Kisspeptin

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Overall Health Benefits of Kisspeptin

Kisspeptin benefits include regulating reproductive hormone release, enhancing fertility, and potentially improving sexual behavior by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Additionally, it may play a role in energy balance and puberty onset.

Increases testosterone levels [1-5]
Lowers the risk of heart disease [6-11]
Boosts immunity [12-14]
Helps lose weight [15-17]
Prevents wrinkles and other signs of skin aging [18]
Prevents cancer [19-26]
Boosts brain power [27-29]
Treats fertility disorders [30-35]

Key Takeaways

Regulates Reproductive Hormones: Kisspeptin is crucial for controlling the release of hormones involved in reproduction, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Enhances Fertility: By stimulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, kisspeptin plays a vital role in enhancing fertility in both males and females.
Influences Puberty Onset: Kisspeptin is essential for the proper timing of puberty, as it helps trigger the hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturation.
Potential Role in Sexual Behavior: Research suggests kisspeptin may influence sexual motivation and behavior through its action on the brain’s reproductive centers.
Involvement in Energy Balance: Kisspeptin may also be involved in the regulation of energy balance and metabolism, linking reproductive function with nutritional status.

What is Kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin is a peptide (a short chain of amino acids) that is produced by the hypothalamus in the brain. It plays an important role in human reproduction, secretion of aldosterone (regulates water and salt balance), tumor suppression, and kidney function.

How Kisspeptin Works

Kisspeptin works by binding to a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). This in turn stimulates the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sexual steroids. LH, FSH, and sex steroids act on the gonads to stimulate the production of reproductive cells such as egg cells and sperm cells. By affecting the circulating levels of the hormones LH and FSH, kisspeptin increases testosterone levels.

Chemical Structure of Kisspeptin

Research on Kisspeptin

A. Increases Testosterone Levels

IMG
Kisspeptin has been shown to boost the hormone testosterone, which plays an integral role in reproductive health, bone health, cognitive function, fat distribution, and other vital bodily functions. The testosterone-boosting properties of kisspeptin are backed by a number of studies:

In male volunteers, the administration of an intravenous (IV) infusion of kisspeptin significantly increased blood levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone concentrations compared with saline infusion. [1-2]
In male adult rats, the administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increased blood levels of LH and testosterone. [3-4]
In men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism (low sex hormone), kisspeptin-10 administration increased LH pulse frequency and LH secretion which in turn increased blood levels of testosterone. [5]

B. Lowers the Risk of Heart Disease

Evidence suggests that kisspeptin has cardioprotective properties:

A study showed that kisspeptin can prevent the development of heart muscle injury. [6]
In hypertensive mice, kisspeptin was found to significantly boost blood flow to the heart. [7]
In human subjects, kisspeptin treatment decreased the risk of heart injury related to decreased blood flow. [8]
A study showed that kisspeptin can help prevent the formation of abnormal plaques within the arteries of the heart. [9]
A study showed that kisspeptin deficiency can cause acute myocardial infarction (AMI). [10]
A study reported that kisspeptin has the potential to prevent the narrowing of the heart arteries. [11]

C. Boosts Immunity

Kisspeptin also has immune-modulating properties:

A study showed that kisspeptin produced antiviral effects. [12]
In rats, kisspeptin-54 vaccine-treated subjects demonstrated immunity against the Orf virus. [13]
A study reported that kisspeptin has a role in the integration of reproductive and immune functions during pregnancy. [14]

D. Helps Lose Weight

Studies found that kisspeptin has the potential to promote weight loss:

A study in mammals showed that kisspeptin can help reduce weight by decreasing food intake. [15]
In mice, kisspeptin treatment reduced diet-induced obesity. [16]
A study showed that alteration of kisspeptin may contribute directly or indirectly to human obesity, diabetes, or metabolic dysfunction. [17]

E. Prevents Wrinkles and Other Signs of Skin Aging

A study showed that kisspeptin can be useful in improving UV-induced skin aging by modulating the production of stress-related genes. [18] This suggests that the peptide can be used as a therapeutic option for sun-damaged skin.

F. Prevents Cancer

The anti-cancer properties of kisspeptin are backed by a convincing number of evidence:

A study showed that kisspeptin could potentially be used as a treatment for urogenital cancers. [19]
A study found that kisspeptin exerts its anti-tumor effects via inhibition of proliferation, migration, and cell invasion. [20]
A study showed that kisspeptin inhibited the progression of colorectal cancer. [21]
A study also showed that kisspeptin treatment inhibited endometrial cancer invasion. [22]
In urothelial carcinoma, kisspeptin prevented the spread of cancer cells into different body parts. [23]
A study showed that kisspeptin enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. [24]
In mice, kisspeptin prevented the spread of cancer cells by affecting their signaling pathways. [25]
In human prostate cancer cells, kisspeptin induced the death of malignant cells. [26]

G. Boosts Brain Power

Kisspeptin has also been shown to play a role in maintaining optimal brain function:

A study showed that kisspeptin helps regulate emotional processing in the brain. [27]
A study also found that kisspeptin enhances brain activity in response to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men. [28]
A study reported that kisspeptin may aid in sexual and emotional brain processing. [29]

H. Treats Fertility Disorders

Evidence found that kisspeptin can help boost fertility:

A study reported that kisspeptin can help treat fertility problems by regulating the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). [30]
In mice, kisspeptin signaling is essential for the activation of ovulation. [31]
In rabbits, kisspeptin increased the pregnancy rate by boosting the production of the hormone progesterone. [32]
A study showed that kisspeptin can increase fertility rate by modulating the release of GnRH. [33]
A study showed that kisspeptin maintains normal reproductive function by stimulating GnRH release. [34]
In women, an increased pregnancy rate was found to be associated with the maturation of kisspeptin neurons. [35]

What is Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism?

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a medical condition characterized by low levels of sex hormones due to inadequate secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland. Gonadotropins, namely luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), are essential for stimulating the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) to produce sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen. In individuals with HH, the hypothalamus or pituitary gland fails to produce enough of these stimulating hormones, leading to insufficient sex hormone production and impaired reproductive function. Reduced plasma concentrations of LH and FSH are typical markers of HH, reflecting the underlying hormonal deficiency.

The causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be congenital or acquired. Congenital HH may result from genetic mutations affecting the development or function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, while acquired HH can stem from various factors such as tumors, infections, trauma, or chronic systemic illnesses that disrupt normal hormone production. Symptoms of HH can include delayed or absent puberty, infertility, decreased libido, and in some cases, other hormone-related issues like osteoporosis and muscle weakness. Acquired HH can lead to significant alterations in plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones, exacerbating these symptoms.

