty sleeping, to ensure there are no potential interactions. Some supplements may enhance or reduce the effects of LDN, particularly if you have difficulty sleeping. Always consult your healthcare provider about supplements, especially if difficulty sleeping is a concern while using LDN.

Can LDN be used for multiple sclerosis (MS)?

LDN may help relieve symptoms of multiple sclerosis by modulating immune function and reducing neuroinflammation. Some MS patients report improved mobility, reduced spasticity, and enhanced quality of life as LDN works to relieve symptoms. Overall, LDN’s ability to relieve symptoms has made it a promising option for some MS patients.

Does LDN require a prescription?

Yes, LDN requires a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider. While it is often compounded at specialized pharmacies in low doses tailored to individual needs, it’s important to monitor for potential adverse reactions. Healthcare providers prescribe LDN carefully to minimize the risk of adverse reactions, especially in sensitive individuals. Patients should report any adverse reactions to ensure proper dosage adjustments.

Can LDN help with psoriasis?

LDN has shown potential in reducing inflammation and modulating the immune response in psoriasis. Patients have reported vivid dreams as a side effect along with decreased severity of skin lesions. While vivid dreams are common, many patients also experience improved overall skin health.

How should LDN be taken?

LDN is usually taken once daily, typically in the evening, as it is believed to have optimal effects on endorphin production when taken at night. Before starting LDN, some patients may undergo a naloxone challenge test to ensure no opioid dependency. This timing may help improve opioid analgesia, and combining it with the naloxone challenge test can optimize safety in patients with a history of opioid use. LDN can be taken with or without food, potentially improving opioid analgesia further after completing the naloxone challenge test to confirm the absence of opioid influence.

Can LDN help with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Some studies suggest that LDN may reduce symptoms of IBS, including abdominal pain and diarrhea, by modulating the immune response and reducing gut inflammation through the activation of toll like receptors. Patients have reported improvement in overall gastrointestinal health, possibly due to LDN’s interaction with toll like receptors. By influencing toll like receptors, LDN helps regulate the body’s immune response, leading to reduced inflammation and symptom relief in IBS.

Is LDN safe for long-term use?

LDN is considered safe for long-term use in most cases, even for those with a history of opioid addictions, with a low risk of serious side effects. Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is recommended, especially for individuals recovering from opioid addictions, to ensure ongoing safety and effectiveness. In cases of opioid addictions, LDN may also offer therapeutic benefits by blocking opioid receptors.

Can LDN help with migraines?

LDN may help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines by modulating pain pathways and reducing inflammation, especially in individuals with a dysfunctional immune system. Patients have reported fewer and less intense migraine episodes with LDN use, which could be linked to its ability to improve a dysfunctional immune system’s response to inflammation. For those dealing with migraines linked to a dysfunctional immune system, LDN may offer significant relief.

Can LDN help with lupus?

LDN may provide benefits for lupus patients by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune response. Some patients have reported symptom improvement and reduced flare-ups. The modulation of the immune system by LDN may also help manage chronic conditions more effectively.

Can LDN be used to treat depression?

LDN may help with depression, particularly in cases related to chronic pain or inflammation, by increasing endorphin levels and improving immune balance, thus controlling symptoms. Patients often report a mood-enhancing effect, which can be beneficial for controlling symptoms of depression. Additionally, by enhancing immune balance, LDN may further assist in controlling symptoms associated with chronic conditions.

How is LDN different from standard-dose naltrexone?

Low-dose naltrexone is used at doses much lower than the standard dose, typically for immune modulation and pain relief, rather than for treating addiction. As an opiate antagonist, it offers benefits without the side effects associated with higher doses. This use of opiate antagonists like LDN provides a unique approach to managing various conditions, leveraging its ability to modulate the immune system and alleviate pain.

Can LDN help with eczema?

LDN may help with eczema by reducing immune-mediated inflammation and improving skin barrier function. Patients have reported reduced itching, redness, and skin flare-ups.

Can LDN help with anxiety?

LDN may help alleviate anxiety symptoms, particularly those related to chronic illnesses, by reducing neuroinflammation and stabilizing mood. The effectiveness of LDN dose in managing anxiety can vary, and some patients report decreased anxiety levels and improved well-being. Adjusting the LDN dose might be necessary to find the optimal level for individual needs.

