Ipamorelin - Benefits, Uses and Side Effects

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Table of Contents

Potential Benefits of Ipamorelin
What is Ipamorelin?
How Ipamorelin Works
Chemical Structure of Ipamorelin
Research on Ipamorelin
Associated Side Effects of Ipamorelin
References

Potential Benefits of Ipamorelin

Builds lean muscle mass [1-28]
Maintains healthy bones [29-36]
Improves digestive health [37-46]
Maintains a healthy heart [47-61]
Improves blood sugar levels [62-72]
Strengthens the immune system [73-111]
Prevents cognitive decline [112-148]
Improves sex drive and sexual function [149-183]
Enhances tissue regeneration [182-203]
Improves sleep quality [204-224]

What is Ipamorelin?

Ipamorelin is considered a growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP) or growth hormone secretagogue. As a pentapeptide (composed of five amino acids), it has the capacity to mimic the body’s natural release of growth hormone and ghrelin (the hunger hormone). Because this peptide does not affect the release of other hormones in the body such as acetylcholine, aldosterone, cortisol, and prolactin, it has virtually no negative side effects. Therefore, it is considered one of the safest and most effective forms of growth hormone replacement therapy, widely used to fight the effects of aging, manage certain diseases, enhance sports performance, and balance growth hormone deficiency. Furthermore, most medical professionals prescribe ipamorelin more than other therapies because it can help optimize human growth hormone for a longer period of time, thus having a more potent effect.

How Ipamorelin Works?

After ipamorelin injection, a selective pulse is sent to the pituitary gland, which in turn releases growth hormone within the body. This causes cells to move toward the muscles to support growth and development while preventing any bone or cartilage deformities. In addition, ipamorelin increases cell synthesis, insulin levels, and ghrelin levels. All of these vital functions work to promote fat loss and increase muscle mass and strength.

Chemical Structure of Ipamorelin

Research on Ipamorelin

Builds Lean Muscle Mass

Getting a higher percentage of lean muscle mass while reducing body fat is the most pronounced reason why bodybuilders, athletes, and even amateurs opt for ipamorelin injections. Studies show that ipamorelin has potent muscle-building properties that can help those who want to improve their body composition:

Studies show that ipamorelin boosts the levels of growth hormone (GH), a process that is vital in muscle growth and development. [1-8]
By increasing GH levels, ipamorelin helps enhance muscle synthesis. [1-17]
As a growth hormone releasing peptide, ipamorelin promotes muscle growth and inhibits muscle wasting. [18-19]
In a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient, one-year intranasal application of growth hormone-releasing peptide improved muscle mass and strength. [20]
By increasing ghrelin levels, ipamorelin improves muscle mass by increasing food intake. [21-23]
Growth hormone-releasing peptide administration increases muscle mass by promoting muscle regeneration and increasing the levels of collagen. [24-27]
In rats, ipamorelin administration counteracted muscle wasting induced by glucocorticoid injections. [28]

Maintains Healthy Bones

Aside from achieving lean muscle mass, ipamorelin administration can also help maintain a healthy skeletal frame and prevent various bone disorders. Studies assessing the beneficial effects of ipamorelin on bone health have shown positive results:

In GH-deficient children, administration of growth hormone-releasing peptides such as ipamorelin increased bone growth velocity. [29-33]
In rats, ipamorelin administration induced longitudinal bone growth. [34]
In adult female rats, ipamorelin administration increased bone mineral content without any side effects or toxicities. [35]
A study reported that ipamorelin’s ability to stimulate the release of growth hormone can help in bone formation and growth. [36]

Improves Digestive Health

Ipamorelin also plays an integral role in maintaining digestive system health. Studies show that growth hormone-releasing peptides such as ipamorelin help improve gastrointestinal function:

Growth hormone-releasing peptide improves digestive health by protecting against various types of ulcers. [37]
In humans, ipamorelin administration improves gastric motility (contractions of gastric smooth muscle) by increasing the levels of ghrelin. [38]
In a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient, one-year intranasal application of growth hormone-releasing peptide improved digestive tract dysfunction as evidenced by an increase in food intake and body weight. [39]
In patients who had undergone major abdominal surgery, ipamorelin administration improved upper and lower gastrointestinal tract function. [40]
In rats, ipamorelin administration boosted ghrelin levels, which in turn improved gastrointestinal function. [41-43]
In a rodent model of postoperative ileus (malfunctioning of intestinal motility after abdominal surgery), ipamorelin administration accelerated gastric emptying, which is suggestive of improved gastrointestinal function. [44-45]
In rats, ipamorelin administration increased fecal pellet output following abdominal surgery. [46]

Maintains a Healthy Heart

Recent human clinical trials and animal studies show that ipamorelin and other growth hormone- releasing peptides have cardioprotective effects that can help combat various heart diseases:

In patients with heart disease, the administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide improved cardiac output and ventricular mechanical work. [47]
In patients with coronary artery disease undergoing bypass surgery, the administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide increased left ventricular ejection fraction. [48]
In human subjects, the administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide helped protect against heart damage induced by lack of oxygen. [49]
In healthy volunteers, acute intravenous administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide induced a clear and prompt increase in left ventricular ejection fraction. [50-51]
In patients with heart failure, ipamorelin administration increased heart muscle contractions by boosting the levels of IGF-1. [52-54]
In rats, the administration of growth hormone releasing peptide protected against heart injury caused by lack of oxygen. [55]
In rats subjected to experimental myocardial infarction, the administration of growth hormone releasing peptide increased blood volume pumped by the left ventricle of the heart. [56]
In rats, growth hormone-releasing peptide administration increased the strength of muscular contractions of the heart. [57]
In rats, growth hormone-releasing peptide administration prevented heart failure by protecting against radical damage. [58]
In hamsters with dilated cardiomyopathy, 4-week treatment with growth hormone releasing peptide attenuated left ventricular dysfunction and dilation. [59]
In dogs with decreased blood supply to the heart, growth hormone releasing peptide administration prevented death by increasing heart wall thickness, which is suggestive of improved blood circulation. [60]
In pigs, growth hormone releasing peptide administration exhibited antioxidant effects, which in turn reduced damage to the heart muscle. [61]

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Ipamorelin also has potent blood sugar-lowering effects which can help prevent diabetes and other fatal medical conditions associated with chronic elevation of blood sugar levels. Strong scientific evidence supports this beneficial effect:

In diabetic patients, the administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide improved blood sugar levels by increasing GH secretion. [62]
By boosting GH levels, ipamorelin can help lower one’s risk of diabetes. [63]
In diabetic rats, ipamorelin administration stimulated the release of insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels. [64-65]
In diabetic rats, ipamorelin administration lowered blood sugar levels by increasing IGF-1 production. [66]
The intravenous injection of human growth hormone releasing peptide in rats increased the blood levels of insulin. [67]
In diabetic rats, pretreatment with synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide improved insulin secretion and insulin reserves. [68-72]

Strengthens the Immune System

There is increasing evidence that ipamorelin may help boost immune function through various important mechanisms:

The administration of growth hormone releasing peptides may help improve the quality of life of cancer patients by correcting nutritional and metabolic states. [73]
In patients with growth hormone deficiency, boosting GH levels through growth hormone releasing peptide administration increased the levels of white blood cells, T cells, and B cells of the immune system. [74-75]
In rats, the administration of growth hormone-releasing peptides such as ipamorelin countered inflammation via the AKT1-activated pathway and reduced programmed cell death (apoptosis) while combating oxidative stress. [76-77]
In animal models, growth hormone releasing peptide administration protected against multiple sclerosis, nerve damage, and brain diseases. [78-81]
In mice, growth hormone releasing peptide administration enhanced antibody titers against various harmful microorganisms. [82]
As a growth hormone releasing peptide, ipamorelin helps strengthen the immune system by boosting GH levels. [83-95]
As a growth hormone stimulant, ipamorelin enhances immune function by stimulating T and B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis and aiding in the maturation of stem cells and modulation of the inflammatory response. [96]
By increasing GH levels, ipamorelin improves the functional activity of circulating phagocyte cells (cells that engulf foreign bodies). [97]
Ipamorelin can also improve the cytotoxic activity mediated by natural killer cells. [98-100]
By boosting GH levels, ipamorelin can increase the production of various immune system cells such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and cytokines. [101-102]
Growth hormone secretagogues such as ipamorelin enhance the development of the thymus, a gland that produces T cells for the immune system. [103-110]
The administration of growth hormone secretagogues increased tumor resistance in mice. [111]

Prevents Cognitive Decline

By restoring growth hormone to healthy levels, ipamorelin together with other growth hormone- releasing peptides can help prevent age-related decline in cognitive function as well as those caused by certain medical conditions:

In patients with cognitive impairment, the administration of growth hormone secretagogues such as ipamorelin improved age-related decline in cognitive function. [112]
In older adults, the administration of growth hormone secretagogues improved short-term memory and active problem-solving skills. [113]
In healthy older men and women, the administration of growth hormone secretagogues improved cognitive function. [114]
In healthy older adults, the administration of growth hormone secretagogues prevented cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer’s disease. [115]
In adults with mild cognitive impairment and older adults with normal cognitive function, the administration of growth hormone secretagogues improved cognitive function by increasing the levels of brain chemicals such as gamma-Aminobutyric acid and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate. [116]
By boosting ghrelin levels, ipamorelin helps protect brain cells against programmed cell death, thereby preventing cognitive decline. [117-122]
Ipamorelin administration can help prevent Parkinson’s disease by boosting ghrelin levels, which in turn prevents the loss of dopamine, a brain chemical that plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior. [123-130]
The administration of growth hormone secretagogues boosts IGF-1 levels, which in turn activates intracellular pathways involved in the protection of nerve cells in the brain. [131-148]

Improves Sex Drive and Sexual Function

As a growth hormone releasing peptide, ipamorelin can indirectly increase libido and improve sexual function by boosting the levels of GH and IGF-1:

Compelling evidence suggests that growth hormone deficiency is strongly linked with low libido and erectile dysfunction, suggesting that boosting GH levels through ipamorelin supplementation may have beneficial effects on libido. [149-156]
There is increasing evidence that IGF-1 deficiency is strongly linked with low libido and erectile dysfunction, suggesting that ipamorelin supplementation may help improve sexual drive and function. [157-163]
In age-advanced men, growth hormone releasing peptide supplementation significantly improved libido and general well-being. [164]
By increasing GH and IGF-1 levels, ipamorelin indirectly improves sexual function by increasing the levels of nitric oxide, a molecule naturally produced in the body that stimulates harder and longer penile erections. [165-173]
Aside from GH and IGF-1 levels, ipamorelin administration also boosts testosterone and estrogen levels, which are necessary for the regulation of sexual thoughts, desire, and sexual function. [174-175]
Studies show that growth hormone-releasing peptides play an integral role in penile erection and sexual arousal. [176-183]

Enhances Tissue Regeneration

Growth hormone-releasing peptides such as ipamorelin can help repair damaged tissues caused by a sports injury or physical trauma. There is strong scientific evidence supporting the regenerative properties of ipamorelin:

Ipamorelin and other peptides can be a therapeutic option for cartilage repair and regeneration. [184-185]
Peptides can enhance tissue regeneration by improving collagen synthesis and providing structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells of the injured area. [186]
Peptides can also speed up the wound healing process by increasing the production of collagen. [187-189]
Peptides can accelerate the healing of various cartilage defects. [190-193]
By recruiting certain cells needed for the repair of damaged tissue, peptides reduce healing time and improve tissue recovery. [194-195]
Peptides have the ability to support the structure of damaged tissues while allowing them to heal. [196]
Peptides enhance tissue regeneration by promoting chondrogenesis, the process by which cartilage is developed. [197-200]
By promoting cell adhesion, ipamorelin and other peptides can enhance cartilage tissue repair. [201-203]

Improves Sleep Quality

Ipamorelin and other growth hormone-releasing peptides play an integral role in promoting restful sleep. Studies show that by increasing GH and IGF-1 levels, as well as enhancing certain sleep processes, ipamorelin significantly improves sleep quality and quantity:

In normal men, the administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), which is often referred to as deep sleep. [204]
In young healthy men, intravenous injections of growth hormone-releasing peptides during sleep consistently stimulated slow-wave sleep. [205]
In normal young males, the administration of growth hormone releasing peptide increased stage 2 sleep. [206]
By increasing GH levels, ipamorelin significantly improves the deep sleep stage. [207-212]
By increasing IGF-1 levels, ipamorelin promotes deep sleep. [213-223]
In rats, growth hormone releasing peptide administration activated sleep regulatory neurons in the brain. [224]

Associated Side Effects of Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on ipamorelin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of ipamorelin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with ipamorelin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with ipamorelin may include the following:

Changes in taste
Chest tightness
Difficulty swallowing
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Flushing of the skin
Headache
Hives
Hyperactivity
Increased hunger
Nausea
Vomiting

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Reference

Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-61.

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue

The article you’re referring to, “Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue” by Raun K., Hansen B.S., Johansen N.L., et al., published in the European Journal of Endocrinology in 1998, is a scientific paper that discusses Ipamorelin, a growth hormone secretagogue. Ipamorelin is a compound that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH), but what makes it particularly noteworthy is its selectivity in stimulating GH release without significantly affecting other hormones, such as cortisol.

The study likely focuses on the pharmacological profile of Ipamorelin, its efficacy in stimulating GH release, and its potential advantages over other GH-stimulating agents, especially in terms of reduced side effects and improved safety profile. The designation of Ipamorelin as the “first selective growth hormone secretagogue” underscores its unique position in the research and treatment landscapes at the time, potentially offering a novel approach to conditions that benefit from increased growth hormone levels, such as growth hormone deficiency, age-related decline in GH production, or possibly even in sports medicine and anti-aging treatments.

Read the full article on https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
Jiménez-reina L, Cañete R, De la torre MJ, Bernal G. Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin, in young female rats: somatotroph response in vitro. Histol Histopathol. 2002;17(3):707-14.

Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin, in young female rats: somatotroph response in vitro

The article titled “Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin, in young female rats: somatotroph response in vitro” by Jiménez-Reina L., Cañete R., De la Torre M.J., Bernal G., published in Histology and Histopathology in 2002, explores the effects of prolonged treatment with Ipamorelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, on young female rats, focusing on the in vitro response of somatotrophs, which are cells in the anterior pituitary gland responsible for the production and release of growth hormone.

This research is significant as it examines the potential long-term impacts of Ipamorelin administration, which could have implications for its use in medical treatments, particularly where growth hormone supplementation is beneficial. By studying the response of somatotroph cells to Ipamorelin, the research aims to provide insights into how this compound influences growth hormone secretion over extended periods, which could be relevant for conditions like growth hormone deficiency, aging, and perhaps even athletic performance enhancement, from a pharmacological and safety perspective.

Read the full article on https://digitum.um.es/digitum/handle/10201/20801
Gobburu JV, Agersø H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-6.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers

The article “Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers” by Gobburu JV, Agersø H, Jusko WJ, and Ynddal L, published in Pharmaceutical Research in 1999, delves into the study of Ipamorelin’s pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in humans. This type of research is crucial for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body (PK), as well as its mechanisms of action and effects (PD).

The study likely involved administering Ipamorelin to human volunteers and monitoring various parameters to model how Ipamorelin influences growth hormone levels over time, how quickly the body processes it, and the relationship between the dose and the growth hormone response. This information is fundamental for determining optimal dosing regimens for achieving desired therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/a:1018955126402
Thomas A, Delahaut P, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Metabolism of growth hormone releasing peptides. Anal Chem. 2012;84(23):10252-9.

Metabolism of growth hormone releasing peptides

The article “Metabolism of growth hormone releasing peptides” by Thomas A., Delahaut P., Krug O., Schänzer W., and Thevis M., published in Analytical Chemistry in 2012, focuses on the metabolic pathways of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs), including Ipamorelin. This research is particularly important for understanding how GHRPs are processed within the body, which has implications for both therapeutic use and anti-doping efforts.

Growth hormone releasing peptides like Ipamorelin are used in clinical settings to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, which can be beneficial in treating conditions such as growth hormone deficiency. However, these peptides also have the potential for abuse in sports due to their performance-enhancing effects, making it essential to understand their metabolism for detection and regulatory purposes.

Read the full article on https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac302034w
Johansen PB, Hansen KT, Andersen JV, Johansen NL. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption. Xenobiotica. 1998;28(11):1083-92.

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption

The article titled “Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption” by Johansen PB, Hansen KT, Andersen JV, Johansen NL, published in Xenobiotica in 1998, explores the pharmacokinetics, which is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body, of Ipamorelin and similar peptide-based growth hormone secretagogues, particularly focusing on their absorption when administered nasally.

This study is significant for several reasons. First, the nasal route of administration can offer a convenient alternative to injections, which are commonly used for peptide drugs due to their poor oral bioavailability. Nasal delivery can improve patient compliance, reduce discomfort, and potentially speed up the onset of action for drugs that need to reach systemic circulation quickly.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/004982598238976
Semenistaya E, Zvereva I, Thomas A, Thevis M, Krotov G, Rodchenkov G. Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(10):919-25.

The article “Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin” by Semenistaya E., Zvereva I., Thomas A., Thevis M., Krotov G., Rodchenkov G., published in Drug Testing and Analysis in 2015, focuses on the analytical methods used to detect metabolites of various growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) in human urine following nasal administration. This research is crucial for doping control and therapeutic drug monitoring, providing insights into the pharmacokinetics of these compounds when administered through the nasal route.

GHRPs like GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin are of particular interest in sports medicine and anti-doping because they can stimulate the body’s production of growth hormone, potentially enhancing athletic performance and recovery. The ability to detect these peptides and their metabolites in urine is essential for enforcing doping regulations and ensuring a level playing field in competitive sports.

Read the full article on https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dta.1787
Semenistaya E, Zvereva I, Thomas A, Thevis M, Krotov G, Rodchenkov G. Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(10):919-25.

Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin

The study “Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin” by Semenistaya E., Zvereva I., Thomas A., Thevis M., Krotov G., Rodchenkov G., published in Drug Testing and Analysis in 2015, plays a critical role in the detection of doping substances. This research is pivotal for anti-doping agencies as it outlines the methodology for identifying metabolites of various growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) in human urine following nasal administration, a less common but effective route of administration for these substances.

GHRPs are synthetic peptides that stimulate the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland, making them attractive not only for potential therapeutic uses but also for illicit enhancement of athletic performance. The capacity to detect these substances and their metabolites in urine is crucial for maintaining fairness in sports and for monitoring the safety and compliance of patients undergoing treatment with these peptides.

Read the full article on https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dta.1787
Hansen TK, Ankersen M, Raun K, Hansen BS. Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Jul 23;11(14):1915-8.

Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin

The article “Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin” by Hansen TK, Ankersen M, Raun K, Hansen BS, published in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in July 2001, details the development and evaluation of new compounds designed to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH). These compounds are hybrids of NN703 and Ipamorelin, both of which are known for their GH-releasing properties.

The study likely focuses on the synthesis of these hybrid molecules and their pharmacological evaluation in terms of potency, specificity, and efficacy in stimulating GH release. The creation of such hybrids aims to leverage the beneficial properties of both parent molecules, potentially leading to a compound with enhanced effectiveness, reduced side effects, and improved pharmacokinetic profiles.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X01003456
Velloso CP. Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2008;154(3):557-568. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.153.

Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I

The article “Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I” by Velloso CP, published in the British Journal of Pharmacology in 2008, explores the mechanisms through which growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) regulate muscle mass. This topic is of significant interest in the fields of endocrinology, sports medicine, and geriatrics, among others, due to its implications for understanding muscle growth, maintenance, and the potential treatment of muscle-wasting conditions.

GH and IGF-I play pivotal roles in the regulation of muscle mass. GH stimulates the production and release of IGF-I in the liver and other tissues, including muscle, where IGF-I acts to promote protein synthesis and inhibit protein degradation, thereby supporting muscle growth and regeneration. The article likely discusses the signal transduction pathways activated by GH and IGF-I, including the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and PI3K-Akt pathways, which are critical for mediating their anabolic effects.

Read the full article on https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1038/bjp.2008.153
Tavares ABW, Micmacher E, Biesek S, et al. Effects of Growth Hormone Administration on Muscle Strength in Men over 50 Years Old. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013;2013:942030. doi:10.1155/2013/942030.

Effects of growth hormone administration on muscle strength in men over 50 years old

The study titled “Effects of Growth Hormone Administration on Muscle Strength in Men over 50 Years Old” by Tavares ABW, Micmacher E, Biesek S, et al., published in the International Journal of Endocrinology in 2013, investigates the impact of growth hormone (GH) supplementation on muscle strength in men aged over 50. This research is particularly relevant given the natural decline in GH levels with age, which is associated with decreased muscle mass and strength, increased fat mass, and a reduced quality of life.

The focus of the study is to assess whether administering GH can counteract some of the age-related declines in muscle function and strength, potentially offering a strategy to improve the health and physical capabilities of older adults. The study likely involved a controlled trial where participants received GH or a placebo over a certain period, with assessments of muscle strength, composition, and possibly other markers of health and metabolism conducted before and after the treatment period.

Read the full article on https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2013/942030/abs/
Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes. 2016;9:47-71. doi:10.4137/CMED.S38201.

Multiple effects of growth hormone in the body: is it really the hormone for growth?

The article “Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth?” by Devesa J., Almengló C., Devesa P., published in Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes in 2016, provides a comprehensive review of the physiological effects of growth hormone (GH) beyond its well-known role in promoting linear growth. This review challenges the traditional view of GH as merely a growth-promoting hormone, highlighting its multifaceted impacts on various bodily functions.

The paper likely discusses GH’s role in regulating metabolism, including its effects on lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, which are crucial for energy balance and maintaining metabolic health. Additionally, it may cover GH’s impact on body composition, such as its ability to stimulate muscle growth and fat reduction, making it a hormone of interest in the context of aging, obesity, and physical fitness.

Read the full article on https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.4137/CMED.S38201
Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(5):1361-6.

Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men

The study “Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men” by Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1994, investigates the impact of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) supplementation on muscle strength in response to resistance exercise in elderly men. This research is particularly significant because it addresses two critical issues in aging: the natural decline in growth hormone levels and the decrease in muscle mass and strength, known as sarcopenia.

The study likely involved administering rhGH to elderly male participants while engaging them in a resistance exercise program to determine if the hormone could enhance the exercise-induced gains in muscle strength. The control group might have received a placebo instead of rhGH to assess the difference in response between the two groups.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/79/5/1361/2649268
Weber MM. Effects of growth hormone on skeletal muscle. Horm Res. 2002;58 Suppl 3:43-8.

Effects of growth hormone on skeletal muscle

The article “Effects of growth hormone on skeletal muscle” by Weber MM, published in Hormone Research in 2002 as part of a supplement (Suppl 3), focuses on the role of growth hormone (GH) in influencing skeletal muscle physiology. This review is important for understanding the complex actions of GH in muscle growth, maintenance, and repair, and its implications for treating muscle-wasting conditions, enhancing athletic performance, and managing aging-related muscle decline.

GH is known to have anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, contributing to the growth and regeneration of muscle tissue. The paper likely discusses the mechanisms through which GH exerts its effects, including the stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production, which plays a crucial role in muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy. Additionally, GH may influence muscle metabolism by affecting lipid oxidation and improving insulin sensitivity, thereby supporting energy efficiency in muscle cells.

Read the full article on https://karger.com/hrp/article-pdf/58/Suppl.%203/43/2923916/000066482.pdf
Welle S, Thornton C, Statt M, Mchenry B. Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(9):3239-43.

Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old

The study “Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old” by Welle S., Thornton C., Statt M., McHenry B., published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1996, examines the effects of growth hormone (GH) supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy individuals aged over 60. This research is significant for its focus on the potential of GH to counteract age-related declines in muscle function and protein synthesis, which are key factors in the development of sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and function that occurs with aging.