Diagnosis of HH involves a combination of clinical evaluation, hormone testing, and imaging studies to identify the underlying cause and assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Treatment typically focuses on hormone replacement therapy to restore normal levels of sex hormones, which can help alleviate symptoms and improve reproductive health. In some cases, addressing the underlying cause, such as removing a tumor or treating an infection, can also help restore normal hormone production and function. Plasma concentrations

Kisspeptin Supplement

Kisspeptin supplements are gaining interest due to their potential to enhance reproductive health and fertility. Kisspeptin, a peptide hormone, plays a crucial role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which controls the release of reproductive hormones. By stimulating the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), kisspeptin can lead to significant increases in the function of the reproductive system, making it a promising supplement for those experiencing fertility issues.

In addition to its impact on fertility, kisspeptin supplements may also influence the onset of puberty and sexual behavior. Kisspeptin is integral in the initiation of puberty, as it triggers the hormonal cascade that leads to sexual maturation. Furthermore, emerging research suggests that kisspeptin can enhance sexual motivation and behavior by acting on specific areas of the brain. This makes kisspeptin supplementation a potential option for individuals looking to address issues related to delayed puberty or low sexual drive.

Moreover, kisspeptin supplements might play a role in maintaining energy balance and metabolism, leading to significant increases. Kisspeptin links reproductive function with nutritional status, suggesting that it could help regulate body weight and energy levels, potentially leading to significant increases. This connection highlights the potential broader applications of kisspeptin supplements beyond reproductive health, making them an intriguing area of study for overall wellness and metabolic health, potentially leading to significant increases.

What is Neurokinin B?

Neurokinin B (NKB) is a neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, which includes other neuropeptides such as substance P and neurokinin A. These neuropeptides are characterized by their ability to bind to neurokinin receptors, influencing various physiological processes. NKB is primarily produced in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating hormonal and autonomic functions. The peptide is encoded by the TAC3 gene, and it exerts its effects by binding to the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R). NKB is involved in the modulation of reproductive function, including the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and subsequent serum FSH levels, essential for normal reproductive function

One of the key functions of Neurokinin B is its involvement in the regulation of the reproductive system. NKB, along with its receptor NK3R, plays a critical role in controlling the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, thereby influencing the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis. GnRH, in turn, regulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland, both of which are essential for normal reproductive function. Studies have shown that mutations in the TAC3 or TACR3 genes, which encode NKB and NK3R respectively, can lead to disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, characterized by delayed or absent puberty and infertility, impacting the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis.

Beyond its role in reproduction, Neurokinin B is also implicated in other physiological processes, including thermoregulation and stress responses. It has been found to contribute to the modulation of body temperature and may be involved in the generation of hot flashes in menopausal women. Additionally, NKB is thought to play a part in the body’s response to stress by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This broad range of functions highlights the importance of Neurokinin B in maintaining various aspects of homeostasis and underscores its potential as a therapeutic target for treating reproductive and stress-related disorders.

Kisspeptin Buy

Kisspeptin, a naturally occurring peptide, has garnered significant interest in the scientific and medical communities for its role in regulating reproductive hormones and enhancing fertility. Due to its critical functions, there has been an increasing demand for kisspeptin in both research and clinical settings. Individuals or institutions interested in purchasing kisspeptin can find it available through specialized biotech companies that supply high-quality peptides for scientific research. These companies often provide various forms of kisspeptin, including synthetic versions that mimic the naturally occurring peptide.

When buying kisspeptin, it is essential to ensure that the product meets rigorous standards of purity and quality. Reputable suppliers typically provide detailed product information, including purity levels, source, and recommended storage conditions, to ensure the peptide’s stability and effectiveness. Researchers and clinicians should look for suppliers with a proven track record and positive reviews from the scientific community. Additionally, it is crucial to verify that the supplier complies with all relevant regulations and guidelines to guarantee the safety and efficacy of the kisspeptin being purchased. Understanding the role of the hypothalamic gnrh clock in peptide function can also provide valuable insights into its therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms.

Purchasing kisspeptin receptor for research purposes requires careful consideration of the intended use, whether for in vitro studies, animal models, or potential clinical applications. As the kisspeptin receptor peptide plays a significant role in reproductive health and other physiological processes, proper handling and usage protocols must be followed to ensure reliable results. Researchers should consult with experts and review current literature to understand the best practices for using kisspeptin receptor in their specific studies. By taking these steps, buyers can maximize the potential benefits of kisspeptin receptor in advancing scientific knowledge and improving clinical outcomes in reproductive health.

Kisspeptin Dosage

Determining the optimal dosage of kisspeptin for therapeutic purposes is a complex process that depends on the intended use and individual patient characteristics. In clinical studies, varying doses have been administered to evaluate kisspeptin’s effects on reproductive health, fertility, and other physiological functions. Researchers typically start with low doses to assess safety and tolerance, gradually increasing the dosage to observe its efficacy and potential side effects. This cautious approach helps establish a safe and effective range for different applications. The posterior cingulate cortex plays a crucial role in integrating information from various brain regions, influencing cognitive functions such as memory retrieval and emotional processing.

For fertility treatments, kisspeptin dosages must be precisely calibrated to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis without causing adverse effects such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Studies have shown that a single injection or a series of injections of kisspeptin can effectively trigger ovulation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. The exact dosage and frequency of administration are tailored to each patient, based on factors such as age, hormone levels, and overall health, ensuring optimal outcomes while minimizing risks.

Beyond fertility, kisspeptin dosages are also being explored for their potential roles in treating conditions related to puberty onset and energy balance. For instance, administering kisspeptin to individuals with delayed puberty may help initiate the hormonal changes necessary for sexual maturation. Similarly, research into kisspeptin’s influence on metabolic functions could lead to novel treatments for metabolic disorders. As ongoing studies continue to refine our understanding of kisspeptin’s pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, more precise dosage guidelines will emerge, enhancing its therapeutic potential across various medical fields.

Kisspeptin Peptide

Kisspeptin peptide, a critical regulator of reproductive physiology, is primarily known for its role in initiating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This action triggers a cascade of hormonal events that are essential for sexual development and fertility. Discovered relatively recently, kisspeptin has quickly become a focal point of reproductive biology due to its profound impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, influencing the secretion of key hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Beyond its pivotal role in reproductive hormone regulation, kisspeptin is also integral to the timing of puberty. It acts as a signaling molecule that helps initiate puberty by activating the HPG axis, leading to the production of sex steroids that drive physical and reproductive maturation. This peptide’s ability to synchronize the onset of puberty with an individual’s developmental stage underscores its importance in normal human growth and development. Moreover, disruptions in kisspeptin signaling have been linked to disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which can result in delayed or absent puberty.

Recent studies have explored additional roles of kisspeptin, including its potential influence on sexual behavior and energy balance. Evidence suggests that kisspeptin may enhance sexual motivation by acting on brain regions involved in reproductive and emotional responses. Furthermore, there is growing interest in understanding how kisspeptin interacts with metabolic processes, as it appears to link nutritional status with reproductive function. This multifaceted peptide continues to be a promising area of research, offering potential therapeutic targets for reproductive and metabolic disorders.

