Kisspeptin

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Potential Benefits of Kisspeptin
What is Kisspeptin?
How Kisspeptin Works
Chemical Structure of Kisspeptin
Research on Kisspeptin
Associated Side Effects of Kisspeptin
References

Potential Benefits of Kisspeptin

Increases testosterone levels [1-5]
Lowers the risk of heart disease [6-11]
Boosts immunity [12-14]
Helps lose weight [15-17]
Prevents wrinkles and other signs of skin aging [18]
Prevents cancer [19-26]
Boosts brain power [27-29]
Treats fertility disorders [30-35]

What is Kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin is a peptide (a short chain of amino acids) that is produced by the hypothalamus in the brain. It plays an important role in human reproduction, secretion of aldosterone (regulates water and salt balance), tumor suppression, and kidney function.

How Kisspeptin Works?

Kisspeptin works by binding to a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). This in turn stimulates the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sexual steroids. LH, FSH, and sex steroids act on the gonads to stimulate the production of reproductive cells such as egg cells and sperm cells. By affecting the circulating levels of the hormones LH and FSH, kisspeptin increases testosterone levels.

Chemical Structure of Kisspeptin

Research on Kisspeptin

Increases Testosterone Levels

Kisspeptin has been shown to boost the hormone testosterone, which plays an integral role in reproductive health, bone health, cognitive function, fat distribution, and other vital bodily functions. The testosterone-boosting properties of kisspeptin are backed by a number of studies:

In male volunteers, the administration of an intravenous (IV) infusion of kisspeptin significantly increased blood levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone concentrations compared with saline infusion. [1-2]
In male adult rats, the administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increased blood levels of LH and testosterone. [3-4]
In men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism (low sex hormone), kisspeptin-10 administration increased LH pulse frequency and LH secretion which in turn increased blood levels of testosterone. [5]

Lowers the Risk of Heart Disease

Evidence suggests that kisspeptin has cardioprotective properties:

A study showed that kisspeptin can prevent the development of heart muscle injury. [6]
In hypertensive mice, kisspeptin was found to significantly boost blood flow to the heart. [7]
In human subjects, kisspeptin treatment decreased the risk of heart injury related to decreased blood flow. [8]
A study showed that kisspeptin can help prevent the formation of abnormal plaques within the arteries of the heart. [9]
A study showed that kisspeptin deficiency can cause acute myocardial infarction (AMI). [10]
A study reported that kisspeptin has the potential to prevent the narrowing of the heart arteries. [11]

Boosts Immunity

Kisspeptin also has immune-modulating properties:

A study showed that kisspeptin produced antiviral effects. [12]
In rats, kisspeptin-54 vaccine-treated subjects demonstrated immunity against the Orf virus. [13]
A study reported that kisspeptin has a role in the integration of reproductive and immune functions during pregnancy. [14]

Helps Lose Weight

Studies found that kisspeptin has the potential to promote weight loss:

A study in mammals showed that kisspeptin can help reduce weight by decreasing food intake. [15]
In mice, kisspeptin treatment reduced diet-induced obesity. [16]
A study showed that alteration of kisspeptin may contribute directly or indirectly to human obesity, diabetes, or metabolic dysfunction. [17]

Prevents Wrinkles and other Signs of Skin Aging

A study showed that kisspeptin can be useful in improving UV-induced skin aging by modulating the production of stress-related genes. [18] This suggests that the peptide can be used as a therapeutic option for sun-damaged skin.