Does LDN affect hormone levels?

LDN may have an indirect effect on hormone levels by reducing inflammation and balancing the immune system, which can influence hormonal health. It is not typically known to cause significant hormonal changes directly.

Can LDN help with restless leg syndrome?

Some patients have reported relief from restless leg syndrome symptoms with LDN, possibly due to its effects on central nervous system inflammation and pain modulation. It may be an option for those with refractory symptoms.

Can LDN improve cognitive function?

LDN may help improve cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and modulating immune responses in the brain. Patients with conditions such as fibromyalgia or multiple sclerosis have reported cognitive improvements with LDN.

Reference

Patten DK, Schultz BG, Berlau DJ. The Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone in the Management of Chronic Pain and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis, Fibromyalgia, Crohn’s Disease, and Other Chronic Pain Disorders. Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Mar;38(3):382-389. doi: 10.1002/phar.2086. Epub 2018 Feb 23. PMID: 29377216.

The Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone in the Management of Chronic Pain and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis, Fibromyalgia, Crohn’s Disease, and Other Chronic Pain Disorders
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been used off-label for chronic pain and inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn’s disease due to its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. While evidence supports its safety and tolerability, studies on its efficacy are limited, often focusing on subjective outcomes like quality of life or self-reported pain. More randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29377216/.
Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D. The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Apr;33(4):451-9. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2. Epub 2014 Feb 15. PMID: 24526250; PMCID: PMC3962576.

The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) shows promise in treating chronic conditions like fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis by modulating central nervous system inflammation, particularly through microglial cells, rather than its traditional opioid receptor activity. While inexpensive and well-tolerated, its use remains experimental due to limited and small-scale clinical trials.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24526250/.
Choubey A, Girdhar K, Kar AK, Kushwaha S, Yadav MK, Ghosh D, Mondal P. Low-dose naltrexone rescues inflammation and insulin resistance associated with hyperinsulinemia. J Biol Chem. 2020 Nov 27;295(48):16359-16369. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.013484. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID: 32943552; PMCID: PMC7705311.

Low-dose naltrexone rescues inflammation and insulin resistance associated with hyperinsulinemia
Hyperinsulinemia promotes systemic insulin resistance by inducing inflammation through the repression of SIRT1 and activation of NF-κB in macrophages. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) counteracts this process by restoring SIRT1 activity and reducing inflammation, improving insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinemic conditions. This suggests LDN may be a potential therapy for insulin resistance linked to hyperinsulinemia.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32943552/.
Lie MRKL, van der Giessen J, Fuhler GM, de Lima A, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Ent C, van der Woude CJ. Low dose Naltrexone for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Transl Med. 2018 Mar 9;16(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12967-018-1427-5. PMID: 29523156; PMCID: PMC5845217.

Low dose Naltrexone for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Low-dose Naltrexone (LDN) shows promise as a safe alternative treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who are unresponsive to conventional therapies. In a 12-week study, 74.5% of patients experienced clinical improvement, with 25.5% achieving remission. LDN was found to enhance wound healing and reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal epithelial cells, though it did not significantly affect cytokine levels. These findings suggest LDN may effectively improve epithelial barrier function and offer a novel therapeutic option for refractory IBD cases.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29523156/.
Parkitny L, Younger J. Reduced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines after Eight Weeks of Low-Dose Naltrexone for Fibromyalgia. Biomedicines. 2017 Apr 18;5(2):16. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines5020016. PMID: 28536359; PMCID: PMC5489802.

Reduced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines after Eight Weeks of Low-Dose Naltrexone for Fibromyalgia
This 10-week trial tested the effects of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) on fibromyalgia, involving eight women. LDN treatment was linked to reduced levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulted in a 15% pain reduction and an 18% decrease in overall symptoms, suggesting its potential as an anti-inflammatory treatment for fibromyalgia.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28536359/.
Partridge S, Quadt L, Bolton M, Eccles J, Thompson C, Colasanti A, Bremner S, Jones CI, Bruun KD, Van Marwijk H. A systematic literature review on the clinical efficacy of low dose naltrexone and its effect on putative pathophysiological mechanisms among patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Heliyon. 2023 Apr 19;9(5):e15638. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15638. PMID: 37206027; PMCID: PMC10189400.