What is Kisspeptin 10?

Kisspeptin 10 is a specific peptide derived from the larger protein kisspeptin, which is encoded by the KISS1 gene. Comprising just ten amino acids, this potent fragment retains the biological activity necessary to regulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. By binding to the G-protein coupled receptor GPR54, kisspeptin 10 effectively initiates a cascade of hormonal signals that are essential for the activation of the reproductive endocrine axis.

One of the primary roles of kisspeptin 10 is in the modulation of puberty and fertility. By stimulating GnRH release, it subsequently influences the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. These hormones are crucial for the development of the gonads and the regulation of reproductive functions. As such, kisspeptin 10 is a key player in ensuring the proper functioning of the reproductive system from the onset of puberty through adulthood.

Beyond its reproductive functions, kisspeptin 10 has also been implicated in various physiological processes, including metabolic regulation and the potential modulation of sexual behavior. Its role in linking energy balance with reproductive capability highlights the intricate connections between different bodily systems. Research into kisspeptin 10 continues to uncover its broader implications, offering insights into how this small peptide exerts significant influence over complex biological processes.

Kisspeptin Injection

Kisspeptin injection is an emerging area of research with promising implications for reproductive health. By directly administering kisspeptin, scientists aim to harness its natural role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thereby improving fertility treatments. In clinical studies, kisspeptin injections have successfully induced the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to a cascade of hormonal events that are essential for ovulation and spermatogenesis. This approach offers a potential alternative to conventional fertility therapies, which often involve complex and less physiological interventions.

The benefits of kisspeptin injections extend beyond fertility enhancement. Recent research suggests that kisspeptin can also modulate sexual behavior and mood, providing a broader therapeutic scope. For individuals experiencing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism—a condition characterized by low levels of sex hormones due to inadequate GnRH secretion—kisspeptin injections could restore normal reproductive function. Additionally, the precise control over hormone release afforded by kisspeptin administration may reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a significant complication of some fertility treatments.

Despite the promising potential, kisspeptin injections are still largely in the experimental stage, and more research is needed to fully understand their long-term effects and optimal dosing strategies. Early clinical trials have shown encouraging results, but larger, more diverse studies are necessary to confirm these findings and ensure safety across different populations. As our understanding of kisspeptin’s mechanisms deepens, its therapeutic applications could expand, offering new hope for individuals facing reproductive and hormonal challenges.

How to Increase Kisspeptin

Increasing kisspeptin levels can be approached through various lifestyle and medical interventions. One of the most natural methods is through maintaining a balanced diet and healthy weight. Nutritional status and body fat play significant roles in regulating reproductive hormones, including kisspeptin. Consuming a diet rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats can support hormonal balance. Additionally, avoiding extreme dieting or excessive weight gain can help maintain optimal kisspeptin levels, as both undernutrition and obesity can negatively affect hormone regulation.

Exercise also plays a crucial role in enhancing kisspeptin levels. Regular physical activity can improve overall metabolic health, which is closely linked to hormonal balance. Moderate exercise, such as walking, jogging, or cycling, can help regulate body weight and reduce stress, both of which can positively influence kisspeptin production. It’s important to note that while moderate exercise is beneficial, excessive or intense physical activity without adequate recovery may have the opposite effect, potentially disrupting hormonal balance and kisspeptin levels.

For individuals with specific reproductive health concerns, medical interventions may be necessary to increase kisspeptin levels. This can include hormone therapy or the use of kisspeptin analogs, which are synthetic versions of the hormone. These treatments are typically overseen by healthcare professionals and tailored to the individual’s specific needs. For instance, in cases of infertility or delayed puberty, targeted therapies can help stimulate the production and release of reproductive hormones, thereby enhancing kisspeptin activity. Consulting with a healthcare provider is essential for those considering medical treatments to ensure safe and effective management of hormone levels.

Kisspeptin Therapy

Kisspeptin therapy represents an exciting frontier in reproductive health and endocrinology. Kisspeptin, a naturally occurring peptide, plays a crucial role in initiating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the production of other reproductive hormones. By targeting this key regulator, kisspeptin therapy has the potential to treat a variety of reproductive disorders, such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism—a condition characterized by low levels of sex hormones due to inadequate GnRH secretion. This therapy could offer a more targeted approach compared to traditional hormone treatments, potentially leading to fewer side effects and improved patient outcomes.

One of the most promising applications of kisspeptin therapy is in the treatment of infertility. For individuals struggling with fertility issues, kisspeptin can be used to stimulate ovulation in women and enhance sperm production in men. Clinical trials have demonstrated that kisspeptin can safely and effectively induce ovulation, even in women with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which often makes ovulation induction challenging. By harnessing the body’s natural hormone pathways, kisspeptin therapy offers a novel approach that could complement or even replace existing fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Beyond its applications in fertility, kisspeptin therapy is also being explored for its potential benefits in managing puberty disorders. Conditions such as delayed or precocious puberty can have significant physical and psychological impacts on affected individuals. Kisspeptin therapy might help regulate the timing of puberty by addressing the underlying hormonal imbalances. Additionally, emerging research suggests that kisspeptin might play a role in regulating metabolic processes, opening the door to potential treatments for metabolic disorders linked to reproductive health. As research continues, kisspeptin therapy holds promise for transforming how we approach a range of conditions related to reproductive and hormonal health.

Kisspeptin for Men

Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in reproductive function, holds promise in enhancing male fertility and treating related disorders. In men, kisspeptin acts by stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This, in turn, triggers the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland, which are essential for spermatogenesis and testosterone production. Research suggests that exogenous administration of kisspeptin may offer a potential therapeutic approach for men with infertility due to hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction, where kisspeptin can bypass upstream deficiencies and directly stimulate gonadotropin release.

Beyond fertility, kisspeptin’s influence extends to sexual behavior and overall reproductive health in men. Studies indicate that kisspeptin receptors are widely distributed in brain regions involved in sexual arousal and behavior regulation. By modulating these pathways, kisspeptin may enhance libido and improve sexual function, offering a novel avenue for addressing certain aspects of male sexual dysfunction. Moreover, kisspeptin’s role in the regulation of testosterone secretion underscores its potential application in treating conditions associated with testosterone deficiency, such as hypogonadism.

While research into kisspeptin’s specific therapeutic applications for men is ongoing, its ability to finely regulate reproductive hormone pathways suggests promising avenues for future clinical interventions. Continued exploration of kisspeptin’s effects on male reproductive health could lead to advancements in fertility treatments and therapies for sexual disorders, potentially offering new hope for individuals facing challenges in these areas.

Kisspeptin Side Effects

Kisspeptin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on kisspeptin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of kisspeptin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with kisspeptin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with kisspeptin may include the following:

Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Headache
Hot flushes
Postural dizziness
Shortened menstrual cycle

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FAQ

What does kisspeptin do?