Prevents Cancer

The anti-cancer properties of kisspeptin are backed by a convincing number of evidence:

A study showed that kisspeptin could potentially be used as a treatment for urogenital cancers. [19]
A study found that kisspeptin exerts its anti-tumor effects via inhibition of proliferation, migration, and cell invasion. [20]
A study showed that kisspeptin inhibited the progression of colorectal cancer. [21]
A study also showed that kisspeptin treatment inhibited endometrial cancer invasion. [22]
In urothelial carcinoma, kisspeptin prevented the spread of cancer cells into different body parts. [23]
A study showed that kisspeptin enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. [24]
In mice, kisspeptin prevented the spread of cancer cells by affecting their signaling pathways. [25]
In human prostate cancer cells, kisspeptin induced the death of malignant cells. [26]

Boosts Brain Power

Kisspeptin has also been shown to play a role in maintaining optimal brain function:

A study showed that kisspeptin helps regulate emotional processing in the brain. [27]
A study also found that kisspeptin enhances brain activity in response to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men. [28]
A study reported that kisspeptin may aid in sexual and emotional brain processing. [29]

Treats Fertility Disorders

Evidence found that kisspeptin can help boost fertility:

A study reported that kisspeptin can help treat fertility problems by regulating the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). [30]
In mice, kisspeptin signaling is essential for the activation of ovulation. [31]
In rabbits, kisspeptin increased the pregnancy rate by boosting the production of the hormone progesterone. [32]
A study showed that kisspeptin can increase fertility rate by modulating the release of GnRH. [33]
A study showed that kisspeptin maintains normal reproductive function by stimulating GnRH release. [34]
In women, an increased pregnancy rate was found to be associated with the maturation of kisspeptin neurons. [35]

Associated Side Effects of Kisspeptin

Kisspeptin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on kisspeptin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of kisspeptin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with kisspeptin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with kisspeptin may include the following:

Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Headache
Hot flushes
Postural dizziness
Shortened menstrual cycle

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Reference

Dhillo, W. S., Chaudhri, O. B., Patterson, M., Thompson, E. L., Murphy, K. G., Badman, M. K., McGowan, B. M., Amber, V., Patel, S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2005). Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 90(12), 6609–6615. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1468.

Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males

The paper titled “Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males” by Dhillo et al., published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2005, investigates the effects of kisspeptin-54 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in human males.

In this study, the authors examine the impact of kisspeptin-54 on the HPG axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive function. Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide hormone known to stimulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which, in turn, stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.

The paper discusses how kisspeptin-54 administration leads to activation of the HPG axis in human males, providing insights into the potential use of kisspeptin in the regulation and treatment of reproductive disorders.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1468
George, J. T., Veldhuis, J. D., Roseweir, A. K., Newton, C. L., Faccenda, E., Millar, R. P., & Anderson, R. A. (2011). Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 96(8), E1228–E1236. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0089.

Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men

The paper titled “Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men” by George et al., published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2011, investigates the effects of kisspeptin-10 on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and pulse frequency in men.

In this study, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin-10, a specific form of kisspeptin, on the release of LH and the frequency of LH pulses in men. Kisspeptin is known to play a critical role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the control of reproductive function.

The paper discusses how kisspeptin-10 administration leads to a potent stimulation of LH secretion and an increase in LH pulse frequency in men, providing insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0089
Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Thompson, E. L., Patel, S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2006). Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 18(5), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01420.x.

Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats

The paper titled “Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats” by Patterson et al., published in the Journal of Neuroendocrinology in 2006, investigates the effects of administering kisspeptin-54 into specific regions of the hypothalamus on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels in male adult rats.

In this study, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin-54 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in male rats. They examine how the administration of kisspeptin-54 to discrete hypothalamic regions influences LH and testosterone secretion.

The paper discusses how the administration of kisspeptin-54 leads to a potent increase in plasma LH and testosterone levels in male rats, shedding light on the regulatory role of kisspeptin in the HPG axis.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01420.x
Thompson, E. L., Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Smith, K. L., Dhillo, W. S., Todd, J. F., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2004). Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 16(10), 850–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.x.

Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

The paper titled “Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis” by Thompson et al., published in the Journal of Neuroendocrinology in 2004, investigates the effects of both central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

In this study, the authors examine how both central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10, a specific form of kisspeptin, influences the HPG axis. They explore how kisspeptin-10 affects the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and its potential to stimulate the reproductive system.

The paper discusses the findings that both central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 can activate the HPG axis, providing insights into the regulatory role of kisspeptin in reproductive function.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.x
George, J. T., Veldhuis, J. D., Tena-Sempere, M., Millar, R. P., & Anderson, R. A. (2013). Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism. Clinical endocrinology, 79(1), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12103.

Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism

The paper titled “Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism” by George et al., published in Clinical Endocrinology in 2013, investigates the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism, focusing on the effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion.

In this study, the authors explore the potential role of kisspeptin-10 in stimulating testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes who have mild biochemical hypogonadism. They aim to better understand the underlying mechanisms of hypogonadism in this specific population and assess the potential therapeutic effects of kisspeptin-10.

The paper discusses the findings that kisspeptin-10 can stimulate both serum testosterone and LH secretion in these men, suggesting a possible avenue for addressing hypogonadism associated with type 2 diabetes.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12103
Zhang Y, Hou Y, Wang X, et al. The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0179164. Published 2017 Jul 10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179164.

The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats

The paper titled “The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats” by Zhang et al., published in PLoS One in 2017, investigates the effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and the myocardium in rats.

In this study, the authors explore how the administration of kisspeptin-10 impacts serum metabolism and the heart tissue (myocardium) in rats. They examine the potential effects of kisspeptin-10 on metabolic parameters and cardiac function.

The paper discusses the findings related to the influence of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and its potential implications for cardiovascular health in rats.

This research contributes to our understanding of the physiological effects of kisspeptin-10 beyond its well-known role in reproductive regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179164
Sawyer I, Smillie SJ, Bodkin JV, Fernandes E, O’Byrne KT, Brain SD. The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e14671. Published 2011 Feb 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014671.

The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature

The paper titled “The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature” by Sawyer et al., published in PLoS One in 2011, explores the vasoactive effects of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature.

In this study, the authors investigate the potential of kisspeptin-10 to influence the blood vessels in the peripheral vasculature. They examine the vasoactive properties of kisspeptin-10, which means its ability to affect blood vessel constriction or dilation.

The paper discusses the findings related to the vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 and its potential implications for cardiovascular function.

This research provides insights into the broader physiological effects of kisspeptin-10 beyond its role in reproductive regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014671
Maguire JJ, Kirby HR, Mead EJ, Kuc RE, d’Anglemont de Tassigny X, Colledge WH, et al. (2011) Inotropic Action of the Puberty Hormone Kisspeptin in Rat, Mouse and Human: Cardiovascular Distribution and Characteristics of the Kisspeptin Receptor. PLoS ONE 6(11): e27601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027601.

Inotropic action of the puberty hormone kisspeptin in rat, mouse and human: cardiovascular distribution and characteristics of the kisspeptin receptor

The paper titled “Inotropic Action of the Puberty Hormone Kisspeptin in Rat, Mouse, and Human: Cardiovascular Distribution and Characteristics of the Kisspeptin Receptor” by Maguire et al., published in PLoS ONE in 2011, investigates the inotropic (contractile force) effects of kisspeptin in the cardiovascular system of rats, mice, and humans.

In this study, the authors examine the impact of kisspeptin on the contractility of the heart and the distribution and characteristics of kisspeptin receptors in the cardiovascular system. Kisspeptin is primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, particularly during puberty.

The paper discusses the findings related to the inotropic action of kisspeptin and the presence of kisspeptin receptors in the cardiovascular system, shedding light on the potential cardiovascular effects of this hormone.

This research contributes to our understanding of the broader physiological functions of kisspeptin beyond its role in reproductive regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027601
Available from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.117.005790.
Shojaei, M., Erfanian, S., Sotoodeh Jahromi, A., Yusefi, N., Madani, A., Khoshfetrat, M., & Hojjat-Farsangi, M. (2018). Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(3), 2111-2118. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v5i3.424.

Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals

The paper titled “Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals” by Shojaei et al., published in Biomedical Research and Therapy in 2018, investigates the serum levels of kisspeptin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to healthy individuals.

In this study, the authors examine the levels of kisspeptin, a hormone primarily associated with the regulation of reproductive function, in AMI patients and healthy individuals. They aim to understand whether there is any association between kisspeptin levels and AMI, a condition characterized by a heart attack due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle.