A systematic literature review on the clinical efficacy of low dose naltrexone and its effect on putative pathophysiological mechanisms among patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia
This study reviewed the limited evidence supporting low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for fibromyalgia pain management, finding some indication that LDN may reduce pain and improve quality of life. Two small studies suggest LDN’s effects might involve inflammatory markers, but the evidence is weak, biased, and based on female-only samples. More research, including in men and diverse populations, is needed.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37206027/.
Younger J, Mackey S. Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study. Pain Med. 2009 May-Jun;10(4):663-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00613.x. Epub 2009 Apr 22. PMID: 19453963; PMCID: PMC2891387.

Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study
This pilot clinical trial found that low-dose naltrexone significantly reduced fibromyalgia symptoms by over 30% compared to placebo, improving pain thresholds with minimal side effects. Participants with higher inflammation levels responded best to the treatment.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19453963/.
Driver CN, D’Souza RS. Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone and Predictors of Treatment Success or Discontinuation in Fibromyalgia and Other Chronic Pain Conditions: A Fourteen-Year, Enterprise-Wide Retrospective Analysis. Biomedicines. 2023 Apr 3;11(4):1087. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11041087. PMID: 37189705; PMCID: PMC10135963.

Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone and Predictors of Treatment Success or Discontinuation in Fibromyalgia and Other Chronic Pain Conditions: A Fourteen-Year, Enterprise-Wide Retrospective Analysis
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has shown potential as an analgesic for chronic pain conditions, particularly fibromyalgia, with 65% of patients reporting pain relief. Despite limited adverse effects, 36% discontinued use. Further research is needed to better understand its benefits.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189705/.
Li W, McIntyre RL, Schomakers BV, Kamble R, Luesink AHG, van Weeghel M, Houtkooper RH, Gao AW, Janssens GE. Low-dose naltrexone extends healthspan and lifespan in C. elegans via SKN-1 activation. iScience. 2024 May 8;27(6):109949. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109949. PMID: 38799567; PMCID: PMC11126937.

Low-dose naltrexone extends healthspan and lifespan in C. elegans via SKN-1 activation
This study explores the potential of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a geroprotector, showing that it extends healthspan and lifespan in C. elegans through SKN-1 signaling, which influences immune and oxidative stress responses, suggesting its promise for promoting healthy aging in humans.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38799567/.
Agrawal YP. Low dose naltrexone therapy in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(4):721-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.024. PMID: 15694688.

Low dose naltrexone therapy in multiple sclerosis
Low-dose naltrexone is widely used by multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, with anecdotal evidence suggesting it prevents relapses and slows disease progression. It may work by reducing apoptosis in oligodendrocytes through decreasing nitric oxide synthase activity, which prevents glutamate neurotoxicity. Clinical trials are needed to validate its effectiveness.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15694688/.
Berkson BM, Rubin DM, Berkson AJ. Revisiting the ALA/N (alpha-lipoic acid/low-dose naltrexone) protocol for people with metastatic and nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer: a report of 3 new cases. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009 Dec;8(4):416-22. doi: 10.1177/1534735409352082. Erratum in: Integr Cancer Ther. 2010 Jun;9(2):247. PMID: 20042414.

Revisiting the ALA/N (alpha-lipoic acid/low-dose naltrexone) protocol for people with metastatic and nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer: a report of 3 new cases
The authors report on the long-term survival of a man with pancreatic cancer treated with intravenous alpha-lipoic acid and oral low-dose naltrexone (ALA/N), noting he remains healthy 78 months later. They present three additional cases of pancreatic cancer patients treated with the same protocol, highlighting significant improvements: one patient is alive 39 months post-diagnosis, another showed no evidence of disease after five months, and a third had no signs of cancer after four months. The article discusses ALA’s multifaceted actions in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing apoptotic activity, alongside low-dose naltrexone’s role in modulating immune responses, advocating for clinical trials of the ALA/N protocol.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20042414/.
Plank JR, Glover SC, Moloney BD, Hoeh NR, Sundram F, Sumner RL, Muthukumaraswamy S, Lin JC. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, hybrid parallel-arm study of low-dose naltrexone as an adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment for major depressive disorder. Trials. 2022 Sep 30;23(1):822. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06738-3. PMID: 36175917; PMCID: PMC9524133.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, hybrid parallel-arm study of low-dose naltrexone as an adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment for major depressive disorder
This study investigates the potential of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as an adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly in patients with high inflammation, since current treatments are often ineffective. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving 48 MDD patients, participants will be stratified based on inflammation levels and randomized to receive either LDN or a placebo for 12 weeks, followed by LDN for an additional 12 weeks. The trial aims to evaluate LDN’s antidepressant efficacy and explore the neurobiological and inflammatory mechanisms involved in MDD, potentially paving the way for better diagnostic tools and treatments for this condition.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175917/
Ciwun M, Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Pawlak D. Low-Dose Naltrexone as an Adjuvant in Combined Anticancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Mar 21;16(6):1240. doi: 10.3390/cancers16061240. PMID: 38539570; PMCID: PMC10968813.