Despite GH’s well-documented anabolic effects in younger populations and its ability to increase muscle mass and strength, this study found that GH supplementation did not enhance myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in the older subjects. This indicates that while GH can influence muscle size and strength positively, its effectiveness in reversing the age-related decline in the muscle’s protein-building capacity may be limited.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/81/9/3239/2651047
Sotiropoulos A, Ohanna M, Kedzia C, et al. Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(19):7315-7320. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510033103.

Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation

The study “Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation” by Sotiropoulos A., Ohanna M., Kedzia C., et al., published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2006, explores the role of growth hormone (GH) in skeletal muscle development, particularly focusing on its ability to promote muscle cell fusion independently of its well-known mediator, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

Muscle cell fusion is a crucial process in muscle growth, repair, and regeneration, involving the merging of myoblasts (muscle precursor cells) to form multinucleated myotubes that mature into muscle fibers. The traditional understanding has been that GH exerts its muscle-building effects primarily through the up-regulation of IGF-1, which then acts directly on muscle cells to stimulate growth and differentiation.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0510033103
Gonzalez S, Sathyapalan T, Javed Z, Atkin SL. Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement on Peripheral Muscle and Exercise Capacity in Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:56.

Effects of growth hormone replacement on peripheral muscle and exercise capacity in severe growth hormone deficiency

The article “Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement on Peripheral Muscle and Exercise Capacity in Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency” by Gonzalez S, Sathyapalan T, Javed Z, Atkin SL, published in Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) in 2018, examines the impact of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy on peripheral muscle and exercise capacity in individuals with severe growth hormone deficiency (GHD). This study is particularly relevant because GHD in adults can lead to reduced muscle mass and strength, decreased exercise capacity, and poorer quality of life.

GHD in adults is characterized by a spectrum of symptoms, including altered body composition, increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass and strength, diminished energy and quality of life, and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. GH replacement therapy aims to reverse these symptoms by restoring the physiological effects of GH, thereby improving body composition, physical performance, and metabolic outcomes.

Read the full article on https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00056/full
Peroni CN, Hayashida CY, Nascimento N, et al. Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in growth hormone-deficient Little mice. Clinics. 2012;67(3):265-272. doi:10.6061/clinics/2012(03)11.

Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in growth hormone-deficient Little mice

The study “Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in growth hormone-deficient Little mice” by Peroni CN, Hayashida CY, Nascimento N, et al., published in Clinics in 2012, investigates the effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) on growth hormone (GH) secretion in GH-deficient “Little” mice. This research is significant as it explores the potential of GHRP-2, a synthetic peptide, to stimulate GH secretion in a genetic model of GH deficiency, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for GH deficiency conditions.

“Little” mice are a genetic model characterized by their dwarfism due to mutations affecting GH production, making them an excellent model for studying GH deficiency and evaluating the efficacy of GH-releasing compounds. GHRP-2 is known for its ability to stimulate the pituitary gland to release GH, and this study likely aimed to assess whether GHRP-2 could effectively increase GH levels in a model where GH production is inherently impaired.

Read the full article on https://www.scielo.br/j/clin/a/B3t3ry7MkwZFNKBhMbtt5VL/?lang=en
Berlanga-Acosta J, Abreu-Cruz A, Barco Herrera DG, et al. Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects. Clinical Medicine Insights Cardiology. 2017;11:1179546817694558. doi:10.1177/1179546817694558.

Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects

The article “Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects” by Berlanga-Acosta J, Abreu-Cruz A, Barco Herrera DG, et al., published in Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology in 2017, provides a comprehensive review of the development, research, and evidence regarding the cytoprotective effects of synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs). GHRPs are a family of synthetic peptides that stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland, and they have been studied not only for their endocrine effects but also for their potential in protecting cells from damage.

This review likely traces the history of GHRPs from their initial discovery and synthesis through to the experimental and clinical research that has identified their cytoprotective properties. Cytoprotection refers to the mechanisms that cells use to protect themselves against stress or damage, which can be enhanced by various agents, including GHRPs. The article probably discusses the molecular and cellular pathways through which GHRPs exert these protective effects, which may include anti-apoptotic (preventing cell death), anti-inflammatory, and tissue-regenerating actions, among others.

Read the full article on https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1179546817694558
Lim CJ, Jeon JE, Jeong SK, et al. Growth hormone-releasing peptide-biotin conjugate stimulates myocytes differentiation through insulin-like growth factor-1 and collagen type I. BMB Reports. 2015;48(9):501-506. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2015.48.9.258.

Growth hormone-releasing peptide-biotin conjugate stimulates myocytes differentiation through insulin-like growth factor-1 and collagen type I

The study “Growth hormone-releasing peptide-biotin conjugate stimulates myocytes differentiation through insulin-like growth factor-1 and collagen type I” by Lim CJ, Jeon JE, Jeong SK, et al., published in BMB Reports in 2015, explores the innovative use of a conjugate of growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) and biotin to stimulate muscle cell (myocytes) differentiation. This research is significant because it investigates a novel approach to enhancing muscle growth and regeneration, potentially offering new therapeutic avenues for muscle-wasting diseases, injuries, and aging-related muscle decline.

GHRPs are known for their ability to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH), which in turn can promote the release of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 is a crucial factor in muscle growth and differentiation, playing a key role in the development and repair of muscular tissue. Collagen type I is another important component, providing structural support to tissues and playing a critical role in muscle regeneration and repair.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4641233/
Haruta I, Fuku Y, Kinoshita K, et al. One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2015;6(3):237-241. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12028.

One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient

The article “One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient” by Haruta I, Fuku Y, Kinoshita K, et al., published in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle in 2015, presents a case study where growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) was used as an intranasal application to treat a severely emaciated patient with anorexia nervosa. This study is particularly noteworthy because it explores a novel therapeutic approach to address the critical issues of malnutrition and hypoglycemia associated with anorexia nervosa, a serious eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

Anorexia nervosa often leads to severe cachexia (wasting), sarcopenia (muscle loss), and metabolic imbalances, making treatment and recovery challenging. Traditional treatments focus on psychological support and nutritional rehabilitation, but these approaches can be slow to reverse the severe physical effects of the disorder.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcsm.12028
Inui A. Ghrelin: an orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:551–560.

Ghrelin: an orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach

The article “Ghrelin: an orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach” by Inui A., published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience in 2001, provides a comprehensive overview of ghrelin, a hormone predominantly produced in the stomach, and its dual role as an orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and somatotrophic (growth hormone-releasing) signal. This review is significant because it highlights the importance of ghrelin in linking nutritional status with growth hormone (GH) regulation and energy balance, offering insights into the complex neuroendocrine regulation of appetite and growth.

Ghrelin was identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), through which it exerts its potent GH-releasing activity. Beyond its role in stimulating GH secretion, ghrelin is a critical player in energy homeostasis, acting on the hypothalamus to increase food intake and promote fat storage, thus functioning as a hunger signal. The discovery of ghrelin challenged the then-existing paradigms about hormonal regulation of hunger and satiety, primarily focused on signals originating from the adipose tissue, such as leptin.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/35086018
Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol Rev. 2009;61:430–481.

Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility

The article “Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility” by Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A, published in Pharmacological Reviews in 2009, offers an extensive review of the role of ghrelin and its related gene products in regulating food intake and gastrointestinal motility. Ghrelin, known as the “hunger hormone,” is produced mainly in the stomach and plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis by stimulating appetite and promoting fat storage. Beyond its orexigenic effects, ghrelin also affects gastrointestinal function, including gut motility, gastric emptying, and the secretion of gastric acid.

This comprehensive review likely covers the structure and function of ghrelin, its receptor (the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R), and the various forms of ghrelin gene products, including des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin. The article probably discusses the complex mechanisms through which these peptides influence feeding behavior, energy balance, and the gastrointestinal system, highlighting the interplay between central and peripheral signals in the regulation of these processes.

Read the full article on https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/61/4/430.short
Laferrère B, Abraham C, Russell CD, Bowers CY. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide -2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2005;90(2):611-614. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1719.

Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men

The study “Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide -2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men” by Laferrère B, Abraham C, Russell CD, Bowers CY, published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 2005, examines the effects of GHRP-2 on food intake, comparing its action to that of ghrelin, a hormone known for its strong orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) properties. This research is significant because it contributes to the understanding of how synthetic peptides like GHRP-2, which stimulate growth hormone release, also influence feeding behavior, potentially mimicking or enhancing the natural hunger signals in the body.

GHRP-2 is one of several synthetic peptides developed to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. Its effects on GH levels are well-documented, but this study explores an additional dimension of GHRP-2’s action, specifically its impact on appetite and food intake. The comparison with ghrelin, a naturally occurring hormone produced in the stomach that increases food intake and promotes fat storage, is particularly insightful because it suggests that GHRP-2 could share a similar mechanism or pathway in influencing energy balance.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/90/2/611/2836522
Zhou S, Salisbury J, Preedy VR, Emery PW. Increased collagen synthesis rate during wound healing in muscle. PLoS One. (2013);8:e58324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058324.

Increased collagen synthesis rate during wound healing in muscle

The article “Increased collagen synthesis rate during wound healing in muscle” by Zhou S, Salisbury J, Preedy VR, Emery PW, published in PLoS One in 2013, explores the dynamics of collagen synthesis during the muscle wound healing process. This study is significant because collagen, a major structural protein in the extracellular matrix, plays a crucial role in wound healing, providing structural support and strength to the healing tissue.

The research likely focused on quantifying the rate of collagen synthesis at different stages of muscle repair following injury. Understanding how collagen synthesis is regulated during the healing process is crucial for developing strategies to enhance wound healing, particularly in muscle tissues, which can be prone to injury in athletic, military, and everyday contexts. Furthermore, muscle wounds can be challenging to heal, especially in conditions such as diabetes, where wound healing is impaired, or in elderly populations who experience slower recovery rates.

Read the full article on https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058324
Bonaldo P, Braghetta P, Zanetti M, Piccolo S, Volpin D, Bressan GM. Collagen VI deficiency induces early onset myopathy in the mouse: an animal model for Bethlem myopathy. Hum Mol Genet. (1998);7:2135–2140. doi: 10.1093/hmg/7.13.2135.

Collagen VI deficiency induces early onset myopathy in the mouse: an animal model for Bethlem myopathy

The article “Collagen VI deficiency induces early onset myopathy in the mouse: an animal model for Bethlem myopathy” by Bonaldo P, Braghetta P, Zanetti M, Piccolo S, Volpin D, Bressan GM, published in Human Molecular Genetics in 1998, investigates the consequences of collagen VI deficiency in mice and its relevance as a model for studying Bethlem myopathy. Bethlem myopathy is a hereditary connective tissue disorder characterized by muscle weakness and contractures, with symptoms typically appearing in early childhood. It is linked to mutations in the genes encoding collagen VI, a critical component of the extracellular matrix that supports muscle cells and other tissues.

This study is significant because it provides a genetically engineered mouse model that mimics the collagen VI deficiency observed in Bethlem myopathy, offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. By studying these mice, researchers can better understand how collagen VI deficiency leads to muscle weakness and structural abnormalities in the tissue. The model allows for the exploration of the disease’s molecular mechanisms, the interaction between muscle cells and their extracellular matrix, and the role of collagen VI in muscle function and integrity.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article-abstract/7/13/2135/636393
Takano H, Komuro I, Oka T, et al. The Rho family G proteins play a critical role in muscle differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. (1998);18:1580–1589. doi: 10.1128/MCB.18.3.1580.

The Rho family G proteins play a critical role in muscle differentiation

The article “The Rho family G proteins play a critical role in muscle differentiation” by Takano H, Komuro I, Oka T, et al., published in Molecular and Cellular Biology in 1998, delves into the fundamental roles of the Rho family of G proteins in the process of muscle cell differentiation. Muscle differentiation is a complex biological process essential for the development of muscle tissue, involving the transition of myoblasts (muscle precursor cells) into mature myocytes (muscle cells). The Rho family of G proteins, known for their regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell proliferation, and gene expression, are pivotal in orchestrating the cytoskeletal reorganization required for muscle cell fusion and differentiation.

This study is significant because it provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning muscle development, highlighting the Rho GTPases as key regulators of muscle cell differentiation. By manipulating the activity of Rho family proteins in muscle cells, the researchers were able to demonstrate how alterations in Rho GTPase signaling pathways can impact muscle formation. This has profound implications for understanding muscular diseases and conditions characterized by impaired muscle development or regeneration.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1128/MCB.18.3.1580
Schwander M, Leu M, Stumm M, et al. Beta1 integrins regulate myoblast fusion and sarcomere assembly. Dev Cell. (2003);4:673–685. doi: 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00118-7.

Beta1 integrins regulate myoblast fusion and sarcomere assembly

The article “Beta1 integrins regulate myoblast fusion and sarcomere assembly” by Schwander M, Leu M, Stumm M, et al., published in Developmental Cell in 2003, investigates the role of β1 integrins in muscle cell development, specifically focusing on their involvement in myoblast fusion and the assembly of sarcomeres, the fundamental units of muscle contraction. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate the attachment between the cell and the extracellular matrix (ECM), playing crucial roles in cell signaling, proliferation, differentiation, and mobility.

This study is significant because it addresses a critical aspect of muscle formation and repair, offering insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie myoblast fusion into multinucleated myotubes and the organization of these myotubes into structured, functional muscle fibers. The process of myoblast fusion is essential for the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle, and sarcomere assembly is vital for the contractile capability of muscle tissue.

Read the full article on https://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/pdf/S1534-5807(03)00118-7.pdf
Andersen NB, Malmlöf K, Johansen PB, Andreassen TT, Ørtoft G, Oxlund H. The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001;11(5):266-72.

The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats

The study “The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats” by Andersen NB, Malmlöf K, Johansen PB, Andreassen TT, Ørtoft G, Oxlund H, published in Growth Hormone & IGF Research in 2001, investigates the potential of the growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin in mitigating the negative effects of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in adult rats. Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that, when administered at high doses or over extended periods, can lead to bone loss and decreased bone formation, contributing to conditions like osteoporosis.

This study is significant because it explores the therapeutic potential of ipamorelin, a compound known for its ability to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH), in addressing glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. GH plays a crucial role in bone metabolism, promoting bone formation and mineralization. By administering ipamorelin to rats exposed to glucocorticoids, the researchers aimed to determine whether ipamorelin could counteract the negative impact of glucocorticoids on bone formation.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096637401902394
Mericq V, Cassorla F, Salazar T, et al. Effects of eight months treatment with graded doses of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide in GH-deficient children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(7):2355-60.

Effects of eight months treatment with graded doses of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide in GH-deficient children

The study titled “Effects of eight months treatment with graded doses of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide in GH-deficient children” by Mericq V, Cassorla F, Salazar T, et al., was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1998. This study investigates the effects of an eight-month treatment regimen using a growth hormone-releasing peptide in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD).

Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are compounds that stimulate the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. They have been explored as potential treatments for individuals with GHD, a condition characterized by insufficient production of growth hormone, which can lead to growth retardation and other health issues in children.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/83/7/2355/2865347
Bellone J, Ghizzoni L, Aimaretti G, et al. Growth hormone-releasing effect of oral growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) administration in children with short stature. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;133(4):425-9.

Growth hormone-releasing effect of oral growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) administration in children with short stature

The study titled “Growth hormone-releasing effect of oral growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) administration in children with short stature” by Bellone J, Ghizzoni L, Aimaretti G, et al., was published in the European Journal of Endocrinology in 1995. This research investigates the growth hormone-releasing effects of oral administration of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in children with short stature.

GHRP-6 is a synthetic peptide that stimulates the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. It has been explored as a potential treatment for individuals with growth hormone deficiency or those with short stature due to other causes.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of the ability of oral GHRP-6 to stimulate the release of growth hormone in children with short stature. The researchers likely administered oral doses of GHRP-6 and measured the resulting increase in growth hormone levels. The study’s findings could provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of using oral GHRP-6 as a potential treatment option for children with growth-related issues.
Ghigo E, Arvat E, Muccioli G, Camanni F. Growth hormone-releasing peptides. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;136(5):445-60.

Growth hormone-releasing peptides

The article titled “Growth hormone-releasing peptides” by Ghigo E, Arvat E, Muccioli G, Camanni F, was published in the European Journal of Endocrinology in 1997. This article likely provides a comprehensive overview of growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs), including their mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and potential clinical applications.

GHRPs are a class of compounds known for their ability to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. They have been studied for various purposes, including the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and other conditions related to GH secretion.

The significance of this article lies in its contribution to the understanding of GHRPs and their role in endocrinology. It is likely to review the available literature and research on GHRPs up to that point, summarizing key findings and discussing their implications for clinical practice.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091302297901588
Mericq V, Cassorla F, Bowers CY, Avila A, Gonen B, Merriam GR. Changes in appetite and body weight in response to long-term oral administration of the ghrelin agonist GHRP-2 in growth hormone deficient children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16:981–985.

Changes in appetite and body weight in response to long-term oral administration of the ghrelin agonist GHRP-2 in growth hormone deficient children

The study titled “Changes in appetite and body weight in response to long-term oral administration of the ghrelin agonist GHRP-2 in growth hormone deficient children” by Mericq V, Cassorla F, Bowers CY, Avila A, Gonen B, Merriam GR, was published in the Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism in 2003. This research investigates the effects of long-term oral administration of the ghrelin agonist GHRP-2 on appetite and body weight in children with growth hormone deficiency.

GHRP-2 is a compound that acts as an agonist for ghrelin receptors, which are involved in regulating appetite and growth hormone secretion. Understanding the impact of GHRP-2 on appetite and body weight in growth hormone-deficient children is essential for evaluating its potential as a treatment option for improving growth and nutritional status in this population.

Read the full article on https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/JPEM.2003.16.7.981/html
Pihoker C, Kearns GL, French D, Bowers CY. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2: a phase I study in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(4):1168–1172.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2: a phase I study in children

The article titled “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2: a phase I study in children” by Pihoker C, Kearns GL, French D, Bowers CY, was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1998. This study presents a phase I clinical trial that focuses on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in children.

GHRP-2 is a synthetic peptide that stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. It has been of interest as a potential therapeutic agent for children with growth hormone deficiency and related growth disorders.

The significance of this study lies in its investigation of how GHRP-2 is metabolized (pharmacokinetics) and its effects on GH release (pharmacodynamics) in pediatric patients. Phase I clinical trials are typically conducted to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a new drug or compound in a small group of participants. Therefore, this study likely aimed to establish the safety profile of GHRP-2 in children and understand how it influences GH levels.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/83/4/1168/2865268
Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, et al. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-13.

Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats

The study titled “Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats” by Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, et al., was published in Growth Hormone & IGF Research in 1999. This research investigates the effects of Ipamorelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP), on longitudinal bone growth in rats.

Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide known for its ability to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. Understanding its impact on bone growth, especially longitudinal growth, is essential for assessing its potential as a treatment for conditions related to growth hormone deficiency or growth disorders.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096637499999987
Svensson J, Lall S, Dickson SL, et al. The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats. J Endocrinol. 2000;165(3):569-77.

The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats

The study titled “The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats” by Svensson J, Lall S, Dickson SL, et al., was published in the Journal of Endocrinology in 2000. This research explores the effects of two growth hormone secretagogues, Ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), on bone mineral content in adult female rats.

Both Ipamorelin and GHRP-6 are synthetic peptides that stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. Understanding their impact on bone mineral content is essential for evaluating their potential as therapeutic agents for conditions related to bone health.

The significance of this study lies in its investigation of how Ipamorelin and GHRP-6 affect bone mineral content in adult female rats. The researchers likely administered these peptides to the rats and assessed changes in bone mineral content over a specific period. This information is valuable for understanding the potential role of these compounds in promoting bone health and addressing conditions associated with bone loss.

Read the full article on https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/165/3/569.xml
Svensson, J., Lall, S., Dickson, S. L., Bengtsson, B. A., Rømer, J., Ahnfelt-Rønne, I., Ohlsson, C., & Jansson, J. O. (2001). Effects of growth hormone and its secretagogues on bone. Endocrine, 14(1), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:14:1:063.

Effects of growth hormone and its secretagogues on bone

The study titled “Effects of growth hormone and its secretagogues on bone” by Svensson J, Lall S, Dickson SL, Bengtsson BA, Rømer J, Ahnfelt-Rønne I, Ohlsson C, and Jansson JO, was published in the journal Endocrine in 2001. This research investigates the effects of growth hormone (GH) and its secretagogues on bone.

The study likely explores how GH and GH secretagogues, including compounds like Ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), influence bone health and physiology. It may include a review of existing literature and research on the topic, summarizing key findings and discussing their implications for bone health.

The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the understanding of the relationship between GH, GH secretagogues, and bone metabolism. Bone health is influenced by various factors, including hormones like GH, and understanding how these factors interact can have implications for the management of conditions related to bone health, such as osteoporosis.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/ENDO:14:1:063
Guo S, Gao Q, Jiao Q, Hao W, Gao X, Cao JM. Gastric mucosal damage in water immersion stress: mechanism and prevention with GHRP-6. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(24):3145–3155.

Gastric mucosal damage in water immersion stress: mechanism and prevention with GHRP-6

The study titled “Gastric mucosal damage in water immersion stress: mechanism and prevention with GHRP-6” by Guo S, Gao Q, Jiao Q, Hao W, Gao X, and Cao JM was published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2012. This research investigates the mechanisms underlying gastric mucosal damage induced by water immersion stress and explores the potential protective effects of GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6) against this damage.

Water immersion stress is a model used in research to induce stress-related changes in the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric mucosal damage. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this process and finding potential protective agents like GHRP-6 can have implications for stress-related gastric disorders and treatments.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3386329/
Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al. Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans. Gut. 2006;55(3):327-33.

Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans

The study titled “Influence of ghrelin on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans” by Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al., was published in the journal Gut in 2006. This research investigates the influence of ghrelin, a hormone primarily produced by the stomach, on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in humans.

Ghrelin is known to play a role in regulating appetite and food intake. However, its effects on gastrointestinal motility, specifically during the interdigestive phase (the period between meals), are of interest to understand its broader functions in the digestive system.

The significance of this study lies in its examination of how ghrelin influences the motility of the gastrointestinal tract during the interdigestive phase. The researchers likely conducted experiments or measurements to assess changes in gastrointestinal motility in response to ghrelin administration.

Read the full article on https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/early/2005/10/10/gut.2004.060426.full.pdf
Haruta I, Fuku Y, Kinoshita K, et al. One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2015;6(3):237-241. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12028.

One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient

The study titled “One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient” by Haruta I, Fuku Y, Kinoshita K, et al., was published in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle in 2015. This research reports on the effects of one-year intranasal application of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in a severely emaciated patient with anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and a distorted body image. GHRP-2 is a synthetic peptide that can stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH). In this study, the researchers investigated whether the intranasal application of GHRP-2 could lead to improvements in body weight and hypoglycemia in a patient with severe emaciation due to anorexia nervosa.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcsm.12028
Beck DE, Sweeney WB, Mccarter MD. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-34.

Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients

The study titled “Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients” by Beck DE, Sweeney WB, and McCarter MD was published in the International Journal of Colorectal Disease in 2014. This research represents a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that investigates the use of the ghrelin mimetic Ipamorelin in managing postoperative ileus in patients undergoing bowel resection.

Postoperative ileus is a common complication following abdominal surgery, characterized by a temporary impairment of normal bowel function. Ghrelin is a hormone that plays a role in regulating gastrointestinal motility and appetite. Ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, may have the potential to accelerate recovery of bowel function in postoperative patients.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8
Depoortere I, De Winter B, Thijs T, De Man J, Pelckmans P, Peeters T. Comparison of the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin, GHRP-6 and motilin in rats in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;515(1–3):160–168.

Comparison of the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin, GHRP-6 and motilin in rats in vivo and in vitro

The study titled “Comparison of the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin, GHRP-6, and motilin in rats in vivo and in vitro” by Depoortere I, De Winter B, Thijs T, De Man J, Pelckmans P, and Peeters T was published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2005. This research aims to compare the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin, GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6), and motilin in rats, both in vivo (in living animals) and in vitro (in isolated tissue or cells).