The paper discusses the findings related to the serum levels of kisspeptin in AMI patients and healthy individuals, providing insights into the potential role of kisspeptin in cardiovascular health.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v5i3.424
Emma J. Mead, Janet J. Maguire, Rhoda E. Kuc, Anthony P. Davenport, Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels, Endocrinology, Volume 148, Issue 1, 1 January 2007, Pages 140–147, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0818.

Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels

The paper titled “Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels” by Mead et al., published in Endocrinology in January 2007, investigates the vasoconstrictor effects of kisspeptins in humans and the localization of their receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), in blood vessels prone to atherosclerosis.

In this study, the authors explore the vasoconstrictor properties of kisspeptins, which are known primarily for their role in reproductive regulation. They investigate how kisspeptins affect blood vessel constriction in humans. Additionally, the paper discusses the localization of the kisspeptin receptor GPR54 in blood vessels that are susceptible to atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0818
Huang H, Xiong Q, Wang N, et al. Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity. Sci Adv. 2018;4(8):eaas9784. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aas9784.

Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity

The paper titled “Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity” by Huang et al., published in Science Advances in August 2018, investigates the role of kisspeptin and its receptor G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) in modulating the antiviral innate immune response through the regulation of calcineurin phosphatase activity.

In this study, the authors explore how kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling influences the body’s innate immune response to viral infections. They examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between kisspeptin/GPR54 and calcineurin phosphatase, a key regulator of immune response pathways.

The paper discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts the antiviral innate immune response by regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aas9784
Wassie, T., Fanmei, Z., Jiang, X. et al. Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats. Sci Rep 9, 16262 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52744-y.

Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats

The paper titled “Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats” by Wassie et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2019, describes a study that investigates the immune response and effects of a recombinant DNA vaccine containing B2L and kisspeptin-54 on orf virus infection and spermatogenesis in rats.

In this study, the authors explore the potential of a DNA vaccine containing B2L and kisspeptin-54 to induce immunity against orf virus, which is a contagious skin disease in sheep and goats, and its impact on spermatogenesis in rats. Kisspeptin-54 is a hormone primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function.

The paper discusses the findings that suggest the vaccine induces immunity against orf virus and inhibits spermatogenesis in rats, indicating potential applications in both immunization against the virus and reproductive control.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52744-y
Gorbunova, O. L., & Shirshev, S. V. (2020). Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia, 85(8), 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920080015.

Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions

The paper titled “Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions” by Gorbunova and Shirshev, published in Biochemistry (Biokhimiia) in 2020, explores the role of kisspeptin in the regulation of both reproductive and immune responses.

In this review article, the authors discuss the multifaceted functions of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide that is primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function. They delve into the involvement of kisspeptin in various physiological processes, including its impact on the immune system.

The paper provides insights into the potential interactions between kisspeptin and the immune system, shedding light on the intricate cross-talk between reproductive and immune responses.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920080015
Wolfe A, Hussain MA. The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:184. Published 2018 Apr 24. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00184.

The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals

The paper titled “The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals” by Wolfe and Hussain, published in Frontiers in Endocrinology in 2018, discusses the emerging roles of kisspeptin in metabolism in mammals.

In this review article, the authors explore the evolving understanding of how kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily associated with reproductive regulation, may also play roles in metabolic processes. They examine the potential influence of kisspeptin on various aspects of metabolism, including energy balance and glucose homeostasis.

The paper discusses the evidence and mechanisms supporting the idea that kisspeptin may have broader functions beyond reproduction and could impact metabolic regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00184
Janette H. Quennell, Christopher S. Howell, Juan Roa, Rachael A. Augustine, David R. Grattan, Greg M. Anderson, Leptin Deficiency and Diet-Induced Obesity Reduce Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression in Mice, Endocrinology, Volume 152, Issue 4, 1 April 2011, Pages 1541–1550, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1100.

Leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity reduce hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in mice

The paper titled “Leptin Deficiency and Diet-Induced Obesity Reduce Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression in Mice” by Quennell et al., published in Endocrinology in April 2011, investigates the impact of leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity on hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in mice.

In this study, the authors examine how two different factors, leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity, affect the expression of kisspeptin in the hypothalamus of mice. Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide known for its role in regulating reproductive function.

The paper discusses the findings that both leptin deficiency and obesity lead to a reduction in hypothalamic kisspeptin expression. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that plays a crucial role in regulating appetite and metabolism.

These findings suggest that disturbances in leptin signaling and obesity can impact the regulation of kisspeptin in the hypothalamus, potentially influencing reproductive function.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1100
Available from https://www.jci.org/articles/view/71075.
Lee, Kyung-Eun & Jeong, Sugyeong & Yun, Seok & Kyung, Seoyeon & Sophie, Abadie & Moh, Sang Hyun & Seo, Hyo & Park, Myeong & Kang, Seunghyun & Yeo, Hyeonju. (2020). Synthesis of Kisspeptin-Mimicking Fragments and Investigation of their Skin Anti-Aging Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21. 8439. 10.3390/ijms21228439.

Synthesis of Kisspeptin-Mimicking Fragments and Investigation of their Skin Anti-Aging Effects

The paper titled “Synthesis of Kisspeptin-Mimicking Fragments and Investigation of their Skin Anti-Aging Effects” by Lee et al., published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2020, describes a study involving the synthesis of kisspeptin-mimicking fragments and the examination of their potential anti-aging effects on the skin.

In this research, the authors investigate the creation of peptide fragments that mimic the structure or function of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function. These kisspeptin-mimicking fragments are then examined for their impact on skin aging.

The paper discusses the findings related to the potential anti-aging effects of these synthesized fragments on the skin.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228439
Wahab, F., Atika, B., Shahab, M. et al. Kisspeptin signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of the urogenital system. Nat Rev Urol 13, 21–32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2015.277.

Kisspeptin signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of the urogenital system

The paper titled “Kisspeptin Signaling in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Urogenital System” by Wahab et al., published in Nature Reviews Urology in 2016, explores the role of kisspeptin signaling in the normal functioning and potential disorders of the urogenital system.

In this review article, the authors delve into the physiological functions of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, in the context of the urogenital system. They examine how kisspeptin signaling influences various aspects of urogenital health and function.

The paper discusses the potential implications of kisspeptin signaling in both normal urogenital physiology and the development of urogenital disorders.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2015.277
Ciaramella V, Della Corte CM, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F. Kisspeptin and Cancer: Molecular Interaction, Biological Functions, and Future Perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:115. Published 2018 Mar 27. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00115.

Kisspeptin and Cancer: Molecular Interaction, Biological Functions, and Future Perspectives

The paper titled “Kisspeptin and Cancer: Molecular Interaction, Biological Functions, and Future Perspectives” by Ciaramella et al., published in Frontiers in Endocrinology in 2018, explores the molecular interactions, biological functions, and potential future perspectives regarding kisspeptin in the context of cancer.

In this review article, the authors investigate the relationship between kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, and cancer. They delve into the molecular interactions between kisspeptin and various cancer types, as well as the potential biological functions and clinical implications.

The paper discusses the potential roles of kisspeptin in cancer progression, therapy, and prognosis, providing insights into the complex interplay between kisspeptin signaling and cancer biology.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00115
Kim JN, Kim TH, Yoon JH, Cho SG. Kisspeptin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Activating PKR and PP2A. Anticancer Res. 2018 Oct;38(10):5791-5798. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.12918. PMID: 30275201.

Kisspeptin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Activating PKR and PP2A. Anticancer Res

The study titled “Kisspeptin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Activating PKR and PP2A” by Kim et al., published in Anticancer Research in October 2018, investigates the effects of kisspeptin on colorectal cancer cell invasiveness and the molecular mechanisms involved.