Low-Dose Naltrexone as an Adjuvant in Combined Anticancer Therapy
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN), an opioid receptor antagonist primarily used for opioid and alcohol dependence, shows promise in cancer therapy by blocking the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr), leading to increased opioid growth factor (OGF) synthesis, which inhibits cancer cell survival and proliferation. Studies indicate LDN’s potential as an effective adjuvant in chemotherapy and immunotherapy due to its unique mechanism, lack of direct cytotoxicity, and immunomodulating effects.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539570/.
Frech T, Novak K, Revelo MP, Murtaugh M, Markewitz B, Hatton N, Scholand MB, Frech E, Markewitz D, Sawitzke AD. Low-dose naltrexone for pruritus in systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheumatol. 2011;2011:804296. doi: 10.1155/2011/804296. Epub 2011 Sep 12. PMID: 21918649; PMCID: PMC3171757.

Low-dose naltrexone for pruritus in systemic sclerosis
Pruritus is a common yet poorly treated symptom of systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs. A case series involving three patients showed significant improvement in pruritus and gastrointestinal symptoms after using low-dose naltrexone (LDN), indicating it may be an effective and tolerable treatment option for these symptoms in SSc.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171757/.
Rupp A, Young E, Chadwick AL. Low-dose naltrexone’s utility for non-cancer centralized pain conditions: a scoping review. Pain Med. 2023 Nov 2;24(11):1270-1281. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnad074. PMID: 37302106; PMCID: PMC10628981.

Low-dose naltrexone’s utility for non-cancer centralized pain conditions: a scoping review.
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been found to modulate inflammation by interrupting microglial activation in the central nervous system, suggesting its potential for managing pain from central sensitization. A scoping review identified 47 studies indicating that LDN may improve pain severity, hyperalgesia, physical function, quality of life, and sleep in patients with various chronic centralized pain conditions, although variability in dosing and response times was noted. The findings support further high-quality randomized control trials to better establish LDN’s efficacy and standardize treatment protocols.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37302106/.
Bolton MJ, Chapman BP, Van M arwijk H. Low-dose naltrexone as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Jan 6;13(1):e232502. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-232502. PMID: 31911410; PMCID: PMC6954765.

Low-dose naltrexone as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is used off-label to treat chronic immune-modulated disorders, showing promise in small trials for conditions like Crohn’s disease and fibromyalgia, but lacks clinical studies for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). A series of case reports from CFS patients indicate varied responses to LDN, ranging from significant improvements to partial symptom relief at doses between 4 and 12 mg. Further clinical trials are suggested to investigate LDN’s potential benefits for these chronic illnesses, which currently have no approved treatments.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911410/.
Brown N, Panksepp J. Low-dose naltrexone for disease prevention and quality of life. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Mar;72(3):333-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.048. Epub 2008 Nov 28. PMID: 19041189.

Low-dose naltrexone for disease prevention and quality of life. Med Hypotheses
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) shows promise in treating various physical and mental disorders by modulating the immune system and enhancing endogenous opioid activity, potentially improving immune response, reducing inflammation, and promoting emotional well-being, stress resilience, and social bonding.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19041189/.
de Carvalho JF, Skare T. Low-Dose Naltrexone in Rheumatological Diseases. Mediterr J Rheumatol. 2023 Mar 31;34(1):1-6. doi: 10.31138/mjr.34.1.1. PMID: 37223594; PMCID: PMC10201089.