Gastroprokinetic agents are substances that promote the movement and contractions of the gastrointestinal tract, facilitating the process of digestion and transit of food. Ghrelin, GHRP-6, and motilin are all peptides that have been investigated for their potential effects on gastrointestinal motility.

The significance of this study lies in its comprehensive comparison of these three peptides in terms of their ability to enhance gastrointestinal motility. The research likely involved experiments conducted on both live rats and isolated gastrointestinal tissue or cells to assess the effects of these peptides.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990500405X
Kitazawa T, De Smet B, Verbeke K, Depoortere I, Peeters TL. Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro. Gut. 2005;54(8):1078–1084.

Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro

The study titled “Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro” by Kitazawa T, De Smet B, Verbeke K, Depoortere I, and Peeters TL was published in the journal Gut in 2005. This research investigates the gastric motor effects of both peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice, both in vivo (in living animals) and in vitro (in isolated tissue or cells).

Ghrelin is a hormone primarily produced by the stomach that plays a role in regulating appetite and gastrointestinal motility. Ghrelin agonists are substances that mimic the effects of ghrelin and may have implications for the modulation of gastric motor function.

The significance of this study lies in its examination of both peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists and their effects on gastric motor function. The research likely involved a combination of experiments conducted on live mice and isolated gastric tissue or cells to assess the impact of these agonists.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508508010986
Xu L, Depoortere I, Tomasetto C, et al. Evidence for the presence of motilin, ghrelin, and the motilin and ghrelin receptor in neurons of the myenteric plexus. Regul Pept. 2005;124(1–3):119–125.

Evidence for the presence of motilin, ghrelin, and the motilin and ghrelin receptor in neurons of the myenteric plexus

The study titled “Evidence for the presence of motilin, ghrelin, and the motilin and ghrelin receptor in neurons of the myenteric plexus” by Xu L, Depoortere I, Tomasetto C, et al., was published in the journal Regulatory Peptides in 2005. This research provides evidence for the presence of motilin, ghrelin, and their respective receptors in neurons of the myenteric plexus.

The myenteric plexus is a network of neurons in the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in regulating gut motility and functions. Motilin and ghrelin are hormones involved in gastrointestinal motility and appetite regulation. Understanding their presence in the myenteric plexus neurons can provide insights into the neural regulation of gut functions.

The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the understanding of the neuroendocrine interactions within the gastrointestinal tract. The research likely involved immunohistochemical or molecular techniques to identify the presence of motilin, ghrelin, and their receptors in myenteric plexus neurons.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167011504002356
Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, Pietra C. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology. 2012;4:149-155. doi:10.2147/JEP.S35396.

Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus

The study titled “Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus” by Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, and Pietra C was published in the Journal of Experimental Pharmacology in 2012. This research investigates the efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, in addressing gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus.

Postoperative ileus is a condition characterized by impaired gastrointestinal motility that can occur after abdominal surgery. Ghrelin is a hormone associated with gastrointestinal motility, and ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide designed to mimic the effects of ghrelin. This study likely explores whether ipamorelin can improve gastric motility in the context of postoperative ileus.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/JEP.S35396
Qiu WC, Wang ZG, Wang WG, Yan J, Zheng Q. Gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 in diabetic mice with gastroparesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(9):1419-24.

Gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 in diabetic mice with gastroparesis

The study titled “Gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 in diabetic mice with gastroparesis” by Qiu WC, Wang ZG, Wang WG, Yan J, and Zheng Q was published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2008. This research investigates the gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in diabetic mice with gastroparesis.

Gastroparesis is a condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastrointestinal motility, often associated with diabetes. Ghrelin and GHRP-6 are peptides that have been studied for their potential to stimulate gastric motility.

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the effects of ghrelin and GHRP-6 on gastric motility in a diabetic mouse model with gastroparesis. Understanding how these peptides influence gastric motor function in diabetic gastroparesis can have clinical implications for the management of this condition.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693693/
Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329(3):1110–1116.

Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus

The study titled “Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus” by Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, and Greenwood-Van Meerveld B was published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in 2009. This research examines the efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus.

Postoperative ileus is a condition characterized by delayed gastrointestinal motility that can occur after abdominal surgery. Ghrelin is a hormone associated with gastrointestinal motility, and ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide designed to mimic the effects of ghrelin. This study likely explores whether ipamorelin can alleviate postoperative ileus in a rodent model.

The significance of this study lies in its potential implications for the management of postoperative ileus, which can lead to prolonged recovery times for surgical patients. If ipamorelin proves effective in improving gastrointestinal motility in a rodent model, it may have relevance for the development of therapies to accelerate recovery after surgery.

Read the full article on https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/329/3/1110.short
Fazio S. Sabatini D. Capaldo B. et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy N. Engl. J. Med. 1996 334 809 814.

A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy N

The study titled “A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy” by Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1996. This research represents a preliminary investigation into the use of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy.

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition characterized by the enlargement and weakening of the heart’s left ventricle, leading to reduced cardiac function. The study likely explores whether growth hormone therapy could have potential benefits for patients with this condition.

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of a novel approach to the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy using growth hormone. If successful, such treatment could represent a new therapeutic avenue for individuals with this cardiac disorder.

Read the full article on https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603283341301
Broglio F. Guarracino F. Benso A. et al. Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during by-pass surgery Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002 448 193 200.

Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during by-pass surgery Eur

The study titled “Effects of acute hexarelin administration on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during bypass surgery” by Broglio F, Guarracino F, Benso A, et al. was published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2002. This research investigates the effects of acute administration of hexarelin on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease during bypass surgery.

Coronary artery disease is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. The study likely explores whether hexarelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, has any impact on cardiac performance in patients undergoing bypass surgery for coronary artery disease.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of the potential effects of hexarelin on cardiac function during a critical medical procedure. Understanding how hexarelin may influence cardiac performance in the context of coronary artery disease and bypass surgery can have implications for patient care.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299902019349
Bisi G, Podio V, Valetto MR, Broglio F, Bertuccio G, Del Rio G, Arvat E, Boghen MF, Deghengi R, Muccioli G, Ong H, Ghigo E 1999 Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 22:266–272.

Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans

The study titled “Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans” by Bisi G, Podio V, Valetto MR, Broglio F, Bertuccio G, Del Rio G, Arvat E, Boghen MF, Deghengi R, Muccioli G, Ong H, and Ghigo E was published in the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation in 1999. This research investigates the acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of both growth hormone (GH) and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans.

The study likely examines the immediate effects of GH and hexarelin on cardiovascular parameters and hormone levels in human subjects. This research can provide insights into how these substances affect cardiovascular function and hormonal responses shortly after administration.

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the acute effects of GH and hexarelin on cardiovascular and hormonal systems in humans. Understanding these acute responses is important for evaluating the safety and potential therapeutic applications of these substances.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03343555
Bisi G, Podio V, Valetto MR, et al. Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH–releasing peptide, in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 1999 ; 224 : 266-72.
Valetto MR, Podio V, Broglio F et al. The acute administration of Hexarelin, a peptidyl GH secretagogues, has GH-independent, positive inotropic effect in humans. In : Hormones and the Heart, Naples, Italy 1998 ; abs. p. 54.

The acute administration of Hexarelin, a peptidyl GH secretagogues, has GH-independent, positive inotropic effect in humans

The study you mentioned by Valetto MR, Podio V, Broglio F, et al., titled “The acute administration of Hexarelin, a peptidyl GH secretagogues, has GH-independent, positive inotropic effect in humans,” suggests that the acute administration of Hexarelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, exerts a GH-independent positive inotropic (increasing the force of cardiac muscle contraction) effect in humans. This effect is likely mediated by specific GHRPs myocardial receptors.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03350797
Ghigo E, Arvat E, Gianotti L et al. Growth hormone-releasing activity of Hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal and oral administration in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994 ; 78 : 693-8.

Growth hormone-releasing activity of Hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal and oral administration in man

The study titled “Growth hormone-releasing activity of Hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral administration in man” by Ghigo E, Arvat E, Gianotti L, et al. was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 1994 (Volume 78, pages 693-698).

This research investigates the growth hormone-releasing activity of Hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, in humans following various routes of administration, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of the effectiveness of Hexarelin in stimulating the release of growth hormone when administered through different routes. Understanding how Hexarelin influences growth hormone secretion via various methods of administration is essential for evaluating its potential therapeutic applications.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/78/3/693/2651002
Rahim A, O’Neill PA, Shalet SM. Growth hormone status -during long-term hexarelin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 ; 83 : 1644-9.

Growth hormone status during long-term hexarelin therapy

The study titled “Growth hormone status during long-term hexarelin therapy” by Rahim A, O’Neill PA, and Shalet SM was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 1998 (Volume 83, pages 1644-1649).

This research examines the growth hormone status of individuals undergoing long-term hexarelin therapy. Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide with growth hormone-releasing properties, and this study likely explores how prolonged hexarelin treatment affects the growth hormone levels in patients.

The significance of this study lies in its investigation of the impact of long-term hexarelin therapy on growth hormone status. Understanding the sustained effects of hexarelin on growth hormone secretion is important for evaluating its safety and effectiveness as a therapeutic intervention.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/83/5/1644/2865542
Vasan RS, Sullivan LM, D’agostino RB, et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor I and risk for heart failure in elderly individuals without a previous myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(8):642-8.

Serum insulin-like growth factor I and risk for heart failure in elderly individuals without a previous myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study

The study titled “Serum insulin-like growth factor I and risk for heart failure in elderly individuals without a previous myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study” by Vasan RS, Sullivan LM, D’Agostino RB, et al. was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 2003 (Volume 139, pages 642-648).

This research conducted as part of the Framingham Heart Study investigates the relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels and the risk of heart failure in elderly individuals who had not experienced a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack).

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the potential link between IGF-I levels and the risk of heart failure, particularly in older individuals without a history of myocardial infarction. Understanding such associations can provide insights into the role of IGF-I in cardiovascular health.

Read the full article on https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/0003-4819-139-8-200310210-00007
Locatelli V. Rossoni G. Schweiger F. et al. Growth hormone independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat Endocrinology 1999 140 4024 4031.

Growth hormone independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat Endocrinology

The study titled “Growth hormone-independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat” by Locatelli V, Rossoni G, Schweiger F, et al. was published in the journal Endocrinology in 1999 (Volume 140, pages 4024-4031).

This research investigates the cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in rats, particularly focusing on whether these effects are independent of growth hormone (GH). Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide with GH-releasing properties, and the study likely explores its impact on the heart in the absence of GH.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of hexarelin’s potential to protect the heart from damage, and whether these effects are mediated by GH or occur independently. Understanding the mechanisms through which hexarelin may benefit cardiac health can have implications for cardiovascular research and therapy.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/140/9/4024/2990623
Tivesten A. Bollano E. Caidahl K. et al. The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin improves cardiac function in rats after experimental myocardial infarction Endocrinology 2000 141 60 66.

The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin improves cardiac function in rats after experimental myocardial infarction

The study titled “The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin improves cardiac function in rats after experimental myocardial infarction” by Tivesten A, Bollano E, Caidahl K, et al. was published in the journal Endocrinology in 2000 (Volume 141, pages 60-66).

This research investigates the effects of hexarelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, on cardiac function in rats following experimental myocardial infarction (heart attack). The study likely explores whether hexarelin administration can improve cardiac function in this experimental model of heart damage.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of hexarelin as a potential therapeutic agent for improving cardiac function after a heart attack. Understanding its impact on the heart in the context of myocardial infarction can have implications for cardiovascular research and treatment.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/141/1/60/2987850
Xu X.B. Cao J.M. Pang J.J. et al. The positive inotropic and calcium-mobilizing effects of growth hormone-releasing peptides on rat heart Endocrinology 2003 144 5050 5057.

The positive inotropic and calcium-mobilizing effects of growth hormone-releasing peptides on rat heart

The study titled “The positive inotropic and calcium-mobilizing effects of growth hormone-releasing peptides on rat heart” by Xu X.B., Cao J.M., Pang J.J., et al. was published in the journal Endocrinology in 2003 (Volume 144, pages 5050-5057).

This research investigates the effects of growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) on rat heart, particularly focusing on their positive inotropic (increasing the force of cardiac muscle contraction) and calcium-mobilizing effects. The study likely explores how GHRPs impact heart function and calcium regulation in rats.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of how GHRPs affect cardiac function and calcium handling in the rat heart. Understanding these effects is important for elucidating the potential cardiovascular actions of GHRPs.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/144/11/5050/2881048
Titterington JS, Sukhanov S, Higashi Y, Vaughn C, Bowers C, Delafontaine P. Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Suppresses Vascular Oxidative Stress in ApoE−/− Mice But Does Not Reduce Atherosclerosis. Endocrinology. 2009;150(12):5478-5487. doi:10.1210/en.2009-0283.

Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Suppresses Vascular Oxidative Stress in ApoE−/− Mice But Does Not Reduce Atherosclerosis

The study titled “Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Suppresses Vascular Oxidative Stress in ApoE−/− Mice But Does Not Reduce Atherosclerosis” by Titterington JS, Sukhanov S, Higashi Y, Vaughn C, Bowers C, Delafontaine P was published in the journal Endocrinology in 2009 (Volume 150, Issue 12, pages 5478-5487).

This research focuses on the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2) on vascular oxidative stress in ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice and its potential impact on atherosclerosis. The study likely investigates whether GHRP-2 administration can reduce oxidative stress in the vascular system and subsequently impact the development of atherosclerosis in these mice.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/150/12/5478/2455922
Iwase M. Kanazawa H. Kato Y. et al. Growth-hormone releasing peptide can improve left ventricular dysfunction and attenuate dilation in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters Cardiovasc. Res. 2004 61 30 38.

Growth-hormone releasing peptide can improve left ventricular dysfunction and attenuate dilation in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters Cardiovasc

The study titled “Growth-hormone releasing peptide can improve left ventricular dysfunction and attenuate dilation in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters” by Iwase M, Kanazawa H, Kato Y, et al. was published in the journal Cardiovascular Research in 2004 (Volume 61, pages 30-38).

This research investigates the effects of a growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) on left ventricular dysfunction and ventricular dilation in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters. The study likely explores whether GHRP administration can improve cardiac function and reduce ventricular dilation in this animal model of dilated cardiomyopathy.

The significance of this study lies in its assessment of the potential therapeutic effects of GHRP on heart function and dilation in the context of dilated cardiomyopathy. Understanding how GHRP may impact cardiac health in this condition can have implications for the development of treatments for cardiomyopathies.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article-abstract/61/1/30/332221
Shen Y.T. Lynch J.J. Hargreaves R.J. Gould R.J. A growth hormone secretagogue prevents ischemic-induced mortality independently of the growth hormone pathway in dogs with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003 306 815 820.

A growth hormone secretagogue prevents ischemic-induced mortality independently of the growth hormone pathway in dogs with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy

The study titled “A growth hormone secretagogue prevents ischemic-induced mortality independently of the growth hormone pathway in dogs with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy” by Shen Y.T., Lynch J.J., Hargreaves R.J., Gould R.J. was published in the journal Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in 2003 (Volume 306, pages 815-820).

This research investigates the effects of a growth hormone secretagogue on ischemic-induced mortality in dogs with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. The study likely explores whether the administration of the growth hormone secretagogue can prevent mortality in these dogs independently of the growth hormone pathway.

Read the full article on https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/306/2/815.short
Berlanga J, Cibrian D, Guevara L, et al. Growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) prevents oxidant cytotoxicity and reduces myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci. 2007;112(4):241-50.

Growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) prevents oxidant cytotoxicity and reduces myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction

The study titled “Growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) prevents oxidant cytotoxicity and reduces myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction” by Berlanga J, Cibrian D, Guevara L, et al. was published in the journal Clinical Science in 2007 (Volume 112, Issue 4, pages 241-250).

This research focuses on the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 (GHRP6) in preventing oxidant cytotoxicity and reducing myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). The study likely investigates whether GHRP6 administration can protect against oxidative damage and reduce tissue damage in the heart during a heart attack.

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the potential cardioprotective effects of GHRP6 in the context of acute myocardial infarction. Understanding how GHRP6 may mitigate oxidative stress and myocardial necrosis can have implications for the development of treatments for heart attacks.

Read the full article on https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/112/4/241/68153
Catalina PF, Mallo F, Andrade MA, García-mayor RV, Diéguez C. Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in type 1 diabetic patients with exaggerated GH-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(10):3663-7.

Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in type 1 diabetic patients with exaggerated GH-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion

The study titled “Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in type 1 diabetic patients with exaggerated GH-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion” by Catalina PF, Mallo F, Andrade MA, García-Mayor RV, and Diéguez C was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 1998 (Volume 83, Issue 10, pages 3663-3667).

This research investigates the growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) in type 1 diabetic patients who have exaggerated GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-stimulated GH secretion. The study likely explores how GHRP-6 affects GH secretion in individuals with type 1 diabetes who already have heightened GH response to GHRH.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/83/10/3663/2865731
Villares R, Kakabadse D, Juarranz Y, Gomariz RP, Martínez-a C, Mellado M. Growth hormone prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(48):E4619-27.

Growth hormone prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes

The study titled “Growth hormone prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes” by Villares R, Kakabadse D, Juarranz Y, Gomariz RP, Martínez-A C, and Mellado M was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 2013 (Volume 110, Issue 48, pages E4619-E4627).

This research explores the role of growth hormone (GH) in preventing the development of autoimmune diabetes. The study likely investigates how GH administration can influence the development of autoimmune diabetes in experimental models.

The significance of this study lies in its potential implications for understanding the role of GH in immune regulation and autoimmune diseases. It suggests that GH may have a protective effect against the development of autoimmune diabetes, which could have broader implications for autoimmune disease research and treatment.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1314985110
Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-6.

Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats

The study titled “Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats” by Adeghate E and Ponery AS was published in the Neuro Endocrinology Letters in 2004 (Volume 25, Issue 6, pages 403-406).

This research investigates the mechanism by which ipamorelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, stimulates insulin release from the pancreas in both normal and diabetic rats. The study likely explores the pathways and processes involved in ipamorelin-induced insulin secretion.

The significance of this study lies in its examination of the effects of ipamorelin on insulin release, which can have implications for understanding its potential role in glycemic control and diabetes management.

Read the full article on https://www.nel.edu/userfiles/articlesnew/NEL250604A01.pdf
Granado M, García-cáceres C, Tuda M, Frago LM, Chowen JA, Argente J. Insulin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) have differential beneficial effects on cell turnover in the pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebellum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;337(1-2):101-13.

Insulin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) have differential beneficial effects on cell turnover in the pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebellum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

The study titled “Insulin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) have differential beneficial effects on cell turnover in the pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebellum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats” by Granado M, García-Cáceres C, Tuda M, Frago LM, Chowen JA, and Argente J was published in the journal Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology in 2011 (Volume 337, Issues 1-2, pages 101-113).

This research investigates the effects of insulin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) on cell turnover in different regions of the brain, including the pituitary, hypothalamus, and cerebellum, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The study likely explores how insulin and GHRP-6 administration impact cell renewal and turnover in these brain regions in the context of diabetes.

The significance of this study lies in its examination of the differential effects of insulin and GHRP-6 on brain cell turnover in diabetic rats. Understanding these effects can provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies for diabetes-related neurological changes.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303720711000967
Johansen PB, Segev Y, Landau D, Phillip M, Flyvbjerg A. Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice in response to a GH secretagogue. Exp Diabesity Res. 2003;4(2):73-81.

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice in response to a GH secretagogue

The study titled “Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice in response to a GH secretagogue” by Johansen PB, Segev Y, Landau D, Phillip M, and Flyvbjerg A was published in the journal Experimental Diabesity Research in 2003 (Volume 4, Issue 2, pages 73-81).

This research investigates the response of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice to a growth hormone secretagogue, focusing on GH hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance. The study likely explores how diabetic mice, induced by STZ treatment, react to a compound that promotes the secretion of growth hormone and whether there are differences in GH receptor sensitivity.

The significance of this study lies in its examination of the GH axis in diabetic mice and its response to a GH secretagogue. Understanding the alterations in GH secretion and receptor sensitivity in diabetes can provide insights into the hormonal changes associated with the disease.

Read the full article on https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2003/864798/abs/
Bailey CJ, Wilkes LC, Flatt PR, Conlon JM, Buchanan KD. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on the secretion of islet hormones and on glucose homeostasis in lean and genetically obese-diabetic (ob/ob) mice and normal rats. J Endocrinol (1989) 123(1):19–24.10.1677/joe.0.1230019.

Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on the secretion of islet hormones and on glucose homeostasis in lean and genetically obese-diabetic (ob/ob) mice and normal rats.

The study titled “Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on the secretion of islet hormones and on glucose homeostasis in lean and genetically obese-diabetic (ob/ob) mice and normal rats” by Bailey CJ, Wilkes LC, Flatt PR, Conlon JM, and Buchanan KD was published in the journal Journal of Endocrinology in 1989 (Volume 123, Issue 1, pages 19-24).

This research investigates the impact of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on the secretion of islet hormones and glucose homeostasis in various animal models, including lean and genetically obese-diabetic (ob/ob) mice as well as normal rats. The study likely explores how GHRH affects hormonal regulation and glucose control in these animal models.

Read the full article on https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/123/1/joe_123_1_004.xml
Ludwig B, Ziegler CG, Schally AV, Richter C, Steffen A, Jabs N, et al. Agonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone as a potential effector for survival and proliferation of pancreatic islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010) 107(28):12623–8.10.1073/pnas.1005098107.

Agonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone as a potential effector for survival and proliferation of pancreatic islets

The study titled “Agonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone as a potential effector for survival and proliferation of pancreatic islets” by Ludwig B, Ziegler CG, Schally AV, Richter C, Steffen A, Jabs N, et al. was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2010 (Volume 107, Issue 28, pages 12623-12628).

This research explores the potential use of an agonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) as an effector for the survival and proliferation of pancreatic islets. The study likely investigates the effects of GHRH agonists on pancreatic islets and their potential role in supporting the survival and growth of these critical insulin-producing structures.

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of novel approaches to enhance the viability and proliferation of pancreatic islets, which are essential for regulating blood glucose levels. Understanding how GHRH agonists may impact pancreatic islet function can have implications for diabetes treatment and insulin production.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1005098107
Ludwig B, Rotem A, Schmid J, Weir GC, Colton CK, Brendel MD, et al. Improvement of islet function in a bioartificial pancreas by enhanced oxygen supply and growth hormone releasing hormone agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2012) 109(13):5022–7.10.1073/pnas.1201868109.

Improvement of islet function in a bioartificial pancreas by enhanced oxygen supply and growth hormone releasing hormone agonist

The study titled “Improvement of islet function in a bioartificial pancreas by enhanced oxygen supply and growth hormone releasing hormone agonist” by Ludwig B, Rotem A, Schmid J, Weir GC, Colton CK, Brendel MD, et al. was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2012 (Volume 109, Issue 13, pages 5022–5027).

This research focuses on enhancing the function of islets within a bioartificial pancreas through two key strategies: improved oxygen supply and the use of a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) agonist. The study likely investigates how optimizing oxygen levels and the addition of a GHRH agonist can improve the performance of a bioartificial pancreas.

The significance of this study lies in its potential to improve the functionality of bioartificial pancreas systems, which are designed to replace or support the function of the natural pancreas in individuals with diabetes. By enhancing islet function in these systems, researchers aim to improve glucose regulation and insulin production, ultimately benefiting diabetes management.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1201868109
Zhang X, Cui T, He J, Wang H, Cai R, Popovics P, et al. Beneficial effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone agonists on rat INS-1 cells and on streptozotocin-induced NOD/SCID mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2015) 112(44):13651–6.10.1073/pnas.1518540112.

Beneficial effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone agonists on rat INS-1 cells and on streptozotocin-induced NOD/SCID mice

The study titled “Beneficial effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone agonists on rat INS-1 cells and on streptozotocin-induced NOD/SCID mice” by Zhang X, Cui T, He J, Wang H, Cai R, Popovics P, et al. was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2015.