Kisspeptin regulates the release of reproductive hormones like gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It plays a crucial role in the onset of puberty, fertility, and overall reproductive health, ultimately influencing serum testosterone levels through its actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Is kisspeptin safe to take?

Current research suggests that kisspeptin, a neuropeptide that acts as one of its natural ligands, is generally safe when administered under controlled conditions, such as in clinical trials. However, long-term safety and potential side effects require further investigation before broader use can be recommended.

How does kisspeptin make you feel?

Kisspeptin primarily influences reproductive function rather than directly affecting mood or emotions. Its role in the reproductive axis suggests it may enhance fertility or affect sexual behavior, but direct effects on mood are less clear and not well-documented. Natural ligands for kisspeptin, such as neurokinin B, interact with its receptors to modulate these reproductive processes, highlighting its intricate role in hormonal regulation.

What is the cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be caused by a failure in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland to produce sufficient levels of GnRH, LH, and FSH. This dysfunction can be congenital (from birth) or acquired later in life due to tumors, trauma, infections, or genetic mutations affecting the reproductive axis. In some cases, it may also be associated with other conditions such as body mass index obesity or metabolic disorders, which can further complicate management and may impact blood pressure.

How do you fix hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to replace deficient hormones like testosterone in adult male rats or estrogen and progesterone in women. In some cases, fertility treatments such as gonadotropin therapy or kisspeptin administration may be considered to stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone release and reproductive function in adult male rats.

What is the cause of Hypogonadotropic amenorrhea?

Hypogonadotropic amenorrhea occurs due to insufficient GnRH production from the hypothalamus, leading to low LH and FSH levels and subsequently disrupted ovarian function in women. Causes include genetic conditions, stress, excessive exercise, or low body weight. In cases of hypogonadotropic amenorrhea, monitoring serum LH levels is crucial for assessing pituitary function and determining appropriate treatment strategies. Kisspeptin administration may stimulate GnRH release and potentially restore normal reproductive function in affected individuals. Kisspeptin administration has shown promising results in clinical studies for treating hypogonadotropic amenorrhea by enhancing GnRH secretion.

What are the criteria for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

Diagnostic criteria include low levels of sex hormones (testosterone in men, estrogen/progesterone in women) and low or normal levels of LH and FSH. Imaging studies may reveal abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, indicating potential issues with brain activity 2. In diagnosing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, it’s essential to assess serum LH levels to determine the adequacy of pituitary gonadotropin secretion and brain activity 2. Additionally, fsh observed in imaging studies and hormonal assays can provide crucial diagnostic insights related to brain activity 2.

What is the role of Neurokinin B?

Neurokinin B is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of reproductive function, particularly in male rats. It stimulates the release of GnRH and interacts with kisspeptin receptors in the hypothalamus, influencing gonadotropin secretion and the secretion of reproductive hormones in male rat.

What is the brain chemical called NKB?

NKB (Neurokinin B) is a neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, particularly in areas involved in regulating reproductive function, erectile dysfunction, and neuroendocrine responses. NKB is also found to play a crucial role in the reproductive behaviors of male rats.

What is the function of the neurokinin 3 receptor?

The neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is a receptor protein that binds to neurokinin B (NKB) and plays a crucial role in mediating its effects on the hypothalamus, including blood samples maximal stimulation regulation of reproductive hormone release. Activation of NK3R contributes significantly to these processes, influencing aspects of reproductive health such as fertility and the management of erectile dysfunction. blood samples maximal stimulation Activation of NK3R contributes significantly to these processes, influencing aspects of reproductive health such as fertility and the management of erectile dysfunction.

Is neurokinin a neurotransmitter?

Yes, neurokinin B (NKB) functions as a neuropeptide neurotransmitter in the brain, influencing various physiological processes including reproduction and neuroendocrine regulation. Neurokinin B is particularly significant in the context of hypothalamic amenorrhea, where its role in the hypothalamus can impact reproductive function. Neurokinin B interacts with kisspeptin receptors, contributing to the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and subsequent hormonal pathways. This interaction underscores its importance in understanding and potentially treating conditions like hypothalamic amenorrhea, which involve disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

What is kisspeptin used for?

Kisspeptin is used primarily in research and clinical trials to explore its potential therapeutic applications in treating conditions related to infertility, sexual dysfunction, and reproductive health disorders, including hypothalamic amenorrhea. Researchers are investigating the efficacy of bolus doses of kisspeptin in these studies. Kisspeptin is particularly significant in studies involving human males, where its effects on reproductive health are closely monitored and evaluated.

Why do men take kisspeptin?

Men may take kisspeptin in clinical trials or experimental settings to assess its ability to stimulate reproductive hormone release, enhance fertility, or investigate its effects on sexual function. Kisspeptin’s potential role in addressing conditions like hypothalamic amenorrhea by restoring reproductive hormone balance is also under investigation. Kisspeptin’s efficacy through repeated intravenous administration may provide insights into its therapeutic potential in various reproductive health disorders.

Does kisspeptin increase testosterone?

Kisspeptin indirectly influences testosterone production by stimulating the release of LH from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. This hormonal cascade is crucial for maintaining male reproductive function and libido. In cases of sexual aversion, kisspeptin’s role in enhancing testosterone levels could potentially address certain aspects of sexual aversion and improve data analysis of sexual health outcomes.

Is kisspeptin-10 the same as HCG?

No, kisspeptin-10 and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are different compounds with distinct mechanisms of action. HCG mimics LH and stimulates testosterone production directly, while kisspeptin-10 stimulates GnRH release, indirectly affecting testosterone levels. Kisspeptin-10’s action involves stimulating dynamic LH secretion from the pituitary gland, which is essential for regulating testosterone levels and maintaining reproductive function. In cases of central precocious puberty, kisspeptin-10’s role in stimulating GnRH release becomes crucial, influencing the onset and progression of central precocious puberty.

Does kisspeptin-10 increase testosterone levels?

Kisspeptin-10 stimulates the release of GnRH, which indirectly leads to an increase in LH and FSH production. Elevated LH levels can enhance testosterone production, thus kisspeptin-10 can indirectly influence testosterone levels. Kisspeptin-10’s role in stimulating GnRH release is crucial for regulating sexual arousal and reproductive hormone balance in both men and women. The intravenous pulses pulsatile release of GnRH controlled by kisspeptin-10 is essential for maintaining optimal pulse frequency LH and FSH levels.

What is kisspeptin injection?

Kisspeptin injection involves the administration of synthetic kisspeptin-10 or related compounds via injection to study its effects on reproductive hormone release, fertility, or other aspects of sexual arousal and reproductive health. The administration of kisspeptin-10 or related compounds aims to analyze its impact on pulse frequency, administration of kisspeptin reproductive hormone release, fertility, or other aspects of sexual arousal and reproductive health.

What is kisspeptin good for?