Low-Dose Naltrexone in Rheumatological Diseases
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN), approved for alcohol and opioid abuse, shows promise as a safe treatment for various rheumatic diseases, including fibromyalgia, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, Sjögren’s syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis, with beneficial effects on pain and well-being, though more extensive studies are needed to confirm its efficacy.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201089/.
Kazemi R, Mohammadi M, Salimiyan S, Aliakbari S, Ahmadi M, Mohammad Reza R. Long-Term Effects of Low-Dose Naltrexone on Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Iran J Immunol. 2023 May 31;20(2):219-231. doi: 10.22034/iji.2023.95659.2385. Epub 2023 May 8. PMID: 37151015.

Long-Term Effects of Low-Dose Naltrexone on Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
This study investigates the long-term effects of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and their immunomodulatory properties. After 14 days of treatment, findings indicate that different LDN concentrations uniquely influence ASCs’ ability to modulate immune responses, with higher concentrations enhancing the expression of key immunomodulatory genes and cytokines in both unstimulated and stimulated ASCs.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37151015/.
Yi Z, Guo S, Hu X, Wang X, Zhang X, Griffin N, Shan F. Functional modulation on macrophage by low dose naltrexone (LDN). Int Immunopharmacol. 2016 Oct;39:397-402. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.015. Epub 2016 Aug 23. PMID: 27561742.

Functional modulation on macrophage by low dose naltrexone (LDN)
Research indicates that low-dose naltrexone (LDN), primarily used for alcohol dependence and opioid addiction, significantly enhances macrophage function by increasing the expression of MHC II and CD64 while decreasing CD206. This treatment boosts the production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and improves macrophage phagocytosis. These findings suggest LDN’s potential role in immune regulation, particularly in supporting CD4+ T cell interactions in AIDS treatment, as evidenced by its approval for such use in Nigeria.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27561742/.
Pitt B, Tate AM, Gluck D, Rosenson RS, Goonewardena SN. Repurposing low-dose naltrexone for the prevention and treatment of immunothrombosis in COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2022 Jun 8;8(4):402-405. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvac014. PMID: 35179184; PMCID: PMC8903502.

Repurposing low-dose naltrexone for the prevention and treatment of immunothrombosis in COVID-19
COVID-19 is marked by significant immune dysregulation, characterized by hyperinflammation and thrombosis, which complicates treatment with traditional anticoagulants due to bleeding risks. This commentary suggests that low-dose naltrexone (LDN) could provide a novel therapeutic approach by modulating immune responses and reducing immune-mediated thrombotic complications associated with the disease.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179184/.
Kučić N, Rački V, Šverko R, Vidović T, Grahovac I, Mršić-Pelčić J. Immunometabolic Modulatory Role of Naltrexone in BV-2 Microglia Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 5;22(16):8429. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168429. PMID: 34445130; PMCID: PMC8395119.

Immunometabolic Modulatory Role of Naltrexone in BV-2 Microglia Cells
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been shown to shift microglial cells from a pro-inflammatory state to a quiescent anti-inflammatory state while promoting a metabolic switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In vitro studies using the BV-2 microglial cell line demonstrated that LDN effectively reprograms the immunometabolic profile of microglia, suggesting its potential as a novel treatment for neuroinflammatory conditions.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8395119/.
Meng J, Meng Y, Plotnikoff NP, Youkilis G, Griffin N, Shan F. Low dose naltrexone (LDN) enhances maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs). Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Dec;17(4):1084-9. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.012. PMID: 24455776.

Low dose naltrexone (LDN) enhances maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs)
The study investigates the effects of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), finding that LDN promotes their maturation by enhancing the expression of key molecules and cytokines while reducing phagocytosis and pinocytosis. The findings suggest LDN’s potential in immunoregulation, highlighting its application for boosting host immunity in cancer therapy and in developing dendritic cell-based vaccines for various diseases.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24455776/.
Miskoff JA, Chaudhri M. Low Dose Naltrexone and Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Discussion. Cureus. 2018 Jul 5;10(7):e2924. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2924. PMID: 30197847; PMCID: PMC6126779.