This research explores the potential benefits of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) agonists on both rat INS-1 cells and in a mouse model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The study investigates how GHRH agonists affect pancreatic INS-1 cells and their potential therapeutic effects in a diabetic mouse model.

The significance of this study lies in its potential implications for diabetes treatment. Understanding the effects of GHRH agonists on pancreatic cells and their ability to improve glucose regulation could lead to new therapeutic approaches for diabetes management.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1518540112
Schubert U, Schmid J, Lehmann S, Zhang XY, Morawietz H, Block NL, et al. Transplantation of pancreatic islets to adrenal gland is promoted by agonists of growth-hormone-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2013) 110(6):2288–93.10.1073/pnas.1221505110.

Transplantation of pancreatic islets to adrenal gland is promoted by agonists of growth-hormone-releasing hormone

The study titled “Transplantation of pancreatic islets to adrenal gland is promoted by agonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone” by Schubert U, Schmid J, Lehmann S, Zhang XY, Morawietz H, Block NL, et al. was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2013.

This research focuses on the transplantation of pancreatic islets into the adrenal gland and how this process is influenced by agonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). The study likely investigates how GHRH agonists can enhance the success of pancreatic islet transplantation, potentially improving outcomes for individuals with diabetes.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1221505110
Schmid J, Ludwig B, Schally AV, Steffen A, Ziegler CG, Block NL, et al. Modulation of pancreatic islets-stress axis by hypothalamic releasing hormones and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2011) 108(33):13722–7.10.1073/pnas.1110965108.

Modulation of pancreatic islets-stress axis by hypothalamic releasing hormones and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

The study titled “Modulation of pancreatic islets-stress axis by hypothalamic releasing hormones and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase” by Schmid J, Ludwig B, Schally AV, Steffen A, Ziegler CG, Block NL, et al. was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2011.

This research explores the modulation of the pancreatic islets-stress axis by hypothalamic releasing hormones and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The study likely investigates the interactions between hypothalamic hormones, stress responses, and the function of pancreatic islets, with potential implications for diabetes and stress-related conditions.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1110965108
Perboni S, Bowers C, Kojima S, Asakawa A, Inui A. Growth hormone releasing peptide 2 reverses anorexia associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil in colon cancer cell-bearing mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(41):6303–6305.

Growth hormone releasing peptide 2 reverses anorexia associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil in colon cancer cell-bearing mice

The study titled “Growth hormone releasing peptide 2 reverses anorexia associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil in colon cancer cell-bearing mice” by Perboni S, Bowers C, Kojima S, Asakawa A, Inui A was published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2008 (Volume 14, Issue 41, pages 6303–6305).

This research investigates the potential of growth hormone releasing peptide 2 (GHRP-2) to reverse anorexia, which is often associated with chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing colon cancer cells. The study likely explores the effects of GHRP-2 on appetite and nutritional status during chemotherapy, with the aim of improving food intake and overall health in cancer-bearing mice.

The significance of this study lies in its potential implications for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Finding ways to alleviate chemotherapy-induced anorexia and improve nutritional intake could contribute to better treatment outcomes and quality of life for cancer patients.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766109/
Abbassi V, Bellanti Humoral a cell-mediated immunity in growth hormone-deficient children: effect of therapy with human growth hormone. Pediat Res 1985; 19: 299-301.

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in growth hormone-deficient children: effect of therapy with human growth hormone

The study titled “Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in growth hormone-deficient children: effect of therapy with human growth hormone” by Abbassi V and Bellanti was published in Pediatric Research in 1985 (Volume 19, pages 299-301).

This research investigates the impact of human growth hormone (hGH) therapy on both humoral (related to antibodies and the immune system) and cell-mediated immunity in children with growth hormone deficiency. The study likely assesses changes in immune function and responses in children receiving hGH treatment.

The significance of this study lies in understanding how hGH therapy may influence the immune system of children with growth hormone deficiency, as it could have implications for their overall health and susceptibility to infections.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/pr198572
Rapaport R, Oleske J, Aldich H, Salomon S, Delfaus C, Denny T. Suppression of immune function in growth hormone-deficient children during treatment with human growth hormone. J Pediatr 1986; 109; 434-439.

Suppression of immune function in growth hormone-deficient children during treatment with human growth hormone

The study titled “Suppression of immune function in growth hormone-deficient children during treatment with human growth hormone” by Rapaport R, Oleske J, Aldich H, Salomon S, Delfaus C, and Denny T was published in The Journal of Pediatrics in 1986 (Volume 109, pages 434-439).

This research explores the effects of human growth hormone (hGH) treatment on immune function in children with growth hormone deficiency. The study likely investigates changes in immune responses and function during hGH therapy in these children.

The significance of this study lies in understanding how hGH treatment may impact the immune system of children with growth hormone deficiency, particularly whether it leads to immune suppression.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347686801135
Granado M, Priego T, Martin AI, Villanua MA, Lopez-Calderon A. Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(3):E486-E492.

Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats

The study titled “Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats” by Granado M, Priego T, Martin AI, Villanua MA, and Lopez-Calderon A was published in the American Journal of Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2005 (Volume 288, Issue 3, pages E486-E492).

This research investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in a rat model of arthritis. The study likely explores how GHRP-2 affects inflammatory responses in arthritic rats.

The significance of this study lies in the potential therapeutic implications of GHRP-2 in reducing inflammation associated with arthritis.

Read the full article on https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.00196.2004
Cao Y, Tang J, Yang T, et al. Cardioprotective effect of ghrelin in cardiopulmonary bypass involves a reduction in inflammatory response. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55021.

Cardioprotective effect of ghrelin in cardiopulmonary bypass involves a reduction in inflammatory response

The study titled “Cardioprotective effect of ghrelin in cardiopulmonary bypass involves a reduction in inflammatory response” by Cao Y, Tang J, Yang T, et al. was published in PLoS One in 2013 (Volume 8, Issue 1, e55021).

This research investigates the cardioprotective effects of ghrelin in the context of cardiopulmonary bypass. The study likely explores how ghrelin can reduce the inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, which is a surgical procedure that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during cardiac surgery.

The significance of this study lies in its potential implications for improving outcomes in cardiac surgery by reducing inflammation and protecting the heart.

Read the full article on https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055021
García Del Barco D, Montero E, Coro-Antich RM, et al. Coadministration of epidermal growth factor and growth hormone releasing peptide-6 improves clinical recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2011;29(4):243–252.

Coadministration of epidermal growth factor and growth hormone releasing peptide-6 improves clinical recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalitis

The study titled “Coadministration of epidermal growth factor and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 improves clinical recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalitis” by García Del Barco D, Montero E, Coro-Antich RM, et al. was published in the journal Restor Neurol Neurosci in 2011 (Volume 29, Issue 4, pages 243–252).

This research explores the potential therapeutic effects of coadministering epidermal growth factor (EGF) and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model. EAE is often used as a model for multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.

The study likely investigates whether the combination of EGF and GHRP-6 can improve clinical recovery and reduce the severity of EAE, which could have implications for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Read the full article on https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn595
García Del Barco D, Perez-Saad H, Rodriguez V, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combined use of growth hormone releasing peptide-6 and epidermal growth factor in an axonopathy model. Neurotox Res. 2011;19(1):195–209.

Therapeutic effect of the combined use of growth hormone releasing peptide-6 and epidermal growth factor in an axonopathy model

The study titled “Therapeutic effect of the combined use of growth hormone releasing peptide-6 and epidermal growth factor in an axonopathy model” by García Del Barco D, Perez-Saad H, Rodriguez V, et al. was published in the journal Neurotox Research in 2011 (Volume 19, Issue 1, pages 195–209).

This research investigates the therapeutic potential of combining growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a model of axonopathy. Axonopathy refers to damage or degeneration of nerve axons and can be associated with various neurological conditions.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12640-010-9160-8
Garcia Del Barco-Herrera D, Martinez NS, Coro-Antich RM, et al. Epidermal growth factor and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6: combined therapeutic approach in experimental stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2013;31(2):213–223.

Epidermal growth factor and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6: combined therapeutic approach in experimental stroke

The study titled “Epidermal growth factor and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6: combined therapeutic approach in experimental stroke” by Garcia Del Barco-Herrera D, Martinez NS, Coro-Antich RM, et al. was published in the journal Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience in 2013 (Volume 31, Issue 2, pages 213–223).

This research explores the combined therapeutic approach of using epidermal growth factor (EGF) and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) in an experimental stroke model. Stroke is a serious neurological condition characterized by the sudden loss of blood flow to the brain, leading to brain damage.

The study likely investigates whether the combined administration of EGF and GHRP-6 can have a positive impact on recovery and neuronal repair following an experimental stroke, potentially providing insights into novel stroke treatment strategies.

Read the full article on https://content.iospress.com/articles/restorative-neurology-and-neuroscience/rnn120262
Subiros N, Perez-Saad HM, Berlanga JA, et al. Assessment of dose-effect and therapeutic time window in preclinical studies of rhEGF and GHRP-6 coadministration for stroke therapy. Neurol Res. 2015;38(3):187–195.

Assessment of dose-effect and therapeutic time window in preclinical studies of rhEGF and GHRP-6 coadministration for stroke therapy

The study titled “Assessment of dose-effect and therapeutic time window in preclinical studies of rhEGF and GHRP-6 coadministration for stroke therapy” by Subiros N, Perez-Saad HM, Berlanga JA, et al. was published in the journal Neurological Research in 2015 (Volume 38, Issue 3, pages 187–195).

This research assesses the dose-effect and therapeutic time window for the coadministration of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) in preclinical studies focused on stroke therapy. The study likely investigates the optimal dosage and timing of these treatments to maximize their effectiveness in stroke recovery and neuronal repair.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1743132815Y.0000000089
Martínez R, Hernández L, Gil L, et al. Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 enhanced antibody titers against subunit antigens in mice (BALB/c), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Vaccine. 2017;35(42):5722-5728.

Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 enhanced antibody titers against subunit antigens in mice (BALB/c), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Vaccine

The study titled “Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 enhanced antibody titers against subunit antigens in mice (BALB/c), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)” by Martínez R, Hernández L, Gil L, et al. was published in the journal Vaccine in 2017 (Volume 35, Issue 42, pages 5722-5728).

This research investigates the impact of growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) on enhancing antibody titers against subunit antigens in mice, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The study likely explores the potential of GHRP-6 to boost the immune response and antibody production against specific antigens in these different animal models.

Understanding the immunomodulatory effects of GHRP-6 can have implications for vaccine development and immune-related research in these species.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X17309684
Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocrin Rev. 1993;14:20–39.

Human growth hormone and human aging

The study titled “Human Growth Hormone and Human Aging” by Corpas E, Harman SM, and Blackman MR was published in the journal Endocrine Reviews in 1993 (Volume 14, pages 20-39).

This comprehensive review explores the relationship between human growth hormone (HGH) and the aging process. It likely discusses the role of HGH in various aspects of aging, including its effects on body composition, muscle mass, bone density, and overall health. The review may also cover the potential benefits and risks associated with HGH supplementation in older individuals.

Understanding the impact of HGH on the aging process is important for addressing age-related health issues and potentially developing interventions to improve the quality of life in older adults.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article-abstract/14/1/20/2548399
Sonntag WE, Meites J. Decline in GH secretion in aging animals and man. In: Everett AV, Walton JR, editors. Regulation of neuroendocrine aging. Karger; Basel: 1988. pp. 111–124.

Decline in GH secretion in aging animals and man

The study titled “Decline in GH Secretion in Aging Animals and Man” by Sonntag WE and Meites J was published in the book “Regulation of Neuroendocrine Aging,” edited by Everett AV and Walton JR, in 1988. This study likely discusses the age-related decline in growth hormone (GH) secretion observed in both animals and humans.

The research may cover topics such as the mechanisms behind the decrease in GH secretion with aging, its impact on various physiological processes, and the potential implications for age-related health issues.

Understanding the changes in GH secretion with age is essential for comprehending the aging process and its associated physiological changes.

Read the full article on https://karger.com/Article/Abstract/416140
Uberti ECD, Ambrosio MR, Cella SG, Margutti AR, Trasforini G, Rigamonti AE, Petrone E, Muller EE. Defective hypothalamic growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone activity may contribute to declining GH secretion with age in man. J Clin Endocinol Metab. 1997;82:2885–2888.

Defective hypothalamic growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone activity may contribute to declining GH secretion with age in man

The study titled “Defective Hypothalamic Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone Activity May Contribute to Declining GH Secretion with Age in Man” by Uberti ECD, Ambrosio MR, Cella SG, Margutti AR, Trasforini G, Rigamonti AE, Petrone E, and Muller EE was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1997 (Volume 82, pages 2885–2888).

This study likely investigates the role of defective hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) activity in the age-related decline in growth hormone (GH) secretion in humans. It may explore the mechanisms underlying this decline and its potential implications for age-related changes in the endocrine system.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/82/9/2885/2865957
Russell-Aulet M, Jaffe CA, Demott-Friberg R, Barkan AL. In vivo semiquantification of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) output in humans: Evidence for relative GHRH deficiency in aging. J Clin Endocinol Metab. 1999;84:3490–3497.

In vivo semiquantification of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) output in humans: Evidence for relative GHRH deficiency in aging.

The study titled “In Vivo Semiquantification of Hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Output in Humans: Evidence for Relative GHRH Deficiency in Aging” by Russell-Aulet M, Jaffe CA, Demott-Friberg R, and Barkan AL was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1999 (Volume 84, pages 3490–3497).

This research likely focuses on quantifying hypothalamic GHRH output in humans, particularly addressing age-related changes. The study may provide evidence suggesting that there is a relative deficiency of GHRH in the aging population.

Understanding the alterations in GHRH secretion with age is essential for comprehending the physiological changes associated with aging and their potential impact on growth hormone regulation.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/84/10/3490/2660505
Gala RR. Prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of the immune system. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991;198(1):513-27.

Prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of the immune system

The study titled “Prolactin and Growth Hormone in the Regulation of the Immune System” by Gala RR was published in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1991 (Volume 198, Issue 1, pages 513-527).

This research likely explores the roles of prolactin and growth hormone in regulating the immune system. It may investigate how these hormones influence immune function and immune responses.

Understanding the interactions between hormones like prolactin and growth hormone with the immune system is important for comprehending their broader physiological effects and potential therapeutic applications.

Read the full article on https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-198-43286B
Gelato MC. Growth hormone-insulinlike growth factor I and immune function. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1993;4(3):106-10.

Growth hormone-insulinlike growth factor I and immune function

The study titled “Growth Hormone-Insulinlike Growth Factor I and Immune Function” by Gelato MC was published in Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism in 1993 (Volume 4, Issue 3, pages 106-110).

This research likely explores the relationship between growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and immune function. It may investigate how these hormones influence the immune system and immune responses.

Understanding the impact of growth hormone and IGF-I on immune function is important for comprehending their broader physiological effects, including their potential roles in immune-related disorders and therapies.

Read the full article on https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/pdf/1043-2760(93)90088-V.pdf
Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00663611.
Takagi K, Suzuki F, Barrow RE, Wolf SE, Kobayashi M, Herndon DN. Growth hormone improves immune function and survival in burned mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Surg Res. 1997;69(1):166-70.

Growth hormone improves immune function and survival in burned mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1

The study titled “Growth Hormone Improves Immune Function and Survival in Burned Mice Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1” by Takagi K, Suzuki F, Barrow RE, Wolf SE, Kobayashi M, and Herndon DN was published in the Journal of Surgical Research in 1997 (Volume 69, Issue 1, pages 166-170).

This research likely investigates the effects of growth hormone on immune function and survival in mice that were both burned and infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The study may provide insights into how growth hormone therapy can impact the immune response and enhance survival in conditions involving burns and viral infections.

Understanding the potential immunomodulatory effects of growth hormone in such scenarios can have implications for the treatment of burn patients with concurrent viral infections.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480497950666
Gelato MC. Aging and immune function: a possible role for growth hormone. Horm Res. 1996;45(1-2):46-9.

Aging and immune function: a possible role for growth hormone

The study titled “Aging and Immune Function: A Possible Role for Growth Hormone” by Gelato MC was published in Hormone Research in 1996 (Volume 45, Issue 1-2, pages 46-49).

This study likely explores the relationship between aging and immune function, specifically investigating the potential role of growth hormone in modulating immune responses in older individuals. The research may examine how age-related changes in growth hormone levels can impact the immune system’s function and overall health.

Understanding the role of growth hormone in immune function during the aging process can provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic approaches to enhance the immune response in elderly individuals.

Read the full article on https://karger.com/hrp/article-abstract/45/1-2/46/370703
Rapaport R, Oleske J, Ahdieh H, Solomon S, Delfaus C, Denny T. Suppression of immune function in growth hormone-deficient children during treatment with human growth hormone. J Pediatr. 1986;109(3):434-9.

Suppression of immune function in growth hormone-deficient children during treatment with human growth hormone

The study titled “Suppression of Immune Function in Growth Hormone-Deficient Children During Treatment with Human Growth Hormone” by Rapaport R, Oleske J, Ahdieh H, Solomon S, Delfaus C, Denny T was published in the Journal of Pediatrics in 1986 (Volume 109, Issue 3, pages 434-439).

This research likely investigates the impact of human growth hormone (hGH) treatment on the immune function of children with growth hormone deficiency. The study may examine how the administration of hGH affects various aspects of the immune system in these children.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347686801135
Meazza C, Pagani S, Travaglino P, Bozzola M. Effect of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2004;1 Suppl 3:490-5.

Effect of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system

The study titled “Effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on the Immune System” by Meazza C, Pagani S, Travaglino P, Bozzola M was published in the journal Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews in 2004 (Volume 1, Supplement 3, pages 490-495).

This research likely explores the impact of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system. It may review existing literature and studies to provide insights into how GH influences various aspects of the immune system, especially in pediatric populations.

Read the full article on https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristina-Meazza/publication/7329964_Effect_of_growth_hormone_GH_on_the_immune_system/links/56780c8308aebcdda0ebaea0/Effect-of-growth-hormone-GH-on-the-immune-system
Manfredi R, Tumietto F, Azzaroli L, Zucchini A, Chiodo F, Manfredi G. Growth hormone (GH) and the immune system: impaired phagocytic function in children with idiopathic GH deficiency is corrected by treatment with biosynthetic GH. J Pediatr Endocrinol. 1994;7(3):245-51.

Growth hormone (GH) and the immune system: impaired phagocytic function in children with idiopathic GH deficiency is corrected by treatment with biosynthetic GH

The study titled “Growth Hormone (GH) and the Immune System: Impaired Phagocytic Function in Children with Idiopathic GH Deficiency is Corrected by Treatment with Biosynthetic GH” by Manfredi R, Tumietto F, Azzaroli L, Zucchini A, Chiodo F, Manfredi G was published in the Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology in 1994 (Volume 7, Issue 3, pages 245-251).

This study likely investigates the impact of growth hormone (GH) deficiency on the phagocytic function of the immune system in children. It may also explore how treatment with biosynthetic GH can correct any impairments in phagocytic function associated with GH deficiency.

Read the full article on https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/JPEM.1994.7.3.245/html
Tesselaar K, Miedema F. Growth hormone resurrects adult human thymus during HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(3):844-7.

Growth hormone resurrects adult human thymus during HIV-1 infection

The study titled “Growth Hormone Resurrects Adult Human Thymus During HIV-1 Infection” by Tesselaar K and Miedema F was published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 2008 (Volume 118, Issue 3, pages 844-847).

This study likely explores the effects of growth hormone (GH) on the thymus in adult humans during HIV-1 infection. The thymus is an important organ for immune system function, particularly in producing T cells. The study may investigate whether GH has a positive impact on thymus function and T cell production in individuals with HIV-1 infection.

Read the full article on https://www.jci.org/articles/view/35112
Meazza C, Pagani S, Travaglino P, Bozzola M. Effect of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2004;1 Suppl 3:490-5

Effect of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system

The article titled “Effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on the Immune System” by Meazza C, Pagani S, Travaglino P, and Bozzola M was published in the journal “Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews” in 2004 as a supplement (Volume 1, Supplement 3, pages 490-495).

This article likely discusses the impact of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system, particularly in pediatric populations. It may review studies and findings related to how GH influences various aspects of the immune system, such as immune cell function, cytokine production, and overall immune response.

Understanding the relationship between GH and the immune system can have implications for the treatment of conditions associated with immune dysfunction or deficiencies, especially in pediatric patients.

Read the full article on https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristina-Meazza/publication/7329964_Effect_of_growth_hormone_GH_on_the_immune_system/links/56780c8308aebcdda0ebaea0/Effect-of-growth-hormone-GH-on-the-immune-system
Meazza C, Pagani S, Travaglino P, Bozzola M. Effect of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2004;1 Suppl 3:490-5.

Effect of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev

The article titled “Effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on the Immune System” by Meazza C, Pagani S, Travaglino P, and Bozzola M was published in the journal “Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews” in 2004 as a supplement (Volume 1, Supplement 3, pages 490-495).

This article likely discusses the impact of growth hormone (GH) on the immune system, particularly in pediatric populations. It may review studies and findings related to how GH influences various aspects of the immune system, such as immune cell function, cytokine production, and overall immune response.

Understanding the relationship between GH and the immune system can have implications for the treatment of conditions associated with immune dysfunction or deficiencies, especially in pediatric patients.

Read the full article on https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristina-Meazza/publication/7329964_Effect_of_growth_hormone_GH_on_the_immune_system/links/56780c8308aebcdda0ebaea0/Effect-of-growth-hormone-GH-on-the-immune-system
Saxena GB, Saxena RK, Adler WH. Regulation of natural killer activity in vivo. III. Effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment on the natural killer activity of the mouse spleen cell population. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1982; 67: 169-174.

Regulation of natural killer activity in vivo: III. Effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment on the natural killer activity of the mouse spleen cell population

The article titled “Regulation of Natural Killer Activity in Vivo. III. Effect of Hypophysectomy and Growth Hormone Treatment on the Natural Killer Activity of the Mouse Spleen Cell Population” by Saxena GB, Saxena RK, and Adler WH was published in the journal “International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology” in 1982 (Volume 67, pages 169-174).

This study likely explores the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice and investigates the impact of hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland) and growth hormone treatment on the NK cell activity within the spleen cell population. The research may provide insights into the role of growth hormone in modulating immune function, specifically the activity of NK cells, which are important components of the immune system’s defense against infections and tumors.

Read the full article on https://karger.com/iai/article-abstract/67/2/169/172335
Kiess W, Malozowski S, Gelato M, Butenandt O, Doerr H, Crisp B, Eisl E, Maluish A, Belohradsky Lymphocyte subset distribution and natural killer activity in growth hormone deficiency before and during short-term treatment with growth hormone releasing hormone. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1988; 48: 85-94.

Lymphocyte subset distribution and natural killer activity in growth hormone deficiency before and during short-term treatment with growth hormone releasing hormone

The study titled “Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Natural Killer Activity in Growth Hormone Deficiency Before and During Short-term Treatment with Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone” was conducted by Kiess W, Malozowski S, Gelato M, Butenandt O, Doerr H, Crisp B, Eisl E, Maluish A, and Belohradsky and was published in the journal “Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology” in 1988 (Volume 48, pages 85-94).

This research likely investigates the impact of growth hormone deficiency and short-term treatment with growth hormone-releasing hormone on lymphocyte subset distribution and natural killer (NK) cell activity in the immune system. The study may shed light on the immune system alterations associated with growth hormone deficiency and the potential immunomodulatory effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone treatment.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0090122988901596
Bozzola M, De Amici M, Zecca M, Schimpff Rapaport M. Modulating effect of growth hormone on tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 139: 640-643.

Modulating effect of growth hormone on tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β

The study titled “Modulating Effect of Growth Hormone on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β” was conducted by Bozzola M, De Amici M, Zecca M, Schimpff RM, and Rapaport R. It was published in the journal “European Journal of Endocrinology” in 1998 (Volume 139, pages 640-643).

This research likely explores the influence of growth hormone on the production or modulation of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Understanding how growth hormone affects these cytokines can provide insights into the role of growth hormone in immune regulation and inflammation.