In this research, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on the invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells. They examine the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which kisspeptin exerts its inhibitory effects on cancer cell invasion.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin can inhibit the invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells by activating protein kinase R (PKR) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

Read the full article https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/10/5791.short
Schmidt E, Haase M, Ziegler E, Emons G, Gründker C. Kisspeptin-10 inhibits stromal-derived factor 1-induced invasion of human endometrial cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014 Feb;24(2):210-7. doi: 10.1097/IGC.0000000000000050. PMID: 24407584.

Kisspeptin-10 inhibits stromal-derived factor 1-induced invasion of human endometrial cancer cells

The study titled “Kisspeptin-10 inhibits stromal-derived factor 1-induced invasion of human endometrial cancer cells” by Schmidt et al., published in the International Journal of Gynecological Cancer in February 2014, investigates the inhibitory effects of kisspeptin-10 on the invasion of human endometrial cancer cells induced by stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1).

In this research, the authors explore the potential anti-invasive properties of kisspeptin-10, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on endometrial cancer cells. They specifically focus on the inhibitory effects of kisspeptin-10 on SDF-1-induced invasion, which is a key process in cancer metastasis.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin-10 can inhibit the invasion of human endometrial cancer cells that are stimulated by SDF-1.

Read the full article https://search.proquest.com/openview/f8f6814acde925f36e6a88c1f918b482/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=5161120
Takeda T, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Suzuki E, Matsumoto K, Miyajima A, Okada Y, Oya M. Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Apr;11(4):853-63. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0521. Epub 2012 Feb 24. PMID: 22367780.

Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma

The study titled “Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma” by Takeda et al., published in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics in April 2012, investigates the prognostic role of KiSS-1 and the potential therapeutic applications of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma.

In this research, the authors examine the significance of KiSS-1, a gene known for its role in regulating metastasis and associated with the production of metastin, in the prognosis of urothelial carcinoma. They also explore the therapeutic potential of metastin in the context of this cancer.

The study discusses the findings related to the prognostic role of KiSS-1 and the possibility of using metastin as a therapeutic modality in urothelial carcinoma.

Read the full article https://aacrjournals.org/mct/article-abstract/11/4/853/91210
Wang H, Jones J, Turner T, et al. Clinical and biological significance of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer. Am J Pathol. 2012;180(3):1170-1178. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.020.

The paper titled “Clinical and Biological Significance of KISS1 Expression in Prostate Cancer” by Wang et al., published in the American Journal of Pathology in 2012, explores the clinical and biological significance of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer.

In this study, the authors investigate the importance of KISS1, a gene associated with the production of metastin, in the context of prostate cancer. They examine both the clinical relevance and the biological implications of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer.

The paper discusses the findings that shed light on the clinical and biological significance of KISS1 in prostate cancer, potentially contributing to our understanding of the disease and its molecular mechanisms.

This research provides insights into the role of KISS1 in prostate cancer, which may have implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic strategies.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.020
Kim, T., & Kim, T. (2017). Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 7585-7590. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7578.

Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2

The paper titled “Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2” by Kim and Kim, published in Molecular Medicine Reports in 2017, investigates the inhibitory effects of kisspeptin on cancer growth and metastasis and explores the involvement of EIF2AK2 in this process.

In this research, the authors explore the potential anti-cancer properties of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function. They specifically focus on how kisspeptin can inhibit cancer growth and metastasis and investigate the role of EIF2AK2 in mediating these effects.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin can exert inhibitory effects on cancer growth and metastasis, and these effects may be mediated through the activation of EIF2AK2.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7578
Available from https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/69/17/7062.
Comninos AN, Wall MB, Demetriou L, et al. Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(2):709-719. doi:10.1172/JCI89519.

Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans

The study titled “Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans” by Comninos et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 2017, investigates the impact of kisspeptin on sexual and emotional brain processing in humans.

In this research, the authors explore the effects of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on brain activity related to sexual and emotional processing. They use neuroimaging techniques to examine how the administration of kisspeptin influences neural responses in these areas.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin can modulate brain processing associated with both sexual and emotional stimuli in humans.