Low Dose Naltrexone and Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Discussion. Cureus
Low dose naltrexone (LDN) shows potential as a complementary treatment for various medical disorders, particularly those involving the immune system, and has been linked to prolonged survival in a case of a 50-year-old male with prostate and lung cancer. While not a definitive cure, clinical trials suggest LDN may enhance immune responses against tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30197847/.
Toljan K, Vrooman B. Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)-Review of Therapeutic Utilization. Med Sci (Basel). 2018 Sep 21;6(4):82. doi: 10.3390/medsci6040082. PMID: 30248938; PMCID: PMC6313374.

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)-Review of Therapeutic Utilization
Naltrexone and naloxone, traditionally used as opioid antagonists, exhibit different effects at lower doses, with low-dose naltrexone (LDN) (1-5 mg) reducing glial inflammation and potentially benefiting conditions like fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis. Ultra low-dose naltrexone/naloxone (ULDN), at doses under 1 μg, enhances opioid analgesia and minimizes postoperative opioid requirements, while very low-dose naltrexone (VLDN) (1 μg to 1 mg) is mainly an experimental adjunct for opioid tapering. However, research on these low-dose applications remains limited and requires further evaluation.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30248938/.
Liu WM, Dalgleish AG. Naltrexone at low doses (LDN) and its relevance to cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2022 Mar;22(3):269-274. doi: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2037426. Epub 2022 Feb 7. PMID: 35107043.

Naltrexone at low doses (LDN) and its relevance to cancer therapy
Naltrexone, originally designed to block opioid receptors, has shown potential benefits at lower doses for patients with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and anecdotal evidence suggests it may also aid in cancer resolution. This review examines three mechanisms through which low-dose naltrexone (LDN) may influence cancer progression: antagonism of specific receptors, modulation of immune function, and inhibition of cancer cell signaling pathways. Given the increasing anecdotal reports of its efficacy, there is a growing interest in clinical trials for LDN as a complementary treatment in oncology, particularly alongside chemotherapy.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35107043/.
Li Z, You Y, Griffin N, Feng J, Shan F. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): A promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018 Aug;61:178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.020. Epub 2018 Jun 7. PMID: 29885638.

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): A promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy
Naltrexone, primarily used for opioid addiction rehabilitation, has shown promising off-label uses, particularly as a low-dose naltrexone (LDN) immunomodulator in autoimmune diseases and certain cancers, alleviating symptoms of some mental disorders. Research indicates that LDN works by binding to opioid receptors on immune and tumor cells, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in immunological and cancer treatments.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885638/.
Ma M, Wang X, Liu N, Shan F, Feng Y. Low-dose naltrexone inhibits colorectal cancer progression and promotes apoptosis by increasing M1-type macrophages and activating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3/PARP pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020 Jun;83:106388. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106388. Epub 2020 Mar 11. PMID: 32171145.

Low-dose naltrexone inhibits colorectal cancer progression and promotes apoptosis by increasing M1-type macrophages and activating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3/PARP pathway
This study investigates how low-dose naltrexone (LDN) inhibits colorectal cancer (CRC) progression by increasing M1-like macrophages and activating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3/PARP signaling pathway, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, and suggests LDN’s potential as a CRC treatment.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171145/.
Liu WM, Scott KA, Dennis JL, Kaminska E, Levett AJ, Dalgleish AG. Naltrexone at low doses upregulates a unique gene expression not seen with normal doses: Implications for its use in cancer therapy. Int J Oncol. 2016 Aug;49(2):793-802. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3567. Epub 2016 Jun 7. PMID: 27279602.

Naltrexone at low doses upregulates a unique gene expression not seen with normal doses: Implications for its use in cancer therapy
Lower doses of naltrexone (LDN) have been shown to inhibit tumor growth by altering cell signaling and immune system responses, as evidenced by changes in gene expression related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Adjusting treatment schedules—specifically including a drug-free phase after initial LDN exposure—enhanced the drug’s efficacy, increasing sensitivity to chemotherapy agents like oxaliplatin. Overall, the findings suggest that LDN may have anticancer properties that can be optimized through treatment modifications.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27279602/.
Donahue RN, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Low-dose naltrexone suppresses ovarian cancer and exhibits enhanced inhibition in combination with cisplatin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Jul;236(7):883-95. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011096. Epub 2011 Jun 17. PMID: 21685240.