Read the full article on https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2004
Bozzola M, De Benedetti F, De Amici M, Jouret B, Travaglino P, Pagani S, Conte F & Tauber Stimulating effect of growth hormone on cytokine release in children. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149: 1-5.

Stimulating effect of growth hormone on cytokine release in children

The study titled “Stimulating Effect of Growth Hormone on Cytokine Release in Children” was conducted by Bozzola M, De Benedetti F, De Amici M, Jouret B, Travaglino P, Pagani S, Conte F, and Tauber M. It was published in the journal “European Journal of Endocrinology” in 2003 (Volume 149, pages 1-5).

This research likely investigates how growth hormone stimulation influences the release of cytokines in children. Cytokines are signaling molecules involved in immune responses and inflammation. Understanding the relationship between growth hormone and cytokine release can provide insights into the immune-modulating effects of growth hormone in pediatric populations.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/ejendo/article-abstract/149/5/397/6753362
Serri O, St-Jacques P, Sartippour M, Renier G. Alterations of monocyte function in patients with growth hormone deficiency: effect of substitutive GH therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 58-63.

Alterations of monocyte function in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: effect of substitutive GH therapy

The study titled “Alterations of Monocyte Function in Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency: Effect of Substitutive GH Therapy” was conducted by Serri O, St-Jacques P, Sartippour M, and Renier G. It was published in the “Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” in 1999 (Volume 84, pages 58-63).

This research likely explores how growth hormone deficiency affects the function of monocytes, a type of white blood cell, in patients. Additionally, it investigates the impact of growth hormone replacement therapy on monocyte function. Understanding these alterations and the effects of GH therapy on the immune system can provide insights into the immune-related aspects of growth hormone deficiency.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/84/1/58/2866141
Kelley, K. W.. 1991. Growth hormone in immunobiology. R. Ader, and D. L. Felton, and N. Cohen, eds. Psychoneuroimmunology 2nd Ed.377 Academic Press, New York.

Growth hormone in immunobiology

The reference provided is from the book “Psychoneuroimmunology,” 2nd Edition, edited by R. Ader, D. L. Felton, and N. Cohen. The specific chapter is titled “Growth Hormone in Immunobiology” and is authored by K. W. Kelley. This chapter likely discusses the role of growth hormone in the field of immunobiology and its interactions with the immune system.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120437801500178
Murphy, W. J., R. Hallgeir, D. L. Longo. 1995. Effects of growth hormone and prolactin in immune development and function. Life Sci. 57: 1.
Effects of growth hormone and prolactin immune development and function

The article titled “Effects of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in Immune Development and Function” by W. J. Murphy, R. Hallgeir, and D. L. Longo, published in the journal “Life Sciences” in 1995, explores the influence of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin on immune system development and function.

The study likely delves into the following aspects:
- The role of growth hormone in regulating immune system maturation and function.
- The impact of prolactin on immune responses and its interaction with growth hormone.
- Potential mechanisms through which these hormones affect immune cells and their activities.
Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002432059500237Z
Clark, R.. 1997. The somatogenic hormones and insulin-like growth factor-1: stimulators of lymphopoiesis and immune function. Endocr. Rev. 18: 157.
The somatogenic hormones and insulin-like growth factor-1: stimulators of lymphopoiesis and immune function

The article titled “The Somatogenic Hormones and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1: Stimulators of Lymphopoiesis and Immune Function” by R. Clark, published in the journal “Endocrine Reviews” in 1997, discusses the role of somatogenic hormones, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in promoting lymphopoiesis and enhancing immune function.

The key points covered in the article likely include:
- The influence of GH on the production and maturation of lymphocytes.
- The regulatory effects of IGF-1 on immune cells and their functions.
- Mechanisms by which somatogenic hormones stimulate immune responses.
Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article-abstract/18/2/157/2530727
Smith, P. E.. 1930. Effect of hypophysectomy upon the involution of the thymus in the rat. Anat. Rec. 47: 119.

Effect of hypophysectomy upon the involution of the thymus in the rat

The article by P.E. Smith, titled “Effect of Hypophysectomy upon the Involution of the Thymus in the Rat,” published in the “Anatomical Record” in 1930, investigates the impact of hypophysectomy, which involves the removal of the pituitary gland, on thymus involution in rats. The thymus plays a crucial role in immune system development, particularly in T lymphocyte maturation. The study explores how the absence of pituitary hormones, including growth hormone (GH), affects the size and function of the thymus. This research contributes to our understanding of how pituitary hormones regulate immune system development, with potential implications for immunology and endocrinology.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ar.1090470110
Duquesnoy, R. J., G. M. Pederson. 1981. Immunology and hematologic deficiencies of the hipopituitary dwarf mouse. M. E. Gershwin, and B. Merchant, eds. In Immunology Defects in Laboratory Animals Vol. 1: 309 Plenum, New York.

Immunology and hematologic deficiencies of the hipopituitary dwarf mouse. M. E. Gershwin, and B. Merchant, eds

The study by R.J. Duquesnoy and G.M. Pederson, titled “Immunology and Hematologic Deficiencies of the Hypopituitary Dwarf Mouse,” published in the book “Immunology Defects in Laboratory Animals” in 1981, focuses on the immunological and hematologic deficiencies observed in hypopituitary dwarf mice. These mice exhibit growth hormone (GH) deficiency, leading to dwarfism, and the research explores the broader implications of GH deficiency on the immune system and hematological parameters in these mice. This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between the endocrine system and immune function, shedding light on the immunological consequences of GH deficiency in laboratory animals

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-0325-2_14
Gala, R. R., E. M. Shevach. 1993. Influence of prolactin and growth hormone on the activation of dwarf mouse lymphocytes in vivo. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204: 224.

Influence of prolactin and growth hormone on the activation of dwarf mouse lymphocytes in vivo

The study by R.R. Gala and E.M. Shevach, titled “Influence of Prolactin and Growth Hormone on the Activation of Dwarf Mouse Lymphocytes in Vivo,” published in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1993, investigates the impact of prolactin and growth hormone on the activation of lymphocytes in dwarf mice. The research explores how these hormones affect the immune response and lymphocyte function in vivo. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of endocrine factors, such as prolactin and growth hormone, in modulating the immune system’s activation and function, particularly in the context of dwarfism.

Read the full article on https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-204-43657
Murphy, W. J., S. K. Durum, D. L Longo. 1992. Human growth hormone promotes engraftment of murine or human T cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4481.

Human growth hormone promotes engraftment of murine or human T cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice

The study conducted by W.J. Murphy, S.K. Durum, and D.L. Longo, titled “Human Growth Hormone Promotes Engraftment of Murine or Human T Cells in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice,” and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 1992, investigates the effects of human growth hormone (hGH) on the engraftment of T cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The research explores how hGH can enhance the engraftment of T cells from both murine and human sources in immunodeficient mice. This study highlights the potential immunomodulatory role of hGH in promoting immune cell engraftment, which has implications for transplantation and immunotherapy research.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.89.10.4481
Taub, D. D., G. Tsarfaty, A. R. Lloyd, S. K. Durum, D. L. Longo, W. J. Murphy. 1994. Growth hormone promotes human T cells adhesion and migration to both human and murine matrix proteins in vitro and directly promotes xenogeneic engraftment. J. Clin. Inv. 94: 293.

Growth hormone promotes human T cells adhesion and migration to both human and murine matrix proteins in vitro and directly promotes xenogeneic engraftment

The study conducted by D. D. Taub, G. Tsarfaty, A. R. Lloyd, S. K. Durum, D. L. Longo, and W. J. Murphy, titled “Growth Hormone Promotes Human T Cells Adhesion and Migration to Both Human and Murine Matrix Proteins In Vitro and Directly Promotes Xenogeneic Engraftment,” and published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 1994, investigates the effects of growth hormone (GH) on human T cells’ adhesion and migration to matrix proteins in vitro and its ability to promote xenogeneic engraftment. The research demonstrates that GH plays a role in enhancing the adhesion and migration of human T cells to both human and murine matrix proteins in laboratory settings. Additionally, GH is found to directly promote the engraftment of human T cells in xenogeneic (cross-species) transplantation models. This study sheds light on GH’s potential immunomodulatory properties and its impact on immune cell behavior and engraftment.

Read the full article on https://www.jci.org/articles/view/117320
Koo GC, Huang C, Camacho R, et al. Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue. J Immunol. 2001;166(6):4195-201.

Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue

The study conducted by Koo GC, Huang C, Camacho R, et al., titled “Immune Enhancing Effect of a Growth Hormone Secretagogue,” and published in the Journal of Immunology in 2001, investigates the immune-enhancing effects of a growth hormone secretagogue. The research demonstrates that this growth hormone secretagogue has the ability to enhance the immune system. The study specifically focuses on the immune response and the effects of the secretagogue on various immune cells and functions. This research contributes to our understanding of the potential immunomodulatory properties of growth hormone secretagogues and their role in boosting the immune system.

Read the full article on https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/166/6/4195/70382
Hersch EC, Merriam GR. Growth hormone (GH)–releasing hormone and GH secretagogues in normal aging: Fountain of Youth or Pool of Tantalus? Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2008;3(1):121-129.

Growth hormone (GH)–releasing hormone and GH secretagogues in normal aging: Fountain of Youth or Pool of Tantalus? Clinical Interventions in Aging

The article titled “Growth Hormone (GH)–Releasing Hormone and GH Secretagogues in Normal Aging: Fountain of Youth or Pool of Tantalus?” by Hersch EC and Merriam GR, published in Clinical Interventions in Aging in 2008, discusses the potential role of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and GH secretagogues in the context of normal aging. It examines whether these compounds can offer anti-aging benefits or if their effects are more elusive, drawing parallels to the mythological story of Tantalus. The article likely explores the scientific evidence and controversies surrounding the use of GHRH and GH secretagogues in addressing age-related changes and whether they represent a viable approach to combat aging-related issues. This publication contributes to the ongoing debate on the use of hormonal interventions for age-related concerns.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/CIA.S3247
Aleman A, Verhaar HJ, De haan EH, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I and cognitive function in healthy older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(2):471-5.

Insulin-like growth factor-I and cognitive function in healthy older men

The study titled “Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Men” by Aleman A, Verhaar HJ, De Haan EH, et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 1999, investigates the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and cognitive function in older men. The research explores whether IGF-I, a hormone with growth-promoting and neuroprotective properties, is associated with cognitive performance in the context of healthy aging. The study likely involves cognitive assessments and measurements of IGF-I levels in a cohort of older male participants to determine if there is a correlation between IGF-I and cognitive function. Understanding this relationship can provide insights into the potential role of IGF-I in maintaining cognitive health in aging individuals.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/84/2/471/2864174
Vitiello MV, Schwartz RS, Buchner KE, et al. Treating age-related changes in somatotrophic hormones, sleep, and cognition. Dialogs in Clinical Neuroscience. 2001;3:229–36.

Treating age-related changes in somatotrophic hormones, sleep, and cognition

The study titled “Treating Age-Related Changes in Somatotrophic Hormones, Sleep, and Cognition” by Vitiello MV, Schwartz RS, Buchner KE, et al., published in Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience in 2001, likely explores strategies for addressing age-related changes in somatotrophic hormones (hormones related to growth and development), sleep patterns, and cognitive function in older individuals. The research may discuss interventions or treatments aimed at mitigating the effects of aging on these aspects of health. Understanding how these factors interact and exploring potential interventions can provide valuable insights into improving the well-being and cognitive function of aging individuals

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.3/mvvitiello
Vitiello MV, Moe KE, Merriam GR, Mazzoni G, Buchner DH, Schwartz RS. Growth hormone releasing hormone improves the cognition of healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27(2):318-23.

Growth hormone releasing hormone improves the cognition of healthy older adults

The study titled “Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Improves the Cognition of Healthy Older Adults” by Vitiello MV, Moe KE, Merriam GR, Mazzoni G, Buchner DH, Schwartz RS, published in Neurobiology of Aging in 2006, likely investigates the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on cognitive function in healthy older adults. The research may aim to determine whether GHRH administration has a positive impact on cognitive abilities in aging individuals. Understanding the potential cognitive benefits of GHRH in older adults is important for exploring strategies to enhance cognitive function in aging populations

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458005000631
Friedman SD, Baker LD, Borson S, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone effects on brain γ-aminobutyric acid levels in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(7):883-90.

Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone effects on brain γ-Aminobutyric acid levels in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging

The study titled “Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Effects on Brain γ-Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Aging” by Friedman SD, Baker LD, Borson S, et al., published in JAMA Neurology in 2013, likely investigates the impact of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brains of individuals with mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging. The research may aim to understand whether GHRH has the potential to influence GABA levels, which could have implications for cognitive function in these populations.

Read the full article on https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/1688413
Kim SW, Her SJ, Park SJ, et al. Ghrelin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Bone. 2005;37(3):359-69.

Ghrelin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

The study titled “Ghrelin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells” by Kim SW, Her SJ, Park SJ, et al., published in the journal Bone in 2005, likely explores the effects of ghrelin on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The research may investigate how ghrelin stimulation impacts the proliferation and differentiation of these cells while inhibiting apoptosis. This information could contribute to our understanding of the potential role of ghrelin in bone health and osteoblast function.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8756328205001808
Kim YS, Choi DH, Block ML, et al. A pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity in dopaminergic neuronal degeneration via microglial activation. FASEB J. 2007;21(1):179-87.

A pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity in dopaminergic neuronal degeneration via microglial activation

The study titled “A pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity in dopaminergic neuronal degeneration via microglial activation” by Kim YS, Choi DH, Block ML, et al., published in the journal FASEB Journal in 2007, likely investigates the significant role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) activity in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons through the activation of microglia. This research may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative conditions and the potential involvement of MMP-3 in these processes.

Read the full article on https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.06-5865com
Banks WA, Tschöp M, Robinson SM, Heiman ML. Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302(2):822-7.

Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure

The study titled “Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure” by Banks WA, Tschöp M, Robinson SM, Heiman ML, published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in 2002, likely explores the transport of ghrelin across the blood-brain barrier and how it is influenced by the specific primary structure of ghrelin. This research may provide insights into the mechanisms of ghrelin’s actions in the brain and its potential role in regulating various physiological processes.

Read the full article on https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/302/2/822.short
Chung H, Seo S, Moon M, Park S. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and ERK1/2 pathways mediate protective effects of acylated and unacylated ghrelin against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in primary rat cortical neuronal cells. J Endocrinol. 2008;198(3):511-21.

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and ERK1/2 pathways mediate protective effects of acylated and unacylated ghrelin against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in primary rat cortical neuronal cells

The study by Chung et al. (2008) found that both acylated and unacylated forms of ghrelin protect against apoptosis in primary rat cortical neuronal cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. This neuroprotective effect is mediated through the ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways, suggesting ghrelin’s potential in inhibiting apoptotic pathways regardless of its acylation status. These findings highlight the complex role of ghrelin in neuronal survival, involving multiple signaling pathways.

Read the full article on https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18541646/
García-cáceres C, Lechuga-sancho A, Argente J, Frago LM, Chowen JA. Death of hypothalamic astrocytes in poorly controlled diabetic rats is associated with nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20(12):1348-60.

Death of hypothalamic astrocytes in poorly controlled diabetic rats is associated with nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor

The research conducted by García-Cáceres et al. (2008) delves into the consequences of poorly managed diabetes on hypothalamic astrocytes in rats. It uncovers a critical link between the disease and the induction of apoptosis in these brain cells. Specifically, the study identifies that in the context of uncontrolled diabetes, there’s a significant increase in the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), which is a pivotal event leading to the death of astrocytes. This cellular death not only affects the hypothalamic astrocytes but also has broader implications for brain function, potentially influencing the regulation of metabolic processes and contributing to the neurological complications associated with diabetes. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining good glycemic control to protect brain health and prevent neuroendocrine dysfunctions in diabetes.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01795.x
Frago LM, Pañeda C, Dickson SL, Hewson AK, Argente J, Chowen JA. Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase brain insulin-like growth factor-I expression and activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection. Endocrinology. 2002;143(10):4113-22.

Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase brain insulin-like growth factor-I expression and activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection

The study by Frago et al. (2005) explores the impact of growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) on brain insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression and Akt activation, focusing on their neuroprotective roles. It reveals that chronic systemic administration of GHRP-6 in rats increases IGF-I mRNA and phosphorylated Akt levels in the brain, including the hypothalamus, indicating a potential mechanism for GH and GHRP-6’s neuroprotective effects through IGF-I production stimulation and intracellular signaling pathway activation.

Read the full article on https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16218998/
Zhang Y, Bhavnani BR. Glutamate-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells is mediated via caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms involving calpain and caspase-3 proteases as well as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and this process is inhibited by equine estrogens. BMC Neurosci. 2006;7:49.

Glutamate-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells is mediated via caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms involving calpain and caspase-3 proteases as well as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and this process is inhibited by equine estrogens

The study by Zhang and Bhavnani explores how glutamate-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons is modulated by equine estrogens. They found that these estrogens inhibit apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase-3 and preventing mitochondrial cytochrome c release, suggesting a protective mechanism against neurodegenerative conditions.

Read the full article on https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-6-13
Halem HA, Taylor JE, Dong JZ, et al. A novel growth hormone secretagogue-1a receptor antagonist that blocks ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion but induces increased body weight gain. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;81(5):339-49.

A novel growth hormone secretagogue-1a receptor antagonist that blocks ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion but induces increased body weight gain.

The study by Halem et al. (2005) discovered an analog of human ghrelin, BIM-28163, which acts as an antagonist to the growth hormone secretagogue-1a (GHS-1a) receptor, blocking ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion. Interestingly, while it blocks growth hormone secretion, it paradoxically induces increased body weight gain, suggesting the action of ghrelin on weight gain might be mediated by a different, possibly unknown, receptor than GHS-1a. This indicates that targeting GHS-1a might not be an effective anti-obesity strategy.

Read the full article on https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16210868/
Zigman JM, Nakano Y, Coppari R, et al. Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3564-72.

Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity

The study by Zigman et al. (2005) found that mice lacking ghrelin receptors were resistant to diet-induced obesity. When fed a high-fat diet, these mice ate less, stored fewer calories, used fat as an energy source more efficiently, and gained less weight and body fat compared to control mice. This suggests that ghrelin pathways play a significant role in controlling body weight and that ghrelin signaling is crucial for developing diet-induced obesity.

Read the full article on https://www.jci.org/articles/view/26002
Arnoult D, Karbowski M, Youle RJ. Caspase inhibition prevents the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor. Cell Death Differ. 2003;10(7):845-9.

Caspase inhibition prevents the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor

The study by Arnoult, Karbowski, and Youle (2003) discusses that caspase inhibition prevents the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a key component in caspase-independent cell death. This finding suggests a complex interplay between caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in apoptosis, highlighting the role of AIF as a pivotal factor whose release from mitochondria can be regulated by caspase activity.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/4401240
Rungger-brändle E, Dosso AA, Leuenberger PM. Glial reactivity, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(7):1971-80.

Glial reactivity, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy

The study by Rungger-Brändle et al. (2000) highlights that glial reactivity is an early marker of diabetic retinopathy, with changes in glial cells preceding noticeable vascular alterations. The research showed differential reactions among glial cell types to diabetes, including hyperplasia in Müller cells before glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, activation of microglial cells, and regression of astrocytes. This suggests that glial cells are early targets of vascular hyperpermeability in diabetic retinopathy

Read the full article on https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2123465
Arnoult D, Karbowski M, Youle RJ. Caspase inhibition prevents the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor. Cell Death Differ. 2003;10(7):845-9.

Caspase inhibition prevents the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor

The reference you’ve provided is for a scientific article by Arnoult D, Karbowski M, and Youle RJ, titled “Caspase inhibition prevents the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor,” published in the journal Cell Death & Differentiation in 2003. The article discusses the role of caspases in the process of apoptosis, specifically focusing on how inhibiting caspases can prevent the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria. This research contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, which is the process of programmed cell death crucial for the development and maintenance of health in organisms.

The release of AIF from mitochondria is a critical step in the execution phase of apoptosis, leading to chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. By demonstrating that caspase inhibition can prevent AIF release, this study provides insights into potential therapeutic strategies for diseases characterized by excessive or inappropriate apoptosis, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and some types of cancer.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/4401240
Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Chen X, et al. Activation of Erk1/2 and Akt in astrocytes under ischemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;294(3):726-33.

Activation of Erk1/2 and Akt in astrocytes under ischemia

The reference you’ve provided is for a scientific study by Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Chen X, et al., titled “Activation of Erk1/2 and Akt in astrocytes under ischemia,” published in the journal Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications in 2002. This study investigates the response of astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell found in the brain and spinal cord, to ischemic conditions, which occur when there is an insufficient blood supply to tissues, leading to a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism.

The paper focuses on the activation of two key signaling pathways, Erk1/2 (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2) and Akt (also known as Protein Kinase B), in astrocytes exposed to ischemic conditions. These pathways are crucial for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and their activation plays a significant role in the cellular response to stress and injury, including ischemia.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X02005405
Jiang H, Betancourt L, Smith RG. Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20(8):1772-85.

Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers

The reference you’ve provided is for a research article by Jiang H, Betancourt L, Smith RG, titled “Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers,” published in the journal Molecular Endocrinology in 2006. This study explores the interaction between ghrelin, a hormone known for its role in regulating appetite and energy balance, and dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and motor control, among other functions.

The paper discusses a novel mechanism by which ghrelin can enhance dopamine signaling in the brain. The authors propose that ghrelin’s effects are mediated through the formation of heterodimers between growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs), which are ghrelin receptors, and dopamine receptor subtype 1 (D1 receptors). Heterodimers are complexes formed by two different receptor molecules that can change the way signals are transmitted inside cells.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/mend/article-abstract/20/8/1772/2738254
Frago LM, Pañeda C, Dickson SL, Hewson AK, Argente J, Chowen JA. Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase brain insulin-like growth factor-I expression and activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection. Endocrinology. 2002;143(10):4113-22.

Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase brain insulin-like growth factor-I expression and activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection

The study by Frago LM, Pañeda C, Dickson SL, Hewson AK, Argente J, Chowen JA, titled “Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase brain insulin-like growth factor-I expression and activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection,” published in Endocrinology in 2002, explores the effects of GH and GHRP-6 on upregulating IGF-I expression in the brain and activating neuroprotective signaling pathways, such as AKT and MAPK. These findings not only provide significant insights into the mechanisms through which GH and GHRP-6 enhance neuroprotection via IGF-I but also suggest potential therapeutic applications for neurodegenerative diseases by leveraging the neuroprotective properties of IGF-I. This research enriches the field of neuroendocrinology by highlighting the intricate interplay between endocrine factors and brain function, opening new avenues for targeted therapies in neurological conditions and underlining the importance of the endocrine system in regulating brain health and resilience against neurodegenerative challenges.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/143/10/4113/2880897
Baserga R, Hongo A, Rubini M, Prisco M, Valentini SB 1997 The IGF-I receptor in cell growth, transformation and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1332:F105–F126.

The IGF-I receptor in cell growth, transformation and apoptosis

The reference you’ve mentioned is to a review article by Baserga R, Hongo A, Rubini M, Prisco M, Valentini SB, published in 1997 in the journal Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA), within the section on Molecular Basis of Disease. Titled “The IGF-I receptor in cell growth, transformation and apoptosis,” this paper delves into the multifaceted roles of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor in various cellular processes. The IGF-I receptor is a critical component in the regulation of cell growth, development, and metabolism, and it plays a pivotal role in mediating the actions of IGF-I, one of the primary growth-promoting hormones in the body.

This review article highlights how the IGF-I receptor is not only essential for normal cell growth and development but also how its signaling pathways are implicated in the transformation of cells, potentially leading to cancer. Furthermore, it discusses the receptor’s role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, demonstrating the receptor’s importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis and its involvement in pathological conditions when deregulated. By focusing on the IGF-I receptor, the article provides insights into its contribution to cell growth, its potential to induce cellular transformation (thus contributing to oncogenesis), and its role in apoptosis, which is crucial for eliminating damaged or unwanted cells.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304419X97000073
Kulik G, Klippel A, Weber MJ 1997 Antiapoptotic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt. Mol Cell Biol 17:1595–1606.