Kisspeptin shows potential in research for treating conditions related to reproductive health, such as infertility, hypogonadism, and certain aspects of sexual dysfunction. Sexual stimuli can enhance the effects of kisspeptin on reproductive hormone release, influencing pulse frequency. Its precise clinical applications, especially in relation to how kisspeptin interacts with sexual stimuli and affects pulse frequency, are still under investigation. Additionally, understanding the role of kisspeptin in response to sexual stimuli and its modulation of pulse frequency could provide further insights into its potential therapeutic uses.

What foods increase kisspeptin?

Specific foods that directly increase kisspeptin levels have not been conclusively identified. However, placebo administration maintaining a balanced diet and healthy body weight may indirectly support normal kisspeptin function by ensuring optimal reproductive health. Addressing low sexual desire might also benefit from such dietary and lifestyle adjustments, as overall health can influence sexual function. Additionally, placebo administration low sexual desire can sometimes be linked to hormonal imbalances, where optimizing kisspeptin levels through diet and health can be beneficial. Ensuring a balanced diet and healthy body weight is a proactive approach to addressing low sexual desire and promoting reproductive health.

What stimulates kisspeptin production?

Kisspeptin production is primarily stimulated by neurokinin B (NKB) and other factors in the hypothalamus. Testicular degeneration low sexual desire can be influenced by the levels of these hormones. The release of kisspeptin influences the secretion of GnRH, which is crucial for reproductive hormone balance. Addressing low sexual desire may involve understanding and potentially modifying kisspeptin pathways. Furthermore, kisspeptin’s role in regulating GnRH secretion highlights its importance in addressing conditions like low sexual desire, which can stem from hormonal imbalances. Testicular degeneration

Where is kisspeptin found naturally?

Kisspeptin is naturally found in the hypothalamus and is produced by specific neurons in this brain region. It plays a central role in regulating reproductive function and hormone release. Research indicates that kisspeptin may have implications for conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome, where hormonal regulation is disrupted. Understanding how kisspeptin functions could offer insights into managing reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. As kisspeptin influences hormone release, it may play a therapeutic role in treating polycystic ovarian syndrome by restoring hormonal balance.

Does melatonin increase kisspeptin?

Research suggests that melatonin, a hormone involved in sleep-wake cycles, may influence kisspeptin expression indirectly by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, direct effects of melatonin on kisspeptin production and the potential benefits of kisspeptin bolus injection infusion are still being studied. The ongoing research aims to determine if kisspeptin bolus injection infusion could play a role in modulating the reproductive axis alongside melatonin’s influence. Understanding the combined effects of melatonin and kisspeptin bolus injection infusion is essential for developing potential therapeutic applications.

Does kisspeptin have side effects?

Potential side effects of kisspeptin antagonists administration may include reactions at the injection site, hormonal fluctuations, and, in some cases, transient effects on mood or behavior, potentially influencing sexual brain processing. Long-term safety data, including the impact on sexual brain processing, are limited and require further study. It is crucial to monitor any effects on key structures sexual brain processing to ensure comprehensive safety evaluations.

What does kisspeptin do for men?

In men, kisspeptin stimulates the release of reproductive hormones such as LH and FSH, which are essential for spermatogenesis and testosterone production. It may be used in clinical settings to evaluate and potentially treat conditions affecting male fertility, hypoactive sexual desire disorder, and reproductive health. Kisspeptin’s ability to regulate hormone levels makes it a promising candidate for addressing hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Additionally, ongoing research explores the potential of kisspeptin to improve sexual function, including the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder, thereby enhancing overall reproductive health in men.

What are the side effects of kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin is primarily available for research purposes and clinical trials in specialized medical centers and research institutions, particularly for studying its effects on gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. It is not widely available for general clinical use outside of experimental settings. Research involving longer kisspeptin peptide often focuses on its interaction with gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons to better understand reproductive hormone regulation. Further studies in specialized facilities continue to explore longer kisspeptin peptide’s potential applications, especially its impact on gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons, to pave the way for future clinical use.

Where is kisspeptin available?

Kisspeptin is primarily available for research purposes and clinical trials in specialized medical centers, where its effects on gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons, lh pulsatility are studied extensively. It is not widely available for general clinical use outside of experimental settings, but ongoing research into gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons, lh pulsatility continues to explore its potential applications. Understanding how kisspeptin interacts with gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons, lh pulsatility is crucial for developing new treatments for reproductive health disorders.

Reference

Dhillo, W. S., Chaudhri, O. B., Patterson, M., Thompson, E. L., Murphy, K. G., Badman, M. K., McGowan, B. M., Amber, V., Patel, S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2005). Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 90(12), 6609–6615. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1468.

Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males

The paper titled “Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males” by Dhillo et al., published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2005, investigates the effects of kisspeptin-54 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in human males.

In this study, the authors examine the impact of kisspeptin-54 on the HPG axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive function. Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide hormone known to stimulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which, in turn, stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.

The paper discusses how kisspeptin-54 administration leads to activation of the HPG axis in human males, providing insights into the potential use of kisspeptin in the regulation and treatment of reproductive disorders.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1468
George, J. T., Veldhuis, J. D., Roseweir, A. K., Newton, C. L., Faccenda, E., Millar, R. P., & Anderson, R. A. (2011). Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 96(8), E1228–E1236. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0089.

Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men

The paper titled “Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men” by George et al., published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2011, investigates the effects of kisspeptin-10 on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and pulse frequency in men.

In this study, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin-10, a specific form of kisspeptin, on the release of LH and the frequency of LH pulses in men. Kisspeptin is known to play a critical role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the control of reproductive function.

The paper discusses how kisspeptin-10 administration leads to a potent stimulation of LH secretion and an increase in LH pulse frequency in men, providing insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0089
Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Thompson, E. L., Patel, S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2006). Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 18(5), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01420.x.

Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats

The paper titled “Administration of kisspeptin-54 into discrete regions of the hypothalamus potently increases plasma luteinising hormone and testosterone in male adult rats” by Patterson et al., published in the Journal of Neuroendocrinology in 2006, investigates the effects of administering kisspeptin-54 into specific regions of the hypothalamus on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels in male adult rats.

In this study, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin-54 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in male rats. They examine how the administration of kisspeptin-54 to discrete hypothalamic regions influences LH and testosterone secretion.

The paper discusses how the administration of kisspeptin-54 leads to a potent increase in plasma LH and testosterone levels in male rats, shedding light on the regulatory role of kisspeptin in the HPG axis.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01420.x
Thompson, E. L., Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Smith, K. L., Dhillo, W. S., Todd, J. F., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2004). Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 16(10), 850–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.x.

Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

The paper titled “Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis” by Thompson et al., published in the Journal of Neuroendocrinology in 2004, investigates the effects of both central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

In this study, the authors examine how both central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10, a specific form of kisspeptin, influences the HPG axis. They explore how kisspeptin-10 affects the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and its potential to stimulate the reproductive system.