Low-dose naltrexone suppresses ovarian cancer and exhibits enhanced inhibition in combination with cisplatin
Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of gynecological cancer death, with 65% of patients relapsing after initial treatment. This study investigates the effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) on ovarian cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression. It found that intermittent NTX administration reduced cell replication in vitro and tumor growth in mice, especially when combined with cisplatin, while also decreasing the toxicity of cisplatin. The results suggest that the OGF-OGFr axis plays a crucial role in the anti-cancer effects of NTX and low-dose naltrexone (LDN), indicating a potential non-toxic treatment option for ovarian cancer patients.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21685240/.
Liu N, Yan L, Shan F, Wang X, Qu N, Handley MK, Ma M. Low-dose naltrexone plays antineoplastic role in cervical cancer progression through suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Transl Oncol. 2021 Apr;14(4):101028. doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101028. Epub 2021 Feb 1. PMID: 33540155; PMCID: PMC7859308.

Low-dose naltrexone plays antineoplastic role in cervical cancer progression through suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
The incidence of cervical cancer is rising globally, and low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has shown potential in delaying tumor progression by upregulating OGFr and inhibiting colony formation, migration, and invasion in cervical cancer cells. LDN also reduced the expression of key signaling pathways (PI3K, pAKT, and mTOR) in both cell cultures and mouse models, suggesting it may be a promising treatment option for cervical cancer.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33540155/.
Liu N, Ma M, Qu N, Wang R, Chen H, Hu F, Gao S, Shan F. Low-dose naltrexone inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer cells in vitro and effects indirectly on tumor-associated macrophages in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020 Sep;86:106718. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106718. Epub 2020 Jun 22. PMID: 32585612.

Low-dose naltrexone inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer cells in vitro and effects indirectly on tumor-associated macrophages in vivo
The study found that low-dose naltrexone (LDN) inhibits the progression of cervical cancer by suppressing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Hela cells and promoting apoptosis, effects that are reversed by silencing the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr). In vivo, LDN reduced tumor-associated macrophages, particularly M2 macrophages, and decreased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, suggesting its potential as a treatment for cervical cancer.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32585612/.
Raknes G, Småbrekke L. Low dose naltrexone in multiple sclerosis: Effects on medication use. A quasi-experimental study. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 3;12(11):e0187423. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187423. PMID: 29099849; PMCID: PMC5669439.

Low dose naltrexone in multiple sclerosis: Effects on medication use. A quasi-experimental study
Low dose naltrexone (LDN) is gaining attention as an off-label treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), with some small studies suggesting it may be beneficial. A quasi-experimental study in Norway investigated whether a rise in LDN use in 2013 led to changes in the dispensing of other MS medications. Despite tracking 341 patients and analyzing over 20,000 prescriptions, the study found no significant differences in the use of disease-modifying therapies or symptom management medications before and after LDN initiation, apart from general trends in MS therapy.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29099849/.
Muller G, Grieshaber R, Talley JF, Riepl M, Fellows D. Compounded Low-dose Naltrexone for the Treatment of Guttate Psoriasis: A Case Report. Int J Pharm Compd. 2018 Jul-Aug;22(4):270-278. PMID: 30021181.

Compounded Low-dose Naltrexone for the Treatment of Guttate Psoriasis: A Case Report
This article presents a case study of a 75-year-old man with guttate psoriasis successfully treated with a compounded formulation of oral low-dose naltrexone, which resulted in minimal side effects and was cost-effective, highlighting its potential as an alternative therapy for autoimmune skin conditions like psoriasis, often overlooked by clinicians.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30021181/.
Jaros J, Lio P. Low Dose Naltrexone in Dermatology. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019 Mar 1;18(3):235-238. PMID: 30909326.

Low Dose Naltrexone in Dermatology
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been studied as an effective immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory treatment for various conditions, including Crohn’s disease, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis, and has recently shown promise in improving dermatologic issues such as systemic sclerosis and guttate psoriasis, with a focus on its potential application for atopic dermatitis.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30909326/.
Varghese K, Yan X, Cao F. Low-Dose Naltrexone for Excoriation Disorder. Cureus. 2024 Mar 1;16(3):e55336. doi: 10.7759/cureus.55336. PMID: 38559544; PMCID: PMC10981904.