Antiapoptotic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt

The reference you’ve provided is to a research article by Kulik G, Klippel A, and Weber MJ, titled “Antiapoptotic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt,” published in Molecular and Cellular Biology in 1997. This study investigates the antiapoptotic (cell survival-promoting) signaling pathways activated by the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor, specifically focusing on the roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt (also known as protein kinase B).

The paper demonstrates how the activation of the IGF-I receptor triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events involving PI3K and Akt, which are key mediators in promoting cell survival and preventing apoptosis (programmed cell death). The activation of Akt through PI3K is shown to be a critical step in the antiapoptotic signaling pathway, highlighting the importance of the IGF-I receptor in cellular survival mechanisms. This pathway plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and cell survival, and has implications for cancer biology, as it can contribute to the survival of cancer cells by inhibiting apoptosis.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1128/MCB.17.3.1595
Chrysis D, Calikoglu AS, Ye P, D’Ercole AJ 2001 Insulin-like growth factor-I overexpression attenuates cerebellar apoptosis by altering the expression of Bcl family proteins in a developmentally specific manner. J Neurosci 21:1481–1489.

Insulin-like growth factor-I overexpression attenuates cerebellar apoptosis by altering the expression of Bcl family proteins in a developmentally specific manner

The article by Chrysis D, Calikoglu AS, Ye P, D’Ercole AJ, published in The Journal of Neuroscience in 2001, titled “Insulin-like growth factor-I overexpression attenuates cerebellar apoptosis by altering the expression of Bcl family proteins in a developmentally specific manner,” explores the neuroprotective role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the cerebellum. This study focuses on how overexpression of IGF-I influences apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the cerebellum, particularly through the modulation of Bcl family proteins, which are key regulators of apoptosis.

The research findings indicate that IGF-I overexpression can significantly reduce apoptosis in the cerebellum. This protective effect is achieved by altering the expression levels of various Bcl family proteins, which include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members. The study demonstrates that the effect of IGF-I on these proteins—and consequently on apoptosis—is developmentally specific, suggesting that IGF-I’s protective actions are most pronounced during certain stages of cerebellar development.

Read the full article on https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/5/1481.short
Alessi DR, Andjelkovic M, Caudwell B, Cron P, Morrice N, Cohen P, Hemmings BA 1996 Mechanism of activation of protein kinase B by insulin and IGF-1. EMBO J 15:6541–6551.

Mechanism of activation of protein kinase B by insulin and IGF‐1

The article by Alessi DR, Andjelkovic M, Caudwell B, Cron P, Morrice N, Cohen P, Hemmings BA, published in The EMBO Journal in 1996, titled “Mechanism of activation of protein kinase B by insulin and IGF-1,” delves into the cellular mechanisms through which insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activate protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt). This research is significant for its detailed exploration of the signaling pathways that mediate the effects of insulin and IGF-1, two crucial regulators of cell growth, metabolism, and survival.

The study specifically investigates how the activation of PKB/Akt is facilitated by insulin and IGF-1 signaling. PKB/Akt is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and transcription. The findings from this research highlight the critical steps involved in PKB/Akt activation, demonstrating that this process is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Upon activation by insulin or IGF-1, PI3K generates phospholipid products that recruit PKB/Akt to the plasma membrane, where it is then activated by phosphorylation.

Read the full article on https://www.embopress.org/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01045.x
Dudek H, Datta SR, Franke TF, Birnbaum MJ, Yao R, Cooper GM, Segal RA, Kaplan DR, Greenberg ME 1997 Regulation of neural survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt. Science 275:661–668.

Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt

The article by Dudek H, Datta SR, Franke TF, Birnbaum MJ, Yao R, Cooper GM, Segal RA, Kaplan DR, Greenberg ME, published in Science in 1997, titled “Regulation of neural survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt,” is a seminal work that explores the critical role of the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt (also known as PKB, Protein Kinase B) in neural survival. This study provides significant insights into the mechanisms by which Akt promotes cell survival, focusing on its function in the nervous system.

Akt is a key player in the cellular signaling pathways that control cell growth, proliferation, and survival, acting downstream of growth factors and other signals. The research detailed in this paper demonstrates that Akt is vital for the survival of neurons, showing that its activation can protect cells from apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by various stressors. The study highlights the activation of Akt by growth factors through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, establishing a link between extracellular survival signals and the intracellular machinery that prevents apoptosis.

Read the full article on https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.275.5300.661
Mehrhof FB, Muller FU, Bergmann MW, Li P, Wang Y, Schmitz W, Dietz R, von Harsdorf R 2001 In cardiomyocyte hypoxia, insulin-like growth factor-I-induced antiapoptotic signaling requires phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-dependent and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent activation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein. Circulation 104:2088–2094.

In cardiomyocyte hypoxia, insulin-like growth factor-I-induced antiapoptotic signaling requires phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-dependent and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent activation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein

The 2001 study by Mehrhof FB, Muller FU, Bergmann MW, Li P, Wang Y, Schmitz W, Dietz R, von Harsdorf R, titled “In cardiomyocyte hypoxia, insulin-like growth factor-I-induced antiapoptotic signaling requires phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-dependent and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent activation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein,” published in Circulation, investigates the cellular mechanisms through which insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exerts its antiapoptotic effects in the context of cardiomyocyte hypoxia. This study is pivotal in understanding the protective mechanisms against cell death in heart cells under conditions of reduced oxygen supply.

Read the full article on https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/hc4201.097133
Gleichmann M, Weller M, Schuyltz JB 2000 Insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated protection from neuronal apoptosis is linked to phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD but not to inhibition of cytochrome c translocation in rat cerebellar neurons. Neurosci Lett 282:69–72.

Schuyltz JB 2000 Insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated protection from neuronal apoptosis is linked to phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD but not to inhibition of cytochrome c translocation in rat cerebellar neurons

The 2000 study by Gleichmann M, Weller M, Schulz JB, published in Neuroscience Letters, titled “Insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated protection from neuronal apoptosis is linked to phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD but not to inhibition of cytochrome c translocation in rat cerebellar neurons,” explores the neuroprotective mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in rat cerebellar neurons. This research specifically investigates how IGF-1 influences the apoptotic pathway, focusing on its effect on the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD) and the translocation of cytochrome c, a key step in the apoptosis cascade.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394000008570
Peruzzi F, Prisco M, Dews M, Salomoni P, Grassilli E, Romano G, Calabretta B, Baserga R 1999 Multiple signaling pathways of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in protection from apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 19:7203–7215.

Multiple signaling pathways of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in protection from apoptosis

The 1999 study by Peruzzi F, Prisco M, Dews M, Salomoni P, Grassilli E, Romano G, Calabretta B, Baserga R, published in Molecular and Cellular Biology, titled “Multiple signaling pathways of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in protection from apoptosis,” explores the complex role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor in mediating cellular protection against apoptosis. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of how the IGF-1 receptor activates various signaling pathways to promote cell survival, highlighting the receptor’s multifaceted role in modulating apoptotic processes.

The study reveals that the IGF-1 receptor triggers multiple signaling cascades, including the MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase), PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase), and possibly other pathways, to exert its anti-apoptotic effects. These pathways contribute to the phosphorylation and inactivation of pro-apoptotic factors, as well as the activation of transcription factors and other proteins involved in promoting cell survival. The research underscores the complexity of the IGF-1 signaling network and its capability to engage various molecular mechanisms to protect cells from undergoing programmed cell death.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1128/mcb.19.10.7203
Kulik G, Weber MJ 1998 Akt-dependent and -independent survival signaling pathways utilized by insulin-like growth factor I. Mol Cell Biol 18:6711–6718.

Akt-dependent and-independent survival signaling pathways utilized by insulin-like growth factor I

The 1998 study by Kulik G and Weber MJ, published in Molecular and Cellular Biology, titled “Akt-dependent and -independent survival signaling pathways utilized by insulin-like growth factor I,” investigates the complex nature of the signaling mechanisms activated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to promote cell survival. This research highlights the dual role of IGF-I in activating both Akt-dependent and Akt-independent pathways to prevent apoptosis, underscoring the versatility and redundancy of survival signals triggered by IGF-I in cellular environments.

The study demonstrates that while the activation of Akt (Protein Kinase B) plays a central role in mediating the anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-I through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, there are also parallel pathways that contribute to cell survival independently of Akt. These Akt-independent pathways provide an additional layer of protection against cell death, ensuring that cells have multiple mechanisms to counteract apoptotic signals. The research thus expands the understanding of how IGF-I orchestrates a comprehensive network of survival signals, involving both well-known pathways like PI3K/Akt and alternative routes that do not rely on Akt activation.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1128/MCB.18.11.6711
Harada H, Andersen JS, Mann M, Terada N, Korsmeyer SJ 2001 p70S6 kinase signals cell survival as well as growth, inactivating the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:9666–9670.

p70S6 kinase signals cell survival as well as growth, inactivating the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD

The 2001 study by Harada H, Andersen JS, Mann M, Terada N, Korsmeyer SJ, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, titled “p70S6 kinase signals cell survival as well as growth, inactivating the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD,” investigates the role of p70S6 kinase, a protein kinase involved in the regulation of cell growth and survival. This research highlights the dual function of p70S6 kinase in promoting cell survival, in addition to its well-established role in cell growth, by demonstrating its involvement in inactivating the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD (Bcl-2-associated death promoter).

BAD is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that promote apoptosis, or programmed cell death, when activated. The study shows that p70S6 kinase contributes to cell survival by phosphorylating BAD, which leads to its inactivation. This phosphorylation sequesters BAD away from its pro-apoptotic interaction partners, effectively preventing it from inducing apoptosis. Thus, p70S6 kinase acts as a critical mediator of survival signals, countering the apoptotic mechanisms and supporting cell viability under various conditions.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.171301998
Desbois-Moutho C, Cadoret A, Blivet-Van Eggelpoel MJ, Bertrand F, Cherqui G, Perret C, Capeau J 2001 Insulin and IGF-1 stimulate the β-catenin pathway through two signalling cascades involving GSK-3β inhibition and Ras activation. Oncogene 20:252–259.

Insulin and IGF-1 stimulate the β-catenin pathway through two signalling cascades involving GSK-3β inhibition and Ras activation

The 2001 study by Desbois-Mouthon C, Cadoret A, Blivet-Van Eggelpoel MJ, Bertrand F, Cherqui G, Perret C, Capeau J, published in Oncogene, titled “Insulin and IGF-1 stimulate the β-catenin pathway through two signalling cascades involving GSK-3β inhibition and Ras activation,” explores how insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activate the β-catenin signaling pathway, a crucial component in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. This research identifies two distinct signaling cascades triggered by insulin and IGF-1: one involving the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and the other involving the activation of the Ras protein.

The β-catenin pathway plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression and has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancers. GSK-3β is a key negative regulator of this pathway; its inhibition leads to the stabilization and accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm, which can then translocate to the nucleus and activate gene transcription. Meanwhile, the activation of Ras contributes to cell proliferation and survival through multiple downstream effects, including further impact on the β-catenin pathway.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/1204064
Park BC, Kido Y, Accili D 1999 Differential signaling of insulin and IGF-1 receptors to glycogen synthesis in murine hepatocytes. Biochemistry 38:7517–7523.

Accili D 1999 Differential signaling of insulin and IGF-1 receptors to glycogen synthesis in murine hepatocytes

The 1999 study by Park BC, Kido Y, Accili D, published in Biochemistry, titled “Differential signaling of insulin and IGF-1 receptors to glycogen synthesis in murine hepatocytes,” investigates the distinct mechanisms through which insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promote glycogen synthesis in liver cells. This research is pivotal in understanding how these two closely related hormones elicit different cellular responses, despite their structural similarities and overlapping signaling pathways.

The study demonstrates that insulin and IGF-1 stimulate glycogen synthesis through different signaling pathways in murine hepatocytes. Insulin primarily acts through the traditional phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, leading to the activation of protein kinase B (Akt), which in turn promotes glycogen synthesis by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). On the other hand, IGF-1 signaling to glycogen synthesis involves not only the PI3K pathway but also relies on other signaling cascades that may include the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This indicates a more complex and possibly a broader range of cellular effects elicited by IGF-1 compared to insulin.

Read the full article on https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi9830718
Cui H, Meng Y, Bulleit RF 1998 Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity regulates proliferation of cultured cerebellar granule cells. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 111:177–188.

Bulleit RF 1998 Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity regulates proliferation of cultured cerebellar granule cells

The 1998 study by Cui H, Meng Y, Bulleit RF, published in Developmental Brain Research, titled “Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity regulates proliferation of cultured cerebellar granule cells,” explores the impact of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) activity on the proliferation of neuronal cells, specifically cerebellar granule cells in culture. GSK-3β is a critical enzyme involved in various cellular processes, including glycogen metabolism, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. This study provides insight into the role of GSK-3β in neural development and neurogenesis.

The research findings indicate that inhibiting GSK-3β activity leads to an increase in the proliferation of cerebellar granule cells. This suggests that GSK-3β acts as a negative regulator of cell proliferation in the brain, with its inhibition removing a restraint on the growth of these neuronal cells. The study highlights the potential of GSK-3β as a target for modulating neural cell proliferation, which could have implications for developing treatments for neurological conditions where neurogenesis is affected, such as neurodegenerative diseases or brain injuries.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165380698001369
Tamatani M, Ogawa S, Nuñez G, Tokyama M 1998 Growth factors prevent changes in Bcl-2 and Bax expression and neuronal apoptosis induced by nitric oxide. Cell Death Differ 5:911–919.

Growth factors prevent changes in Bcl-2 and Bax expression and neuronal apoptosis induced by nitric oxide

The 1998 study by Tamatani M, Ogawa S, Nuñez G, Tohyama M, published in Cell Death & Differentiation, titled “Growth factors prevent changes in Bcl-2 and Bax expression and neuronal apoptosis induced by nitric oxide,” investigates the neuroprotective effects of growth factors against neuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) triggered by nitric oxide (NO). NO is a versatile molecule involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including neurotransmission, immune response, and apoptosis. While NO plays essential roles in brain function, its overproduction is associated with neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases.

The study demonstrates that growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can counteract the apoptotic effects of NO on neurons. Specifically, the research shows that these growth factors prevent the apoptosis-induced changes in the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, two critical proteins that regulate the apoptotic pathway. Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that promotes cell survival, whereas Bax is a pro-apoptotic protein that promotes cell death. By preventing the downregulation of Bcl-2 and the upregulation of Bax in response to NO exposure, growth factors effectively inhibit the apoptosis of neurons.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/4400439
Baker NlL, Carlo Russo V, Bernard O, D’Ercole AJ, Werther GA 1999 Interactions between bcl-2 and the IGF-I system control apoptosis in the developing mouse brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 118:109–118.

Interactions between bcl-2 and the IGF system control apoptosis in the developing mouse brain

The 1999 study by Baker NL, Carlo Russo V, Bernard O, D’Ercole AJ, Werther GA, published in Developmental Brain Research, titled “Interactions between bcl-2 and the IGF-I system control apoptosis in the developing mouse brain,” examines the intricate relationship between the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) system and the bcl-2 gene in regulating apoptosis (programmed cell death) during brain development in mice. The bcl-2 gene is known for its role in promoting cell survival and inhibiting apoptosis, while IGF-I is a growth factor that plays a critical role in brain development, including neuronal survival, differentiation, and growth.

This research demonstrates that the IGF-I system and bcl-2 interact to modulate apoptosis in the developing mouse brain, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism that ensures proper neuronal development and survival. The study finds that IGF-I can influence the expression levels of bcl-2, thereby affecting the susceptibility of neurons to apoptosis during critical periods of brain development. This interaction indicates that the neuroprotective effects of IGF-I may be mediated, at least in part, through its ability to regulate bcl-2 expression, highlighting a crucial mechanism for controlling neuronal survival and apoptosis in the developing brain.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165380699001364
Du K, Montminy M 1998 CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB. J Biol Chem 273:32377.

CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB

The 1998 study by Du K and Montminy M, published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, titled “CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB,” investigates the interaction between the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and the protein kinase Akt/PKB (Protein Kinase B). CREB is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression in response to various cellular signals, while Akt/PKB is a serine-threonine protein kinase involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival.

The research findings reveal that Akt/PKB can phosphorylate CREB, leading to its activation as a transcription factor. Phosphorylated CREB is then able to bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the expression of target genes. This interaction between Akt/PKB and CREB represents a crucial signaling pathway that links growth factor signaling and cellular survival mechanisms to gene expression.

Read the full article on https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(19)58887-1/abstract
Pugazhenthi S, Nesterova A, Sable C, Heidenreich KA, Boxer LM, Heasly LE, Reusch JE 2000 Akt/protein kinase B upregulates Bcl-2 expression through cAMP-response element-binding protein. J Biol Chem 275:10761–10766.

Akt/protein kinase B up-regulates Bcl-2 expression through cAMP-response element-binding protein

The 2000 study by Pugazhenthi S, Nesterova A, Sable C, Heidenreich KA, Boxer LM, Heasly LE, Reusch JE, published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, titled “Akt/protein kinase B upregulates Bcl-2 expression through cAMP-response element-binding protein,” investigates the molecular mechanisms through which Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) regulates the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Bcl-2 is a critical regulator of apoptosis (programmed cell death), and Akt/PKB is a serine-threonine protein kinase involved in cell survival and growth.

The research demonstrates that Akt/PKB can enhance the expression of Bcl-2 by activating the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). CREB is a transcription factor that binds to specific DNA sequences, including the cAMP response element (CRE), to promote the transcription of target genes. In this context, Akt/PKB phosphorylates and activates CREB, leading to increased transcription of the Bcl-2 gene. The upregulation of Bcl-2 expression through this pathway represents a mechanism by which Akt/PKB promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis.

Read the full article on https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(19)80906-7/abstract
Brod M, Pohlman B, Højbjerre L, Adalsteinsson JE, Rasmussen MH. Impact of adult growth hormone deficiency on daily functioning and well-being. BMC Research Notes. 2014;7:813. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-813.

Impact of adult growth hormone deficiency on daily functioning and well-being

The 2014 study by Brod M, Pohlman B, Højbjerre L, Adalsteinsson JE, Rasmussen MH, published in BMC Research Notes, titled “Impact of adult growth hormone deficiency on daily functioning and well-being,” investigates the effects of adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) on the daily functioning and overall well-being of affected individuals. AGHD is a medical condition characterized by a deficiency in growth hormone production in adulthood, which can lead to various physical and psychological symptoms.

This research focuses on assessing the impact of AGHD on the quality of life and daily functioning of individuals with the condition. It aims to understand how AGHD affects aspects such as physical health, emotional well-being, and social functioning. The study likely employs various assessments and questionnaires to gather data on the subjective experiences and health-related outcomes of AGHD patients.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1756-0500-7-813
Maggi M, Buvat J, Corona G, Guay A, Torres LO. Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA). J Sex Med. 2013;10(3):661-77.

Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA). J Sex Med

The 2013 article authored by Maggi M, Buvat J, Corona G, Guay A, and Torres LO, titled “Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA),” published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, comprehensively addresses hormonal factors contributing to male sexual dysfunctions and outlines potential management strategies. It discusses the impact of hyperprolactinemia, characterized by elevated prolactin levels, on sexual function and explores approaches to lower prolactin levels. Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, are examined in relation to their effects on sexual health, with discussions on managing thyroid dysfunction’s influence on male sexual dysfunction. The article delves into the connection between GH disorders and male sexual function, as well as potential therapeutic interventions. Additionally, it touches on the role of DHEA as a precursor to sex hormones and how imbalances can affect sexual health, addressing approaches to manage DHEA-related issues in the context of male sexual dysfunction, making it a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers in this field.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/10/3/661/6940230
Ginzburg E, Lin A, Sigler M, Olsen D, Klimas N, Mintz A. Testosterone and growth hormone normalization: a retrospective study of health outcomes. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2008;1:79-86.

Testosterone and growth hormone normalization: a retrospective study of health outcomes

The 2008 article by Ginzburg E, Lin A, Sigler M, Olsen D, Klimas N, and Mintz A, titled “Testosterone and growth hormone normalization: a retrospective study of health outcomes,” published in the Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, presents a retrospective study that examines the health outcomes associated with the normalization of testosterone and growth hormone levels. The study likely investigates the impact of hormone normalization on various health parameters and outcomes, potentially including aspects such as physical health, cognitive function, quality of life, and overall well-being. This research contributes to our understanding of the potential benefits of hormone therapy in individuals with hormone deficiencies and may provide insights into the management of conditions related to hormonal imbalances.

Read the full article on https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/jmdh.s12187470
Brod M, Højbjerre L, Adalsteinsson JE, Rasmussen MH. Assessing the impact of growth hormone deficiency and treatment in adults: development of a new disease-specific measure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(4):1204-12.

Assessing the impact of growth hormone deficiency and treatment in adults: development of a new disease-specific measure

The 2014 article authored by Brod M, Højbjerre L, Adalsteinsson JE, and Rasmussen MH, titled “Assessing the impact of growth hormone deficiency and treatment in adults: development of a new disease-specific measure,” published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, focuses on the development of a disease-specific measure to assess the impact of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and its treatment in adults. GHD is a condition characterized by insufficient production of growth hormone in adulthood, leading to various physical and psychological symptoms. This research likely involves the creation and validation of a measurement tool to evaluate the effects of GHD and the effectiveness of growth hormone replacement therapy on adults’ health-related outcomes, including aspects such as quality of life, well-being, and overall health. The article is valuable for clinicians and researchers as it provides a tailored assessment tool to better understand the impact of GHD and guide treatment decisions.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/99/4/1204/2537260
Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12600670_Effects_of_growth_hormone_on_male_reproductive_functions.

Effects of Growth Hormone on Male Reproductive Functions

The article titled “Effects of Growth Hormone on Male Reproductive Functions” discusses the role of growth hormone (GH) in male reproductive development and function. It highlights that GH can influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (H-P-T) axis, gonadotropin release, gametogenic and steroidogenic functions of the gonads, sperm motility, and fertility. The study also discusses the use of recombinant GH and various transgenic mouse models to study GH’s impact on reproduction. Overall, it emphasizes the complex interactions between GH and male reproductive processes, shedding light on their physiological significance.

Read the full article on https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12600670_Effects_of_growth_hormone_on_male_reproductive_functions
Galdiero M, Pivonello R, Grasso LF, Cozzolino A, Colao A. Growth hormone, prolactin, and sexuality. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012;35(8):782-94.

Growth hormone, prolactin, and sexuality

The 2012 article authored by Galdiero M, Pivonello R, Grasso LF, Cozzolino A, and Colao A, titled “Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Sexuality,” published in the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, explores the relationships between growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and sexuality. This review article likely discusses the hormonal influences on sexual function and how alterations in GH and prolactin levels can impact sexual health. It may delve into the mechanisms through which these hormones affect sexual desire, function, and satisfaction, as well as the clinical implications of hormonal imbalances in the context of sexual dysfunction. Understanding the interplay between these hormones and sexuality is essential for clinicians in managing sexual health issues in patients with hormonal disorders.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03345805
Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al. Possible role of human growth hormone in penile erection. J Urol. 2000;164(6):2138-42.

Possible role of human growth hormone in penile erection

The 2000 study by Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al., titled “Possible Role of Human Growth Hormone in Penile Erection,” published in The Journal of Urology, investigates the potential involvement of human growth hormone (HGH) in the physiological process of penile erection. The study likely explores whether HGH plays a role in the mechanisms underlying erectile function. It may examine the effects of HGH on penile vascular and smooth muscle function, as well as its influence on the release of neurotransmitters and hormones involved in erection. Understanding the relationship between HGH and penile erection has implications for our comprehension of erectile dysfunction and may offer insights into potential therapeutic interventions for individuals with such issues.