The paper discusses the findings that both central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 can activate the HPG axis, providing insights into the regulatory role of kisspeptin in reproductive function.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.x
George, J. T., Veldhuis, J. D., Tena-Sempere, M., Millar, R. P., & Anderson, R. A. (2013). Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism. Clinical endocrinology, 79(1), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12103.

Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism

The paper titled “Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism” by George et al., published in Clinical Endocrinology in 2013, investigates the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism, focusing on the effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion.

In this study, the authors explore the potential role of kisspeptin-10 in stimulating testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes who have mild biochemical hypogonadism. They aim to better understand the underlying mechanisms of hypogonadism in this specific population and assess the potential therapeutic effects of kisspeptin-10.

The paper discusses the findings that kisspeptin-10 can stimulate both serum testosterone and LH secretion in these men, suggesting a possible avenue for addressing hypogonadism associated with type 2 diabetes.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12103
Zhang Y, Hou Y, Wang X, et al. The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0179164. Published 2017 Jul 10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179164.

The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats

The paper titled “The effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and myocardium in rats” by Zhang et al., published in PLoS One in 2017, investigates the effects of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and the myocardium in rats.

In this study, the authors explore how the administration of kisspeptin-10 impacts serum metabolism and the heart tissue (myocardium) in rats. They examine the potential effects of kisspeptin-10 on metabolic parameters and cardiac function.

The paper discusses the findings related to the influence of kisspeptin-10 on serum metabolism and its potential implications for cardiovascular health in rats.

This research contributes to our understanding of the physiological effects of kisspeptin-10 beyond its well-known role in reproductive regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179164
Sawyer I, Smillie SJ, Bodkin JV, Fernandes E, O’Byrne KT, Brain SD. The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e14671. Published 2011 Feb 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014671.

The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature

The paper titled “The vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature” by Sawyer et al., published in PLoS One in 2011, explores the vasoactive effects of kisspeptin-10 in the peripheral vasculature.

In this study, the authors investigate the potential of kisspeptin-10 to influence the blood vessels in the peripheral vasculature. They examine the vasoactive properties of kisspeptin-10, which means its ability to affect blood vessel constriction or dilation.

The paper discusses the findings related to the vasoactive potential of kisspeptin-10 and its potential implications for cardiovascular function.

This research provides insights into the broader physiological effects of kisspeptin-10 beyond its role in reproductive regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014671
Maguire JJ, Kirby HR, Mead EJ, Kuc RE, d’Anglemont de Tassigny X, Colledge WH, et al. (2011) Inotropic Action of the Puberty Hormone Kisspeptin in Rat, Mouse and Human: Cardiovascular Distribution and Characteristics of the Kisspeptin Receptor. PLoS ONE 6(11): e27601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027601.

Inotropic action of the puberty hormone kisspeptin in rat, mouse and human: cardiovascular distribution and characteristics of the kisspeptin receptor

The paper titled “Inotropic Action of the Puberty Hormone Kisspeptin in Rat, Mouse, and Human: Cardiovascular Distribution and Characteristics of the Kisspeptin Receptor” by Maguire et al., published in PLoS ONE in 2011, investigates the inotropic (contractile force) effects of kisspeptin in the cardiovascular system of rats, mice, and humans.

In this study, the authors examine the impact of kisspeptin on the contractility of the heart and the distribution and characteristics of kisspeptin receptors in the cardiovascular system. Kisspeptin is primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, particularly during puberty.

The paper discusses the findings related to the inotropic action of kisspeptin and the presence of kisspeptin receptors in the cardiovascular system, shedding light on the potential cardiovascular effects of this hormone.

This research contributes to our understanding of the broader physiological functions of kisspeptin beyond its role in reproductive regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027601
Available from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.117.005790.
Shojaei, M., Erfanian, S., Sotoodeh Jahromi, A., Yusefi, N., Madani, A., Khoshfetrat, M., & Hojjat-Farsangi, M. (2018). Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(3), 2111-2118. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v5i3.424.

Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals

The paper titled “Kisspeptin serum levels in acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy individuals” by Shojaei et al., published in Biomedical Research and Therapy in 2018, investigates the serum levels of kisspeptin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to healthy individuals.

In this study, the authors examine the levels of kisspeptin, a hormone primarily associated with the regulation of reproductive function, in AMI patients and healthy individuals. They aim to understand whether there is any association between kisspeptin levels and AMI, a condition characterized by a heart attack due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle.

The paper discusses the findings related to the serum levels of kisspeptin in AMI patients and healthy individuals, providing insights into the potential role of kisspeptin in cardiovascular health.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v5i3.424
Emma J. Mead, Janet J. Maguire, Rhoda E. Kuc, Anthony P. Davenport, Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels, Endocrinology, Volume 148, Issue 1, 1 January 2007, Pages 140–147, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0818.

Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels

The paper titled “Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels” by Mead et al., published in Endocrinology in January 2007, investigates the vasoconstrictor effects of kisspeptins in humans and the localization of their receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), in blood vessels prone to atherosclerosis.

In this study, the authors explore the vasoconstrictor properties of kisspeptins, which are known primarily for their role in reproductive regulation. They investigate how kisspeptins affect blood vessel constriction in humans. Additionally, the paper discusses the localization of the kisspeptin receptor GPR54 in blood vessels that are susceptible to atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0818
Huang H, Xiong Q, Wang N, et al. Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity. Sci Adv. 2018;4(8):eaas9784. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aas9784.

Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity

The paper titled “Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts antiviral innate immune response through regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity” by Huang et al., published in Science Advances in August 2018, investigates the role of kisspeptin and its receptor G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) in modulating the antiviral innate immune response through the regulation of calcineurin phosphatase activity.

In this study, the authors explore how kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling influences the body’s innate immune response to viral infections. They examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between kisspeptin/GPR54 and calcineurin phosphatase, a key regulator of immune response pathways.

The paper discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling restricts the antiviral innate immune response by regulating calcineurin phosphatase activity.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aas9784
Wassie, T., Fanmei, Z., Jiang, X. et al. Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats. Sci Rep 9, 16262 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52744-y.

Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats

The paper titled “Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats” by Wassie et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2019, describes a study that investigates the immune response and effects of a recombinant DNA vaccine containing B2L and kisspeptin-54 on orf virus infection and spermatogenesis in rats.

In this study, the authors explore the potential of a DNA vaccine containing B2L and kisspeptin-54 to induce immunity against orf virus, which is a contagious skin disease in sheep and goats, and its impact on spermatogenesis in rats. Kisspeptin-54 is a hormone primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function.

The paper discusses the findings that suggest the vaccine induces immunity against orf virus and inhibits spermatogenesis in rats, indicating potential applications in both immunization against the virus and reproductive control.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52744-y
Gorbunova, O. L., & Shirshev, S. V. (2020). Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia, 85(8), 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920080015.

Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions

The paper titled “Role of Kisspeptin in Regulation of Reproductive and Immune Reactions” by Gorbunova and Shirshev, published in Biochemistry (Biokhimiia) in 2020, explores the role of kisspeptin in the regulation of both reproductive and immune responses.

In this review article, the authors discuss the multifaceted functions of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide that is primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function. They delve into the involvement of kisspeptin in various physiological processes, including its impact on the immune system.

The paper provides insights into the potential interactions between kisspeptin and the immune system, shedding light on the intricate cross-talk between reproductive and immune responses.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920080015
Wolfe A, Hussain MA. The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:184. Published 2018 Apr 24. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00184.

The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals

The paper titled “The Emerging Role(s) for Kisspeptin in Metabolism in Mammals” by Wolfe and Hussain, published in Frontiers in Endocrinology in 2018, discusses the emerging roles of kisspeptin in metabolism in mammals.

In this review article, the authors explore the evolving understanding of how kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily associated with reproductive regulation, may also play roles in metabolic processes. They examine the potential influence of kisspeptin on various aspects of metabolism, including energy balance and glucose homeostasis.

The paper discusses the evidence and mechanisms supporting the idea that kisspeptin may have broader functions beyond reproduction and could impact metabolic regulation.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00184
Janette H. Quennell, Christopher S. Howell, Juan Roa, Rachael A. Augustine, David R. Grattan, Greg M. Anderson, Leptin Deficiency and Diet-Induced Obesity Reduce Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression in Mice, Endocrinology, Volume 152, Issue 4, 1 April 2011, Pages 1541–1550, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1100.

Leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity reduce hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in mice

The paper titled “Leptin Deficiency and Diet-Induced Obesity Reduce Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression in Mice” by Quennell et al., published in Endocrinology in April 2011, investigates the impact of leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity on hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in mice.

In this study, the authors examine how two different factors, leptin deficiency and diet-induced obesity, affect the expression of kisspeptin in the hypothalamus of mice. Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide known for its role in regulating reproductive function.

The paper discusses the findings that both leptin deficiency and obesity lead to a reduction in hypothalamic kisspeptin expression. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that plays a crucial role in regulating appetite and metabolism.

These findings suggest that disturbances in leptin signaling and obesity can impact the regulation of kisspeptin in the hypothalamus, potentially influencing reproductive function.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1100
Available from https://www.jci.org/articles/view/71075.
Lee, Kyung-Eun & Jeong, Sugyeong & Yun, Seok & Kyung, Seoyeon & Sophie, Abadie & Moh, Sang Hyun & Seo, Hyo & Park, Myeong & Kang, Seunghyun & Yeo, Hyeonju. (2020). Synthesis of Kisspeptin-Mimicking Fragments and Investigation of their Skin Anti-Aging Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21. 8439. 10.3390/ijms21228439.

Synthesis of Kisspeptin-Mimicking Fragments and Investigation of their Skin Anti-Aging Effects

The paper titled “Synthesis of Kisspeptin-Mimicking Fragments and Investigation of their Skin Anti-Aging Effects” by Lee et al., published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2020, describes a study involving the synthesis of kisspeptin-mimicking fragments and the examination of their potential anti-aging effects on the skin.

In this research, the authors investigate the creation of peptide fragments that mimic the structure or function of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function. These kisspeptin-mimicking fragments are then examined for their impact on skin aging.

The paper discusses the findings related to the potential anti-aging effects of these synthesized fragments on the skin.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228439
Wahab, F., Atika, B., Shahab, M. et al. Kisspeptin signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of the urogenital system. Nat Rev Urol 13, 21–32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2015.277.

Kisspeptin signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of the urogenital system

The paper titled “Kisspeptin Signaling in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Urogenital System” by Wahab et al., published in Nature Reviews Urology in 2016, explores the role of kisspeptin signaling in the normal functioning and potential disorders of the urogenital system.

In this review article, the authors delve into the physiological functions of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, in the context of the urogenital system. They examine how kisspeptin signaling influences various aspects of urogenital health and function.

The paper discusses the potential implications of kisspeptin signaling in both normal urogenital physiology and the development of urogenital disorders.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2015.277
Ciaramella V, Della Corte CM, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F. Kisspeptin and Cancer: Molecular Interaction, Biological Functions, and Future Perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:115. Published 2018 Mar 27. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00115.

Kisspeptin and Cancer: Molecular Interaction, Biological Functions, and Future Perspectives

The paper titled “Kisspeptin and Cancer: Molecular Interaction, Biological Functions, and Future Perspectives” by Ciaramella et al., published in Frontiers in Endocrinology in 2018, explores the molecular interactions, biological functions, and potential future perspectives regarding kisspeptin in the context of cancer.

In this review article, the authors investigate the relationship between kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, and cancer. They delve into the molecular interactions between kisspeptin and various cancer types, as well as the potential biological functions and clinical implications.

The paper discusses the potential roles of kisspeptin in cancer progression, therapy, and prognosis, providing insights into the complex interplay between kisspeptin signaling and cancer biology.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00115
Kim JN, Kim TH, Yoon JH, Cho SG. Kisspeptin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Activating PKR and PP2A. Anticancer Res. 2018 Oct;38(10):5791-5798. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.12918. PMID: 30275201.

Kisspeptin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Activating PKR and PP2A. Anticancer Res

The study titled “Kisspeptin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Activating PKR and PP2A” by Kim et al., published in Anticancer Research in October 2018, investigates the effects of kisspeptin on colorectal cancer cell invasiveness and the molecular mechanisms involved.

In this research, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on the invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells. They examine the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which kisspeptin exerts its inhibitory effects on cancer cell invasion.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin can inhibit the invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells by activating protein kinase R (PKR) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

Read the full article https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/10/5791.short
Schmidt E, Haase M, Ziegler E, Emons G, Gründker C. Kisspeptin-10 inhibits stromal-derived factor 1-induced invasion of human endometrial cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014 Feb;24(2):210-7. doi: 10.1097/IGC.0000000000000050. PMID: 24407584.

Kisspeptin-10 inhibits stromal-derived factor 1-induced invasion of human endometrial cancer cells

The study titled “Kisspeptin-10 inhibits stromal-derived factor 1-induced invasion of human endometrial cancer cells” by Schmidt et al., published in the International Journal of Gynecological Cancer in February 2014, investigates the inhibitory effects of kisspeptin-10 on the invasion of human endometrial cancer cells induced by stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1).

In this research, the authors explore the potential anti-invasive properties of kisspeptin-10, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on endometrial cancer cells. They specifically focus on the inhibitory effects of kisspeptin-10 on SDF-1-induced invasion, which is a key process in cancer metastasis.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin-10 can inhibit the invasion of human endometrial cancer cells that are stimulated by SDF-1.

Read the full article https://search.proquest.com/openview/f8f6814acde925f36e6a88c1f918b482/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=5161120
Takeda T, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Suzuki E, Matsumoto K, Miyajima A, Okada Y, Oya M. Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Apr;11(4):853-63. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0521. Epub 2012 Feb 24. PMID: 22367780.

Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma

The study titled “Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma” by Takeda et al., published in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics in April 2012, investigates the prognostic role of KiSS-1 and the potential therapeutic applications of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma.

In this research, the authors examine the significance of KiSS-1, a gene known for its role in regulating metastasis and associated with the production of metastin, in the prognosis of urothelial carcinoma. They also explore the therapeutic potential of metastin in the context of this cancer.

The study discusses the findings related to the prognostic role of KiSS-1 and the possibility of using metastin as a therapeutic modality in urothelial carcinoma.

Read the full article https://aacrjournals.org/mct/article-abstract/11/4/853/91210
Wang H, Jones J, Turner T, et al. Clinical and biological significance of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer. Am J Pathol. 2012;180(3):1170-1178. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.020.

The paper titled “Clinical and Biological Significance of KISS1 Expression in Prostate Cancer” by Wang et al., published in the American Journal of Pathology in 2012, explores the clinical and biological significance of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer.

In this study, the authors investigate the importance of KISS1, a gene associated with the production of metastin, in the context of prostate cancer. They examine both the clinical relevance and the biological implications of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer.

The paper discusses the findings that shed light on the clinical and biological significance of KISS1 in prostate cancer, potentially contributing to our understanding of the disease and its molecular mechanisms.

This research provides insights into the role of KISS1 in prostate cancer, which may have implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic strategies.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.020
Kim, T., & Kim, T. (2017). Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 7585-7590. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7578.

Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2

The paper titled “Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2” by Kim and Kim, published in Molecular Medicine Reports in 2017, investigates the inhibitory effects of kisspeptin on cancer growth and metastasis and explores the involvement of EIF2AK2 in this process.

In this research, the authors explore the potential anti-cancer properties of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function. They specifically focus on how kisspeptin can inhibit cancer growth and metastasis and investigate the role of EIF2AK2 in mediating these effects.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin can exert inhibitory effects on cancer growth and metastasis, and these effects may be mediated through the activation of EIF2AK2.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7578
Available from https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/69/17/7062.
Comninos AN, Wall MB, Demetriou L, et al. Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(2):709-719. doi:10.1172/JCI89519.

Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans

The study titled “Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans” by Comninos et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 2017, investigates the impact of kisspeptin on sexual and emotional brain processing in humans.

In this research, the authors explore the effects of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on brain activity related to sexual and emotional processing. They use neuroimaging techniques to examine how the administration of kisspeptin influences neural responses in these areas.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin can modulate brain processing associated with both sexual and emotional stimuli in humans.

This research provides insights into the potential neuromodulatory effects of kisspeptin on human brain function and its relevance to sexual and emotional responses.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI89519
Yang L, Demetriou L, Wall MB, et al. Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men. JCI Insight. 2020;5(3):e133633. Published 2020 Feb 13. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.133633.

Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men

The study titled “Kisspeptin enhances brain responses to olfactory and visual cues of attraction in men” by Yang et al., published in JCI Insight in 2020, investigates how kisspeptin affects brain responses to olfactory (smell) and visual cues of attraction in men.

In this research, the authors explore the impact of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide primarily known for its role in regulating reproductive function, on brain activity related to attraction cues. They use neuroimaging techniques to examine how the administration of kisspeptin influences neural responses to both olfactory and visual cues associated with attraction.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptin enhances brain responses to these attraction-related cues in men.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.133633
Available from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/481137#.
Clarke H, Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN. Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015;30(2):124-141. doi:10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.124.

Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders

The comprehensive review titled “Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders” by Clarke, Dhillo, and Jayasena, published in the journal Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2015, provides an in-depth examination of kisspeptin and its involvement in various reproductive disorders.

In this review article, the authors cover various aspects of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide known for its crucial role in regulating reproductive function. They explore its functions in the reproductive axis, including its effects on the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads. Additionally, the review delves into how kisspeptin dysregulation can contribute to different reproductive disorders.

The paper discusses the potential clinical applications of kisspeptin in the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders, shedding light on the therapeutic possibilities associated with modulating kisspeptin signaling.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.124
Available from https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/35/8691.
Maranesi, M., Petrucci, L., Leonardi, L. et al. Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea: presence and function. Sci Rep 9, 5044 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41623-1.

Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea: presence and function

The study titled “Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea: presence and function” by Maranesi et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2019, investigates the presence and function of the kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in the corpora lutea of pseudopregnant rabbits.

In this research, the authors explore the involvement of the kisspeptin system in the corpora lutea during pseudopregnancy, a physiological state resembling pregnancy. They examine the presence of kisspeptin and its receptor in the corpora lutea and investigate their functional roles.

The study discusses the findings that suggest the presence of the kisspeptin system in pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea and its potential role in regulating luteal function during this reproductive state.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41623-1
León, S., Barroso, A., Vázquez, M. et al. Direct Actions of Kisspeptins on GnRH Neurons Permit Attainment of Fertility but are Insufficient to Fully Preserve Gonadotropic Axis Activity. Sci Rep 6, 19206 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19206.

Direct Actions of Kisspeptins on GnRH Neurons Permit Attainment of Fertility but are Insufficient to Fully Preserve Gonadotropic Axis Activity

The study titled “Direct Actions of Kisspeptins on GnRH Neurons Permit Attainment of Fertility but are Insufficient to Fully Preserve Gonadotropic Axis Activity” by León et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2016, investigates the direct actions of kisspeptins on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and their role in fertility attainment while assessing their limitations in fully preserving gonadotropic axis activity.

In this research, the authors explore the direct effects of kisspeptins on GnRH neurons, which play a crucial role in regulating the reproductive axis. They examine how kisspeptin influences fertility and the gonadotropic axis, which controls the secretion of sex hormones.

The study discusses the findings that suggest kisspeptins have direct actions on GnRH neurons that enable fertility attainment. However, they may not be sufficient to fully preserve the activity of the gonadotropic axis, indicating the complexity of the regulatory mechanisms involved.

Read the full article https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19206
Available from https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiol.00009.2010.
Tng EL. Kisspeptin signalling and its roles in humans. Singapore Med J. 2015;56(12):649-656. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015183.

Kisspeptin Signaling and Its Roles in Humans

The article “Kisspeptin Signaling and Its Roles in Humans” by Tng EL, published in the Singapore Medical Journal in 2015, provides a comprehensive overview of kisspeptin signaling in humans. It discusses the mechanisms and pathways involved in kisspeptin signaling, emphasizing its crucial role in regulating reproductive function through the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and its influence on sexual development, puberty initiation, menstrual cycles, and fertility in women. Additionally, the article touches upon the potential clinical applications of kisspeptin, making it a valuable resource for understanding the multifaceted roles of kisspeptin in human physiology.

Read the full article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4678402/

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Cerebrolysin

Valproic acid + PTD-DBM

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