This research provides insights into the potential neuromodulatory effects of kisspeptin on human brain function and its relevance to sexual and emotional responses.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI89519
Yang L, Demetriou L, Wall MB, et al. Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men. JCI Insight. 2020;5(3):e133633. Published 2020 Feb 13. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.133633.

Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men

The study titled “Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men” by Yang et al., published in JCI Insight in 2020, investigates how kisspeptin affects brain responses to olfactory (smell) and visual cues of attraction in men.

In this research, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on brain activity related to attraction cues. They use neuroimaging techniques to examine how the administration of kisspeptin influences neural responses to both olfactory and visual cues associated with attraction.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin enhances brain responses to these attraction-related cues in men.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.133633
Available from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/481137#.
Clarke H, Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN. Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015;30(2):124-141. doi:10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.124.

Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders

The comprehensive review titled “Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders” by Clarke, Dhillo, and Jayasena, published in the journal Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2015, provides an in-depth examination of kisspeptin and its involvement in various reproductive disorders.

In this review article, the authors cover various aspects of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide known for its crucial role in regulating reproductive function. They explore its functions in the reproductive axis, including its effects on the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads. Additionally, the review delves into how kisspeptin dysregulation can contribute to different reproductive disorders.

The paper discusses the potential clinical applications of kisspeptin in the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders, shedding light on the therapeutic possibilities associated with modulating kisspeptin signaling.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.124
Available from https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/35/8691.
Maranesi, M., Petrucci, L., Leonardi, L. et al. Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea: presence and function. Sci Rep 9, 5044 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41623-1.

Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea: presence and function

The study titled “Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea: presence and function” by Maranesi et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2019, investigates the presence and function of the kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in the corpora lutea of pseudopregnant rabbits.

In this research, the authors explore the involvement of the kisspeptin system in the corpora lutea during pseudopregnancy, a physiological state resembling pregnancy. They examine the presence of kisspeptin and its receptor in the corpora lutea and investigate their functional roles.

The study discusses the findings that suggest the presence of the kisspeptin system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea and its potential role in regulating luteal function during this reproductive state.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41623-1
León, S., Barroso, A., Vázquez, M. et al. Direct Actions of Kisspeptins on GnRH Neurons Permit Attainment of Fertility but are Insufficient to Fully Preserve Gonadotropic Axis Activity. Sci Rep 6, 19206 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19206.

Direct Actions of Kisspeptins on GnRH Neurons Permit Attainment of Fertility but are Insufficient to Fully Preserve Gonadotropic Axis Activity

The study titled “Direct Actions of Kisspeptins on GnRH Neurons Permit Attainment of Fertility but are Insufficient to Fully Preserve Gonadotropic Axis Activity” by León et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2016, investigates the direct actions of kisspeptins on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and their role in fertility attainment while assessing their limitations in fully preserving gonadotropic axis activity.

In this research, the authors explore the direct effects of kisspeptins on GnRH neurons, which play a crucial role in regulating the reproductive axis. They examine how kisspeptin influences fertility and the gonadotropic axis, which controls the secretion of sex hormones.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptins have direct actions on GnRH neurons that enable fertility attainment. However, they may not be sufficient to fully preserve the activity of the gonadotropic axis, indicating the complexity of the regulatory mechanisms involved.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19206
Available from https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiol.00009.2010.
Tng EL. Kisspeptin signalling and its roles in humans. Singapore Med J. 2015;56(12):649-656. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015183.

Kisspeptin Signaling and Its Roles in Humans

The article “Kisspeptin Signaling and Its Roles in Humans” by Tng EL, published in the Singapore Medical Journal in 2015, provides a comprehensive overview of kisspeptin signaling in humans. It discusses the mechanisms and pathways involved in kisspeptin signaling, emphasizing its crucial role in regulating reproductive function through the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and its influence on sexual development, puberty initiation, menstrual cycles, and fertility in women. Additionally, the article touches upon the potential clinical applications of kisspeptin, making it a valuable resource for understanding the multifaceted roles of kisspeptin in human physiology.

Read the full article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4678402/

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