Read the full article on https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1016/S0022-5347%2805%2966985-6
Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al. Serum levels of human growth hormone during different penile conditions in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2002;59(4):609-14.

Serum levels of human growth hormone during different penile conditions in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction

The 2002 study by Becker AJ, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al., titled “Serum Levels of Human Growth Hormone During Different Penile Conditions in the Cavernous and Systemic Blood of Healthy Men and Patients with Erectile Dysfunction,” published in the journal Urology, investigates the serum levels of human growth hormone (HGH) in both healthy men and patients with erectile dysfunction during various penile conditions. The study likely examines how HGH levels change in response to different physiological states related to penile function, including erection. This research is valuable for understanding the potential role of HGH in erectile function and may provide insights into the hormonal aspects of erectile dysfunction in patients.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090429501015941
Otunctemur A, Ozbek E, Sahin S, et al. Low serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with erectile dysfunction. Basic and Clinical Andrology. 2016;26:1. doi:10.1186/s12610-015-0028-x.

Low serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with erectile dysfunction. Basic and Clinical Andrology

The 2016 study by Otunctemur A, Ozbek E, Sahin S, et al., titled “Low Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction,” published in the journal Basic and Clinical Andrology, investigates the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in patients with erectile dysfunction. The research likely explores the association between low serum IGF-1 levels and the presence of erectile dysfunction in the study participants. IGF-1 is a growth factor that plays a role in various physiological processes, and its potential link to erectile function is of interest in understanding the underlying mechanisms of erectile dysfunction. The study’s findings may contribute to our knowledge of the hormonal factors involved in erectile function and provide insights into potential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for individuals with erectile dysfunction.

Read the full article on https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12610-015-0028-x
Rajfer J. Growth Factors and Gene Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction. Reviews in Urology. 2000;2(1):34.

Growth factors and gene therapy for erectile dysfunction

The 2000 review article by Rajfer J, titled “Growth Factors and Gene Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction,” published in Reviews in Urology, likely provides an overview of the role of growth factors and gene therapy in the context of erectile dysfunction (ED). It may discuss the potential use of growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), in promoting penile tissue regeneration and enhancing blood flow to improve erectile function. Additionally, the review may delve into the emerging field of gene therapy as a potential treatment for ED, exploring how genetic interventions can target the underlying causes of the condition. Understanding the therapeutic strategies involving growth factors and gene therapy can offer insights into innovative approaches for managing ED and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476094/
Pastuszak AW, Liu JS, Vij A. IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with patient-reported measures of sexual function. International journal of impotence research. 2011; 23(5):220-6.

IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with patient-reported measures of sexual function

The 2011 study by Pastuszak AW, Liu JS, Vij A, titled “IGF-1 Levels are Significantly Correlated with Patient-Reported Measures of Sexual Function,” published in the International Journal of Impotence Research, explores the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and patient-reported measures of sexual function. This research likely investigates whether there is a correlation between the circulating levels of IGF-1, a growth factor, and the self-reported sexual function of the study participants. The study may use validated questionnaires or surveys to assess aspects of sexual function, such as libido, erectile function, and overall sexual satisfaction. Understanding the link between IGF-1 levels and sexual function can provide insights into the hormonal factors that influence sexual health and may have implications for diagnosing and managing sexual dysfunction in individuals.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/ijir201131
Pastuszak AW, Liu JS, Vij A, et al. IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with patient-reported measures of sexual function. Int J Impot Res. 2011;23(5):220-6.

IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with patient-reported measures of sexual function

The 2011 study by Pastuszak AW, Liu JS, Vij A, et al., titled “IGF-1 Levels are Significantly Correlated with Patient-Reported Measures of Sexual Function,” published in the International Journal of Impotence Research, investigates the correlation between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and patient-reported measures of sexual function. This research likely explores whether there is a significant association between the circulating levels of IGF-1, a growth factor, and the self-reported sexual function of the study participants. The study may employ validated questionnaires or surveys to assess various aspects of sexual function, including libido, erectile function, and overall sexual satisfaction. Understanding the link between IGF-1 levels and sexual function is important for gaining insights into the hormonal factors that influence sexual health and may have implications for the diagnosis and management of sexual dysfunction in individuals.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/ijir201131
El-Sakka AI, Lin CS, Chui RM, Dahiya R, Lue TF. Effects of diabetes on nitric oxide synthase and growth factor genes and protein expression in an animal model. Int J Impot Res. 1999;11:123–32. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900392.

Effects of diabetes on nitric oxide synthase and growth factor genes and protein expression in an animal model

The 1999 study by El-Sakka AI, Lin CS, Chui RM, Dahiya R, and Lue TF, titled “Effects of Diabetes on Nitric Oxide Synthase and Growth Factor Genes and Protein Expression in an Animal Model,” published in the International Journal of Impotence Research, investigates the impact of diabetes on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and growth factor genes and protein expression in an animal model. This research likely explores how diabetes affects the expression and activity of NOS, which plays a crucial role in regulating vascular function and erectile function. Additionally, the study may examine changes in the expression of growth factor genes and proteins, which can be involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Understanding the effects of diabetes on these molecular pathways is important for elucidating the mechanisms underlying diabetic-related erectile dysfunction and may provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies for managing this condition.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/3900392
Soh J, Katsuyama M, Ushijima S, Mizutani Y, Kawauchi A, Yabe-Nishimura C, et al. Localization of increased insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in diabetic rat penis: Implications for erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2007;70:1019–23. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.07.057.

Localization of increased insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in diabetic rat penis: Implications for erectile dysfunction.

The 2007 study by Soh J, Katsuyama M, Ushijima S, Mizutani Y, Kawauchi A, Yabe-Nishimura C, et al., titled “Localization of Increased Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in Diabetic Rat Penis: Implications for Erectile Dysfunction,” published in the journal Urology, investigates the localization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in the penis of diabetic rats and its potential implications for erectile dysfunction (ED). This research likely explores the role of IGFBP-3 in the context of diabetes-related ED and examines its presence and distribution in penile tissues. Understanding the localization of IGFBP-3 in diabetic rat penises may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ED in diabetes and could have implications for the development of targeted treatments or interventions to address this condition.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090429507019139
Pu XY, Zheng XG, Zhang Y, Xiao HJ, Xu ZP, Liu JM, et al. Higher expression of mRNA and protein of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in old rat penile tissues: implications for erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2011;8:2181–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02318.x.

Higher Expression of mRNA and Protein of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Binding Protein‐3 in Old Rat Penile Tissues: Implications for Erectile Dysfunction

The 2011 study by Pu XY, Zheng XG, Zhang Y, Xiao HJ, Xu ZP, Liu JM, et al., titled “Higher Expression of mRNA and Protein of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in Old Rat Penile Tissues: Implications for Erectile Dysfunction,” published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, investigates the higher expression of both mRNA and protein of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in the penile tissues of old rats and its potential implications for erectile dysfunction (ED). This research likely explores the changes in IGFBP-3 expression in aging penile tissues and examines its role in age-related ED. Understanding the elevated expression of IGFBP-3 in old rat penile tissues may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms contributing to ED in aging and could have implications for developing strategies to address this condition in older individuals.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/8/8/2181/6843913
Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(5):1472-9.

Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women

The 1997 study by Khorram O, Laughlin GA, and Yen SS, titled “Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Long-Term Administration of [Nle27] Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in Age-Advanced Men and Women,” published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, investigates the endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of a specific growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog in age-advanced men and women. This research likely explores the impact of GHRH administration on various hormonal and metabolic parameters, including growth hormone levels, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, and other relevant markers. The study may assess how GHRH therapy affects aging-related changes in hormone secretion and metabolism. Understanding these effects is important for gaining insights into potential interventions aimed at mitigating age-related hormonal and metabolic alterations.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/82/5/1472/2823341
Rubinek T, Rubinfeld H, Hadani M, Barkai G, Shimon I. Nitric oxide stimulates growth hormone secretion from human fetal pituitaries and cultured pituitary adenomas. Endocrine. 2005;28(2):209-16.

Nitric oxide stimulates growth hormone secretion from human fetal pituitaries and cultured pituitary adenomas

The 2005 study by Rubinek T, Rubinfeld H, Hadani M, Barkai G, and Shimon I, titled “Nitric Oxide Stimulates Growth Hormone Secretion from Human Fetal Pituitaries and Cultured Pituitary Adenomas,” published in the journal Endocrine, investigates the stimulatory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from human fetal pituitaries and cultured pituitary adenomas. This research likely explores the role of NO in regulating GH release and may involve in vitro experiments to assess the response of pituitary tissues to NO stimulation. Understanding how NO influences GH secretion has implications for our knowledge of the hormonal control of GH and may provide insights into potential therapeutic approaches for conditions related to GH dysregulation.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/ENDO:28:2:209
Valverde I, Peñalva A, Ghigo E, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Involvement of nitric oxide in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in dogs. Neuroendocrinology. 2001;74(4):213-9.

Involvement of nitric oxide in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in dogs

The 2001 study by Valverde I, Peñalva A, Ghigo E, Casanueva FF, and Dieguez C, titled “Involvement of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Dogs,” published in the journal Neuroendocrinology, investigates the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in dogs. This research likely explores how NO, a signaling molecule, influences the release of GH in canine subjects. The study may involve experiments or observations to assess the involvement of NO in the complex neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling GH secretion. Understanding the role of NO in GH regulation is important for unraveling the physiological processes governing GH release and may have implications for understanding similar regulatory mechanisms in other species, including humans.

Read the full article on https://karger.com/nen/article/74/4/213/225390
Rigamonti AE, Cella SG, Marazzi N, Müller EE. Nitric oxide modulation of the growth hormone-releasing activity of Hexarelin in young and old dogs. Metab Clin Exp. 1999;48(2):176-82.

Nitric oxide modulation of the growth hormone—releasing activity of hexarelin in young and old dogs

The 1999 study by Rigamonti AE, Cella SG, Marazzi N, and Müller EE, titled “Nitric Oxide Modulation of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Activity of Hexarelin in Young and Old Dogs,” published in the journal Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, investigates the modulation of growth hormone-releasing activity by nitric oxide (NO) in response to the peptide Hexarelin in both young and old dogs. This research likely explores how NO influences the ability of Hexarelin to stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) in different age groups of dogs. The study may involve experiments to assess the interactions between NO and Hexarelin in regulating GH secretion, shedding light on the complex mechanisms involved in GH regulation with age. Understanding these interactions can provide insights into the hormonal changes associated with aging and may have implications for therapeutic interventions related to GH secretion.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049599900306
Doi SQ, Jacot TA, Sellitti DF, et al. Growth hormone increases inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(8):1419-25.

Growth hormone increases inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in mesangial cells

The 2000 study by Doi SQ, Jacot TA, Sellitti DF, et al., titled “Growth Hormone Increases Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Mesangial Cells,” published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, investigates the effects of growth hormone (GH) on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mesangial cells. This research likely explores how GH influences the expression of iNOS, an enzyme involved in the production of nitric oxide (NO), in mesangial cells. The study may involve experiments to assess the impact of GH on iNOS levels and NO production in these cells. Understanding the relationship between GH and iNOS expression in mesangial cells can provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of NO production and its potential implications for kidney function and physiology.

Read the full article on https://journals.lww.com/jasn/Fulltext/2000/08000/Growth_Hormone_Increases_Inducible_Nitric_Oxide.6.aspx
Available at http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/31/4/815.

http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/31/4/815

The study investigated the effects of growth hormone therapy on nitric oxide (NO) production in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It found that growth hormone therapy increased systemic NO production in CF patients, as evidenced by increased NO metabolites in serum and urine. However, in CF airways, the availability of l-arginine, a substrate for NO production, decreased during growth hormone therapy, leading to decreased NO levels in exhaled air. This suggests that while growth hormone therapy may enhance systemic NO production in CF, it may reduce airway NO production due to decreased substrate availability.

Read the full article on http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/31/4/815
Deniz Tuncel, Fatma Inanc Tolun, and Ismail Toru, “Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Nitric Oxide Levels in Parkinson’s Disease,” Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2009, Article ID 132464, 4 pages, 2009.

Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Nitric Oxide Levels in Parkinson’s Disease

The 2009 study by Deniz Tuncel, Fatma Inanc Tolun, and Ismail Toru, titled “Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Nitric Oxide Levels in Parkinson’s Disease,” published in the journal Mediators of Inflammation, investigates the levels of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. This research likely explores the potential correlations between IGF-1 and NO levels and their relevance to Parkinson’s disease. Understanding the relationship between these biomarkers and the disease can provide insights into the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease.

Read the full article on https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2009/132464/abs/
Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00470002.
Böger RH , Skamira C , Bode-Böger SM , Brabant G , von zur Muhlen A , Frolich JC. 1996. Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Invest 98:2706–2713.

Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency

The 1996 study by Böger RH, Skamira C, Bode-Böger SM, Brabant G, von zur Muhlen A, and Frolich JC, titled “Nitric Oxide May Mediate the Hemodynamic Effects of Recombinant Growth Hormone in Patients with Acquired Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study,” published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, investigates the role of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone (GH) in patients with acquired GH deficiency. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study likely explores how GH therapy affects NO levels and the subsequent hemodynamic changes in patients with GH deficiency. Understanding the potential involvement of NO in mediating the effects of GH therapy can provide insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying GH replacement therapy in individuals with GH deficiency.

Read the full article on https://www.jci.org/articles/view/119095
Thum T , Fleissner F , Klink I , Tsikas D , Jakob M , Bauersachs J , Stichtenoth DO. 2007. Growth hormone treatment improves markers of systemic nitric oxide bioavailability via insulin-like growth factor-I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:4172–4179.

Growth hormone treatment improves markers of systemic nitric oxide bioavailability via insulin-like growth factor-I

The 2007 study by Thum T, Fleissner F, Klink I, Tsikas D, Jakob M, Bauersachs J, and Stichtenoth DO, titled “Growth Hormone Treatment Improves Markers of Systemic Nitric Oxide Bioavailability via Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I,” published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, investigates how growth hormone (GH) treatment affects markers of systemic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through the actions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). This research likely explores the relationship between GH therapy, IGF-I levels, and markers of NO production or bioavailability in the study participants. Understanding how GH treatment impacts NO and IGF-I can provide insights into the mechanisms by which GH therapy may have beneficial effects on vascular function and overall physiology.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/92/11/4172/2598165
Mani maran RR, Sivakumar R, Ravisankar B, et al. Growth hormone directly stimulates testosterone and oestradiol secretion by rat Leydig cells in vitro and modulates the effects of LH and T3. Endocr J. 2000;47(2):111-8.

Growth hormone directly stimulates testosterone and oestradiol secretion by rat Leydig cells in vitro and modulates the effects of LH and T3

The 2000 study by Mani Maran RR, Sivakumar R, Ravisankar B, et al., titled “Growth Hormone Directly Stimulates Testosterone and Oestradiol Secretion by Rat Leydig Cells In Vitro and Modulates the Effects of LH and T3,” published in the Endocrine Journal, investigates the direct stimulatory effects of growth hormone (GH) on the secretion of testosterone and estradiol by rat Leydig cells in vitro. This research likely explores the interactions between GH and the hormonal pathways involved in regulating testosterone and estradiol production in the testicular Leydig cells. Additionally, the study may examine how GH modulates the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) and triiodothyronine (T3) on these hormone secretions. Understanding the direct actions of GH on Leydig cells and its interactions with other hormones can provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of sex hormone production in the male reproductive system.

Read the full article on https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj1993/47/2/47_2_111/_article/-char/ja/
Ho KY, Evans WS, Blizzard RM, et al. Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64(1):51-8.

Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations

The 1987 study by Ho KY, Evans WS, Blizzard RM, et al., titled “Effects of Sex and Age on the 24-Hour Profile of Growth Hormone Secretion in Man: Importance of Endogenous Estradiol Concentrations,” published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, investigates the influence of sex and age on the 24-hour pattern of growth hormone (GH) secretion in humans. This research likely explores how GH secretion varies between males and females of different age groups and emphasizes the significance of endogenous estradiol (estrogen) concentrations in these hormonal patterns. Understanding the hormonal regulation of GH secretion in relation to sex and age can provide valuable insights into the physiological differences in GH dynamics between genders and across the lifespan.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/64/1/51/2653487
Argiolas A, Melis MR. Central control of penile erection: role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;76(1):1-21.

Central control of penile erection: role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

The 2005 review article by Argiolas A and Melis MR, titled “Central Control of Penile Erection: Role of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus,” published in Progress in Neurobiology, explores the central nervous system’s role in regulating penile erection, with a specific focus on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This comprehensive review likely discusses the neural mechanisms, pathways, and neurotransmitters involved in the control of penile erection, shedding light on the complex processes that contribute to sexual function and response. Understanding the central control of penile erection is essential for addressing issues related to erectile dysfunction and developing potential therapeutic strategies.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008205000651
Kim KS, Bae WJ, Kim SJ, et al. Improvement of erectile dysfunction by the active pepide from Urechis unicinctus by high temperature/pressure and ultra – wave assisted lysis in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. International Brazilian Journal of Urology: official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. 2016;42(4):825-837. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0606.

Improvement of erectile dysfunction by the active pepide from Urechis unicinctus by high temperature/pressure and ultra – wave assisted lysis in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

The 2016 study by Kim KS, Bae WJ, Kim SJ, et al., titled “Improvement of Erectile Dysfunction by the Active Peptide from Urechis unicinctus by High Temperature/Pressure and Ultra-Wave Assisted Lysis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats,” published in the International Brazilian Journal of Urology, investigates the potential improvement of erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through the use of an active peptide derived from Urechis unicinctus. This research likely explores the effects of the active peptide, the method of extraction (high temperature/pressure and ultra-wave assisted lysis), and their impact on erectile function in diabetic rats. Understanding these potential therapeutic interventions for erectile dysfunction in diabetic conditions can have clinical significance for addressing this common issue in diabetic individuals.

Read the full article on https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mgVNBSDDynVXR9sXCpG3w3s/citation/?lang=en
Wessells H, Blevins JE, Vanderah TW. Melanocortinergic control of penile erection. Peptides. 2005;26(10):1972-1977. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.035.

Melanocortinergic control of penile erection

The 2005 study by Wessells H, Blevins JE, and Vanderah TW, titled “Melanocortinergic Control of Penile Erection,” published in the journal Peptides, explores the role of melanocortinergic signaling in the control of penile erection. This research likely discusses the involvement of melanocortinergic pathways, melanocortin receptors, and related peptides in the regulation of erectile function. Understanding the melanocortinergic control of penile erection is important for gaining insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms governing sexual function and may have implications for the development of treatments for erectile dysfunction.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978105002317
Melis MR, Argiolas A. Central oxytocinergic neurotransmission: a drug target for the therapy of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets. 2003;4(1):55-66.

Central oxytocinergic neurotransmission: a drug target for the therapy of psychogenic erectile dysfunction

The 2003 review article by Melis MR and Argiolas A, titled “Central Oxytocinergic Neurotransmission: A Drug Target for the Therapy of Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction,” published in Current Drug Targets, discusses the potential therapeutic targeting of central oxytocinergic neurotransmission for the treatment of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. This review likely explores the role of oxytocin, a neuropeptide, in the central nervous system and its involvement in the regulation of sexual function, particularly in cases of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Understanding the neurochemical mechanisms and potential drug targets associated with oxytocinergic neurotransmission can provide insights into the development of novel treatments for psychogenic erectile dysfunction.

Read the full article on https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdt/2003/00000004/00000001/art00006
Andersson KE. Mechanisms of penile erection and basis for pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction. Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63(4):811-59.

Mechanisms of penile erection and basis for pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction

The 2011 review article by Andersson KE, titled “Mechanisms of Penile Erection and Basis for Pharmacological Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction,” published in Pharmacological Reviews, provides an extensive overview of the mechanisms underlying penile erection and the pharmacological approaches to treating erectile dysfunction. This comprehensive review likely discusses the physiological processes, neural pathways, and molecular mechanisms involved in achieving and maintaining an erection. Additionally, it may cover the various pharmacological treatments available for erectile dysfunction, including the mechanisms of action of commonly prescribed medications. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of effective treatments for individuals with erectile dysfunction.

Read the full article on https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/63/4/811.short
Andersson KE. Pharmacology of penile erection. Pharmacol Rev. 2001;53(3):417-50.

Pharmacology of penile erection

The 2001 review article by Andersson KE, titled “Pharmacology of Penile Erection,” published in Pharmacological Reviews, focuses on the pharmacological aspects of penile erection. This comprehensive review likely discusses the various pharmacological agents and mechanisms involved in regulating and facilitating penile erection. Understanding the pharmacology of penile erection is essential for the development of medications and treatments for erectile dysfunction and related conditions.

Read the full article on https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/53/3/417.short
Decaluwé K, Pauwels B, Verpoest S, Van de voorde J. New therapeutic targets for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2011;8(12):3271-90.

New therapeutic targets for the treatment of erectile dysfunction

The 2011 article by Decaluwé K, Pauwels B, Verpoest S, and Van de Voorde J, titled “New Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction,” published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, explores emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. This research likely discusses potential novel approaches, mechanisms, and targets that can be considered in the development of treatments for erectile dysfunction. Understanding these new therapeutic targets is essential for advancing the field of erectile dysfunction management and potentially providing improved options for individuals with this condition.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/8/12/3271/6844432
Ryu B, Kim M, Himaya SWA, Kang KH, Kim SK. Statistical optimization of high temperature/pressure and ultra-wave assisted lysis of Urechis unicinctus for the isolation of active peptide which enhance the erectile function in vitro. Process Biochemistry. 2014;49:148–153.

Statistical optimization of high temperature/pressure and ultra-wave assisted lysis of Urechis unicinctus for the isolation of active peptide which enhance the erectile function in vitro

The 2014 study by Ryu B, Kim M, Himaya SWA, Kang KH, and Kim SK, titled “Statistical Optimization of High Temperature/Pressure and Ultra-Wave Assisted Lysis of Urechis unicinctus for the Isolation of Active Peptide Which Enhance the Erectile Function In Vitro,” published in Process Biochemistry, investigates the optimization of the lysis process of Urechis unicinctus to isolate an active peptide that enhances erectile function in vitro. This research likely involves the development of an optimized method for extracting the active peptide and evaluating its effects on erectile function. Understanding the process of isolating and characterizing such peptides can contribute to the development of potential therapies for erectile dysfunction.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511313005527
Liu Q, Jia Z, Duan L, Xiong J, Wang D, Ding Y. Functional peptides for cartilage repair and regeneration. American Journal of Translational Research. 2018;10(2):501-510.

Functional peptides for cartilage repair and regeneration

The 2018 article by Liu Q, Jia Z, Duan L, Xiong J, Wang D, and Ding Y, titled “Functional Peptides for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration,” published in the American Journal of Translational Research, discusses the use of functional peptides for the repair and regeneration of cartilage. This research likely explores the potential therapeutic applications of peptides in promoting cartilage tissue repair and regeneration, with a focus on their functional roles and mechanisms of action. Understanding the use of peptides in cartilage repair can have implications for the development of treatments for cartilage-related disorders and injuries.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5835815/
Hastar N, Arslan E, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Peptide-Based Materials for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1030:155-166.

Peptide-based materials for cartilage tissue regeneration

The 2017 article by Hastar N, Arslan E, Guler MO, and Tekinay AB, titled “Peptide-Based Materials for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration,” published in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, explores the use of peptide-based materials for cartilage tissue regeneration. This research likely discusses the development of materials and scaffolds composed of peptides with the aim of promoting cartilage regeneration. Understanding the use of peptide-based materials in tissue engineering can have implications for improving treatments for cartilage-related conditions and injuries.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_7
Wang W, Rigueur D, Lyons KM. TGFbeta signaling in cartilage development and maintenance. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2014;102:37–51.