Low-Dose Naltrexone for Excoriation Disorder
Excoriation disorder (ED) involves compulsively picking at the skin, leading to physical and psychological distress, and while higher doses of naltrexone have been previously reported as effective, this case study presents the first documented improvement of ED symptoms in a patient treated with low-dose naltrexone (LDN) at 4.5 mg, demonstrating significant symptom relief after three months of treatment and worsening symptoms upon interruption, suggesting LDN’s potential therapeutic benefit for ED.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38559544/.
Shabeeb N. The lowdown on low-dose naltrexone. Cutis. 2020 Jan;105(1):E17-E18. PMID: 32074159.

The lowdown on low-dose naltrexone
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is gaining attention in dermatology as an off-label treatment for inflammatory skin conditions, offering an alternative to traditional systemic therapies. Dermatologists should understand its mechanism, prescribing guidelines, and potential side effects to address patient inquiries effectively.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32074159/.
Albers LN, Arbiser JL, Feldman RJ. Treatment of Hailey-Hailey Disease With Low-Dose Naltrexone. JAMA Dermatol. 2017 Oct 1;153(10):1018-1020. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2446. Erratum in: JAMA Dermatol. 2017 Oct 1;153(10):1072. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3904. PMID: 28768313; PMCID: PMC5817589.

Treatment of Hailey-Hailey Disease With Low-Dose Naltrexone
A case series involving three patients with severe Hailey-Hailey disease, resistant to multiple therapies, demonstrated that low-dose naltrexone (3-4.5 mg nightly) significantly healed skin lesions within 1-2 weeks and led to clinical resolution within two months. Discontinuation resulted in symptom flare-ups that resolved quickly upon re-administration, suggesting low-dose naltrexone may be an effective new treatment for this condition, potentially enhancing keratinocyte differentiation and wound healing. Further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms and therapeutic role.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28768313/.
Yang J, Shin KM, Do A, Bierle DM, Abu Dabrh AM, Yin Z, Bauer BA, Mohabbat AB. The Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review. J Pain Res. 2023 Mar 21;16:1017-1023. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S395457. PMID: 36974308; PMCID: PMC10039621.

The Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain condition marked by widespread musculoskeletal pain, and low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is being explored as an off-label treatment option. A systematic review of the literature identified nine studies, including one randomized controlled trial, suggesting that LDN may be effective for symptom management in FM, with no severe adverse events reported in 78% of the studies that assessed safety. However, the overall evidence remains limited due to methodological differences among studies, highlighting the need for more rigorous trials to confirm LDN’s efficacy and safety.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36974308/.
McKenzie-Brown AM, Boorman DW, Ibanez KR, Agwu E, Singh V. Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) for Chronic Pain at a Single Institution: A Case Series. J Pain Res. 2023 Jun 14;16:1993-1998. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S389957. PMID: 37337611; PMCID: PMC10276990.

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) for Chronic Pain at a Single Institution: A Case Series
A review of patient charts from a Pain Center found that low-dose naltrexone (LDN) may effectively alleviate chronic pain, particularly in conditions like neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome, with 64% of patients reporting some relief. However, a significant portion of patients either did not fill their prescriptions or were unresponsive, particularly those diagnosed with spondylosis. Overall, neuropathic pain patients experienced greater benefits from LDN compared to those with other pain diagnoses, indicating a need for trials lasting several weeks to observe analgesic effects.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37337611/.
Dieckmann G, Ozmen MC, Cox SM, Engert RC, Hamrah P. Low-dose naltrexone is effective and well-tolerated for modulating symptoms in patients with neuropathic corneal pain. Ocul Surf. 2021 Apr;20:33-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.12.003. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33450415; PMCID: PMC9009761.

Low-dose naltrexone is effective and well-tolerated for modulating symptoms in patients with neuropathic corneal pain
This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) in treating refractory neuropathic corneal pain (NCP) in 30 patients. After at least four weeks of LDN treatment, patients experienced a significant 49.22% reduction in mean pain scores and improved quality of life, with common side effects including vivid dreams, headaches, and stomachache. The findings suggest that LDN is both effective and well-tolerated for managing NCP.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33450415/.

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