TGFβ signaling in cartilage development and maintenance

The 2014 article by Wang W, Rigueur D, and Lyons KM, titled “TGFbeta Signaling in Cartilage Development and Maintenance,” published in Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today, provides insights into the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling in cartilage development and maintenance. This research likely discusses the molecular mechanisms, pathways, and regulatory functions of TGFβ signaling in the context of cartilage tissue, including its involvement in chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis. Understanding the role of TGFβ signaling in cartilage can have implications for the study of cartilage-related disorders and potential therapeutic interventions.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bdrc.21058
Lam HJ, Li S, Lou N, Chu J, Bhatnagar RS. Synthetic peptides cytomodulin-1 (CM-1) and cytomodulin-2 (CM-2) promote collagen synthesis and wound healing in vitro. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;7:5028–5030.

Synthetic peptides cytomodulin-1 (CM-1) and cytomodulin-2 (CM-2) promote collagen synthesis and wound healing in vitro

The 2004 study by Lam HJ, Li S, Lou N, Chu J, and Bhatnagar RS, titled “Synthetic Peptides Cytomodulin-1 (CM-1) and Cytomodulin-2 (CM-2) Promote Collagen Synthesis and Wound Healing In Vitro,” presented at the Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, investigates the effects of synthetic peptides CM-1 and CM-2 on collagen synthesis and wound healing in vitro. This research likely explores the potential therapeutic applications of these synthetic peptides in promoting collagen production and enhancing the wound healing process. Understanding the mechanisms by which these peptides promote tissue repair can have implications for the development of wound healing therapies and regenerative medicine approaches.

Read the full article on https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1404389/
Basu S, Kumar M, Chansuria JP, Singh TB, Bhatnagar R, Shukla VK. Effect of Cytomodulin-10 (TGF-beta1 analogue) on wound healing by primary intention in a murine model. Int J Surg. 2009;7:460–465.

Effect of Cytomodulin-10 (TGF-ß1 analogue) on wound healing by primary intention in a murine model

The 2009 study by Basu S, Kumar M, Chansuria JP, Singh TB, Bhatnagar R, and Shukla VK, titled “Effect of Cytomodulin-10 (TGF-beta1 Analogue) on Wound Healing by Primary Intention in a Murine Model,” published in the International Journal of Surgery, investigates the effects of Cytomodulin-10, an analogue of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), on wound healing by primary intention in a murine (mouse) model. This research likely explores the impact of Cytomodulin-10 on the wound healing process, including its effects on tissue repair, collagen synthesis, and overall wound closure. Understanding the potential therapeutic benefits of TGF-β1 analogues like Cytomodulin-10 can have implications for improving wound healing strategies and clinical treatments.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743919109000995
Mittal A, Kumar R, Parsad D, Kumar N. Cytomodulin-functionalized porous PLGA particulate scaffolds respond better to cell migration, actin production and wound healing in rodent model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014;8:351–36.

Cytomodulin-functionalized porous PLGA particulate scaffolds respond better to cell migration, actin production and wound healing in rodent model

The 2014 study by Mittal A, Kumar R, Parsad D, and Kumar N, titled “Cytomodulin-Functionalized Porous PLGA Particulate Scaffolds Respond Better to Cell Migration, Actin Production, and Wound Healing in Rodent Model,” published in the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, investigates the use of cytomodulin-functionalized porous PLGA particulate scaffolds and their effects on cell migration, actin production, and wound healing in a rodent model. This research likely explores the enhanced regenerative properties of these scaffolds, including their ability to promote cell migration, actin production, and wound healing. Understanding the benefits of cytomodulin-functionalized scaffolds can have implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches to wound healing and tissue repair.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/term.1527
Shao Z, Zhang X, Pi Y, Wang X, Jia Z, Zhu J, Dai L, Chen W, Yin L, Chen H, Zhou C, Ao Y. Polycaprolactone electrospun mesh conjugated with an MSC affinity peptide for MSC homing in vivo. Biomaterials. 2012;33:3375–3387.

Polycaprolactone electrospun mesh conjugated with an MSC affinity peptide for MSC homing in vivo

The 2012 study by Shao Z, Zhang X, Pi Y, Wang X, Jia Z, Zhu J, Dai L, Chen W, Yin L, Chen H, Zhou C, and Ao Y, titled “Polycaprolactone Electrospun Mesh Conjugated with an MSC Affinity Peptide for MSC Homing In Vivo,” published in Biomaterials, focuses on the development of a polycaprolactone electrospun mesh that is conjugated with a peptide to enhance the homing of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vivo. This research likely explores the use of biomaterials and affinity peptides to improve the recruitment and localization of MSCs to specific tissues or areas in the body. Understanding these strategies can have implications for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and targeted cell therapy approaches.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961212000658
Huang H, Zhang X, Hu X, Shao Z, Zhu J, Dai L, Man Z, Yuan L, Chen H, Zhou C, Ao Y. A functional biphasic biomaterial homing mesenchymal stem cells for in vivo cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials. 2014;35:9608–9619.

A functional biphasic biomaterial homing mesenchymal stem cells for in vivo cartilage regeneration

The 2014 study by Huang H, Zhang X, Hu X, Shao Z, Zhu J, Dai L, Man Z, Yuan L, Chen H, Zhou C, and Ao Y, titled “A Functional Biphasic Biomaterial Homing Mesenchymal Stem Cells for In Vivo Cartilage Regeneration,” published in Biomaterials, focuses on the development of a functional biphasic biomaterial that promotes the homing of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the purpose of cartilage regeneration in vivo. This research likely explores the design and properties of the biomaterial, as well as its ability to enhance the recruitment and differentiation of MSCs for cartilage repair. Understanding such biomaterials and their impact on tissue regeneration can have important implications for the field of regenerative medicine, particularly in cartilage repair and joint health.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961214009193
Meng Q, Man Z, Dai L, Huang H, Zhang X, Hu X, Shao Z, Zhu J, Zhang J, Fu X, Duan X, Ao Y. A composite scaffold of MSC affinity peptide-modified demineralized bone matrix particles and chitosan hydrogel for cartilage regeneration. Sci Rep. 2015;5:17802.

A composite scaffold of MSC affinity peptide-modified demineralized bone matrix particles and chitosan hydrogel for cartilage regeneration

The 2015 study by Meng Q, Man Z, Dai L, Huang H, Zhang X, Hu X, Shao Z, Zhu J, Zhang J, Fu X, Duan X, and Ao Y, titled “A Composite Scaffold of MSC Affinity Peptide-Modified Demineralized Bone Matrix Particles and Chitosan Hydrogel for Cartilage Regeneration,” published in Scientific Reports, focuses on the development of a composite scaffold for cartilage regeneration. This scaffold is composed of demineralized bone matrix particles modified with MSC affinity peptides and chitosan hydrogel. The research likely explores the properties and efficacy of this composite scaffold in promoting cartilage regeneration, particularly through its ability to attract and support the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Understanding such composite scaffolds can have significant implications for tissue engineering and regenerative approaches to cartilage repair.

Read the full article on https://www.nature.com/articles/srep17802
Shao Z, Zhang X, Pi Y, Yin L, Li L, Chen H, Zhou C, Ao Y. Surface modification on polycaprolactone electrospun mesh and human decalcified bone scaffold with synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells-affinity peptide for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2015;103:318–329.

Surface modification on polycaprolactone electrospun mesh and human decalcified bone scaffold with synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells-affinity peptide for tissue engineering

The 2015 study by Shao Z, Zhang X, Pi Y, Yin L, Li L, Chen H, Zhou C, and Ao Y, titled “Surface Modification on Polycaprolactone Electrospun Mesh and Human Decalcified Bone Scaffold with Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Affinity Peptide for Tissue Engineering,” published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, explores surface modifications on polycaprolactone electrospun mesh and human decalcified bone scaffold using synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-affinity peptide for tissue engineering applications. This research likely investigates how these modifications enhance the interaction between the scaffolds and MSCs, potentially promoting tissue regeneration and engineering. Understanding these surface modifications and their impact on tissue engineering can have important implications for regenerative medicine and the development of improved scaffolds for various tissue types.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.35177
Webb DJ, Roadcap DW, Dhakephalkar A, Gonias SL. A 16-amino acid peptide from human alpha2-macroglobulin binds transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Protein Sci. 2000;9:1986–1992.

A 16-amino acid peptide from human α2-macroglobulin binds transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factor-BB

The 2000 study by Webb DJ, Roadcap DW, Dhakephalkar A, and Gonias SL, titled “A 16-Amino Acid Peptide from Human Alpha2-Macroglobulin Binds Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB,” published in Protein Science, investigates a 16-amino acid peptide derived from human alpha2-macroglobulin. This peptide is found to have binding affinity for both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). The research likely explores the molecular interactions and binding properties of this peptide with these growth factors, which can have implications for understanding growth factor signaling pathways and potential therapeutic applications.

Read the full article on https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/protein-science/article/16amino-acid-peptide-from-human-2macroglobulin-binds-transforming-growth-factor-and-plateletderived-growth-factorbb/57CE4FF8BC5F33D7C940EF9239C07C0D
Shah RN, Shah NA, Del Rosario Lim MM, Hsieh C, Nuber G, Stupp SI. Supramolecular design of self-assembling nanofibers for cartilage regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:3293–3298.

Supramolecular design of self-assembling nanofibers for cartilage regeneration

The 2010 study by Shah RN, Shah NA, Del Rosario Lim MM, Hsieh C, Nuber G, and Stupp SI, titled “Supramolecular Design of Self-Assembling Nanofibers for Cartilage Regeneration,” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), focuses on the supramolecular design of self-assembling nanofibers for cartilage regeneration. This research likely explores the development of nanofibers that can self-assemble into structures suitable for cartilage tissue regeneration. Such nanofibers have the potential to be used in tissue engineering approaches to promote cartilage repair and regeneration. Understanding the design and properties of these nanofibers can have significant implications for regenerative medicine applications in cartilage repair.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0906501107
Chow LW, Armgarth A, St-Pierre JP, Bertazzo S, Gentilini C, Aurisicchio C, McCullen SD, Steele JA, Stevens MM. Peptide-directed spatial organization of biomolecules in dynamic gradient scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater. 2014;3:1381–1386.

Peptide-directed spatial organization of biomolecules in dynamic gradient scaffolds

The referenced paper, titled “Peptide-directed spatial organization of biomolecules in dynamic gradient scaffolds,” authored by Chow LW, Armgarth A, St-Pierre JP, Bertazzo S, Gentilini C, Aurisicchio C, McCullen SD, Steele JA, and Stevens MM, was published in the journal “Advanced Healthcare Materials” in 2014.

In this study, the authors focused on the development of dynamic gradient scaffolds for the spatial organization of biomolecules. They utilized peptides to direct and control the arrangement of various biomolecules within these scaffolds. The research aimed to create a system that could enable precise and controlled distribution of biomolecules, which is important for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adhm.201400032
Parmar PA, Chow LW, St-Pierre JP, Horejs CM, Peng YY, Werkmeister JA, Ramshaw JA, Stevens MM. Collagen-mimetic peptide-modifiable hydrogels for articular cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials. 2015;54:213–225.

Collagen-mimetic peptide-modifiable hydrogels for articular cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials

The referenced paper, titled “Collagen-mimetic peptide-modifiable hydrogels for articular cartilage regeneration,” was authored by Parmar PA, Chow LW, St-Pierre JP, Horejs CM, Peng YY, Werkmeister JA, Ramshaw JA, and Stevens MM. It was published in the journal “Biomaterials” in 2015.

In this study, the authors focused on the development of hydrogels that can be modified with collagen-mimetic peptides. These hydrogels were designed for the specific purpose of regenerating articular cartilage. The use of collagen-mimetic peptides allowed for better mimicry of the natural collagen structure found in cartilage, which is important for successful tissue regeneration.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961215002094
Recha-Sancho L, Semino CE. Heparin-based self-assembling peptide scaffold reestablish chondrogenic phenotype of expanded de-differentiated human chondrocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2016;104:1694–1706.

Heparin‐based self‐assembling peptide scaffold reestablish chondrogenic phenotype of expanded de‐differentiated human chondrocytes

The referenced paper, titled “Heparin-based self-assembling peptide scaffold reestablishes chondrogenic phenotype of expanded de-differentiated human chondrocytes,” was authored by Recha-Sancho L and Semino CE. It was published in the journal “Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A” in 2016.

In this study, the authors investigated the use of a heparin-based self-assembling peptide scaffold to promote the re-establishment of the chondrogenic phenotype in expanded and de-differentiated human chondrocytes. The research aimed to find a suitable scaffold that could facilitate the regeneration of cartilage tissue and restore the desired cell phenotype.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.35699
Yamaoka H, Asato H, Ogasawara T, Nishizawa S, Takahashi T, Nakatsuka T, Koshima I, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H, Chung UI, Takato T, Hoshi K. Cartilage tissue engineering using human auricular chondrocytes embedded in different hydrogel materials. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;78:1–11.

Heparin‐based self‐assembling peptide scaffold reestablish chondrogenic phenotype of expanded de‐differentiated human chondrocytes

The referenced paper, titled “Cartilage tissue engineering using human auricular chondrocytes embedded in different hydrogel materials,” was authored by Yamaoka H, Asato H, Ogasawara T, Nishizawa S, Takahashi T, Nakatsuka T, Koshima I, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H, Chung UI, Takato T, and Hoshi K. It was published in the journal “Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A” in 2006.

In this study, the authors explored cartilage tissue engineering using human auricular chondrocytes. They investigated the use of different hydrogel materials as scaffolds for culturing and supporting the growth of these chondrocytes, with the goal of developing a method for regenerating cartilage tissue. The study aimed to identify the most suitable hydrogel material for cartilage tissue engineering applications.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.35699
Kisiday J, Jin M, Kurz B, Hung H, Semino C, Zhang S, Grodzinsky AJ. Self-assembling peptide hydrogel fosters chondrocyte extracellular matrix production and cell division: implications for cartilage tissue repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:9996–10001.

Self-assembling peptide hydrogel fosters chondrocyte extracellular matrix production and cell division: implications for cartilage tissue repair

The referenced paper, titled “Self-assembling peptide hydrogel fosters chondrocyte extracellular matrix production and cell division: implications for cartilage tissue repair,” was authored by Kisiday J, Jin M, Kurz B, Hung H, Semino C, Zhang S, and Grodzinsky AJ. It was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) in 2002.

In this study, the authors investigated the use of a self-assembling peptide hydrogel as a scaffold for cartilage tissue repair. They focused on how this hydrogel influenced chondrocyte behavior, including extracellular matrix production and cell division. The research aimed to provide insights into the potential application of self-assembling peptide hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering and repair.

Read the full article on https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.142309999
Ruoslahti E, Pierschbacher MD. Arg-Gly-Asp: a versatile cell recognition signal. Cell. 1986;44:517–518.

Arg-Gly-Asp: a versatile cell recognition signal

The paper titled “Arg-Gly-Asp: a versatile cell recognition signal” by Ruoslahti and Pierschbacher, published in Cell in 1986, discusses the significance of the cell recognition signal Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). RGD is a short amino acid sequence found in various proteins, and the authors highlight its role in mediating interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix.

The RGD sequence is recognized by cell surface receptors called integrins, which play a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and tissue organization. The authors emphasize that RGD can be found in different proteins and serves as a universal recognition signal for various cell types.

Read the full article on https://www.cell.com/issue?pii=S0092-8674(00)X0213-9
Jeschke B, Meyer J, Jonczyk A, Kessler H, Adamietz P, Meenen NM, Kantlehner M, Goepfert C, Nies B. RGD-peptides for tissue engineering of articular cartilage. Biomaterials. 2002;23:3455–3463.

RGD-peptides for tissue engineering of articular cartilage

The paper titled “RGD-peptides for tissue engineering of articular cartilage” by Jeschke et al., published in Biomaterials in 2002, focuses on the use of RGD-peptides in tissue engineering applications for articular cartilage.

The authors explore the potential of RGD-peptides, which contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell recognition sequence, to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation in the context of articular cartilage tissue engineering. Articular cartilage is crucial for joint function and can be challenging to regenerate.

In this study, the authors investigate how incorporating RGD-peptides into biomaterial scaffolds can promote cell attachment and growth, with the goal of improving the development of engineered cartilage tissues. The paper provides valuable insights into the use of RGD-peptides as a strategy to enhance tissue engineering approaches for articular cartilage repair and regeneration.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961202000522
Kim HD, Heo J, Hwang Y, Kwak SY, Park OK, Kim H, Varghese S, Hwang NS. Extracellular-matrix-based and Arg-Gly-Asp-modified photopolymerizing hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A. 2015;21:757–766.

Extracellular-matrix-based and Arg-Gly-Asp–modified photopolymerizing hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering

The paper titled “Extracellular-matrix-based and Arg-Gly-Asp-modified photopolymerizing hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering” by Kim et al., published in Tissue Engineering Part A in 2015, explores the development of photopolymerizing hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering, with a specific focus on incorporating the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) modification.

In this study, the authors investigate the use of extracellular matrix-based hydrogels that are modified with RGD peptides. These hydrogels are designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix environment of cartilage tissue. RGD peptides are known for their ability to enhance cell adhesion and promote tissue regeneration.

The paper discusses how these hydrogels can support the growth and differentiation of chondrocytes, which are the cells responsible for cartilage formation and maintenance. The incorporation of RGD peptides aims to improve the interaction between cells and the hydrogel, potentially enhancing the success of cartilage tissue engineering approaches.

Read the full article on https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0233
Frieboes RM, Murck H, Maier P, Schier T, Holsboer F, Steiger A. Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates sleep, growth hormone, ACTH and cortisol release in normal man. Neuroendocrinology. 1995;61(5):584-9.

Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates sleep, growth hormone, ACTH and cortisol release in normal man

The paper titled “Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates sleep, growth hormone, ACTH, and cortisol release in normal man” by Frieboes et al., published in Neuroendocrinology in 1995, explores the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-6 (GHRP-6) on various hormonal responses and sleep in healthy individuals.

In this study, the authors investigate the impact of GHRP-6 on several key physiological processes in normal human subjects. They found that GHRP-6 administration resulted in the stimulation of sleep, as well as the release of growth hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol. These findings suggest that GHRP-6 has a significant influence on the endocrine system and sleep regulation in healthy individuals.

Read the full article on https://karger.com/nen/article-abstract/61/5/584/224521
Moreno-reyes R, Kerkhofs M, L’hermite-balériaux M, Thorner MO, Van cauter E, Copinschi G. Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(5 Pt 1):E779-84.

Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation

The paper titled “Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation” by Moreno-Reyes et al., published in the American Journal of Physiology in 1998, presents findings that challenge the idea of the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) axis playing a significant role in the regulation of human slow-wave sleep (SWS).

In this study, the authors conducted research to investigate the relationship between GHRP and SWS in humans. They found evidence that contradicts the previously proposed role of the GHRP axis in regulating SWS. The study suggests that factors other than GHRP may be more influential in the regulation of slow-wave sleep in humans.

These findings provide insights into the complex mechanisms involved in sleep regulation and contribute to our understanding of the hormonal factors that influence different sleep stages.

Read the full article on https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.5.E779
Frieboes RM, Murck H, Antonijevic IA, Steiger A. Effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 on the nocturnal secretion of GH, ACTH and cortisol and on the sleep EEG in man: role of routes of administration. J Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11(6):473-8.

Effects of growth hormone‐releasing peptide‐6 on the nocturnal secretion of GH, ACTH and cortisol and on the sleep EEG in man: role of routes of administration

The paper titled “Effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 on the nocturnal secretion of GH, ACTH and cortisol and on the sleep EEG in man: role of routes of administration” by Frieboes et al., published in the Journal of Neuroendocrinology in 1999, investigates the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-6 (GHRP-6) on various hormonal secretions and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns in humans, with a focus on the administration routes.

In this study, the authors explore how different administration routes of GHRP-6 affect the nocturnal secretion of growth hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol, as well as the sleep EEG. They examine the potential influence of GHRP-6 on these physiological processes, shedding light on the role of administration methods in eliciting specific responses.

Read the full article on https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00364.x
Morselli LL, Nedeltcheva A, Leproult R, et al. Impact of growth hormone replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency of pituitary origin. European journal of endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2013;168(5):10.1530/EJE-12-1037. doi:10.1530/EJE-12-1037.

Impact of GH replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients with GH deficiency of pituitary origin

The paper titled “Impact of growth hormone replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency of pituitary origin” by Morselli et al., published in the European Journal of Endocrinology in 2013, examines the effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients who have growth hormone deficiency originating from pituitary issues.

In this study, the authors investigate how growth hormone replacement therapy impacts the sleep patterns of individuals with growth hormone deficiency. The paper discusses the potential improvements or changes in sleep quality and duration following the administration of growth hormone replacement therapy.

Understanding the effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on sleep is crucial, as sleep disturbances can be a common symptom in individuals with growth hormone deficiency. This research contributes to our knowledge of how hormone replacement therapy can influence sleep in such patients.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/ejendo/article-abstract/168/5/763/6659611
Haqq AM, Stadler DD, Jackson RH, Rosenfeld RG, Purnell JQ, Lafranchi SH. Effects of growth hormone on pulmonary function, sleep quality, behavior, cognition, growth velocity, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(5):2206-12.

Effects of growth hormone on pulmonary function, sleep quality, behavior, cognition, growth velocity, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in Prader-Willi syndrome

The paper titled “Effects of growth hormone on pulmonary function, sleep quality, behavior, cognition, growth velocity, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in Prader-Willi syndrome” by Haqq et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2003, examines the impact of growth hormone treatment on various aspects of health in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS).

In this study, the authors investigate the effects of growth hormone therapy on several parameters in individuals with PWS, including pulmonary function, sleep quality, behavior, cognition, growth velocity, body composition, and resting energy expenditure. Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with various medical and developmental issues, and growth hormone therapy is one of the treatment options considered for individuals with this condition.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/88/5/2206/2845458
Van cauter E, Copinschi G. Interrelationships between growth hormone and sleep. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2000;10 Suppl B:S57-62.

Interrelationships between growth hormone and sleep

The paper titled “Interrelationships between growth hormone and sleep” by Van Cauter and Copinschi, published in Growth Hormone & IGF Research in 2000, explores the complex connections between growth hormone (GH) secretion and sleep patterns.

In this study, the authors delve into the intricate relationship between GH secretion and sleep architecture. They discuss how GH is typically secreted in a pulsatile manner during deep sleep, especially during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Conversely, disruptions in sleep patterns, such as sleep deprivation or alterations in circadian rhythms, can impact GH secretion.

The paper also touches on how aging and certain medical conditions can affect GH secretion and sleep, emphasizing the importance of understanding these interrelationships for both clinical and research purposes.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096637400800118
Copinschi G, Nedeltcheva A, Leproult R, et al. Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(5):2195-202.

Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency

The paper titled “Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency” by Copinschi et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 2010, investigates the impact of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) on sleep patterns, daytime sleepiness, and overall quality of life in adults.

In this study, the authors examine the relationship between GHD and sleep disturbances, focusing on factors such as sleep quality, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness. They also assess the effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on improving these sleep-related issues and the overall quality of life in adults with GHD.

Understanding the connection between GHD and sleep disturbances is crucial, as it can help inform clinical management and treatment strategies for individuals with this condition. This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between hormone deficiency and sleep patterns in adults.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/95/5/2195/2596863
Davidson JR, Moldofsky H, Lue FA. Growth hormone and cortisol secretion in relation to sleep and wakefulness. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1991;16(2):96-102.

Growth hormone and cortisol secretion in relation to sleep and wakefulness

The paper titled “Growth hormone and cortisol secretion in relation to sleep and wakefulness” by Davidson et al., published in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience in 1991, explores the secretion of growth hormone and cortisol in relation to sleep and wakefulness patterns.

In this study, the authors investigate the dynamic changes in the secretion of growth hormone and cortisol during sleep and wakefulness. They examine how sleep architecture and sleep stages influence the release of these hormones and their interactions with each other.

Understanding the relationship between hormone secretion and sleep-wake cycles is essential, as it can provide insights into the regulation of these hormones and their impact on various physiological and psychological processes.

Read the full article on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1188300/
Moreno-reyes R, Kerkhofs M, L’hermite-balériaux M, Thorner MO, Van cauter E, Copinschi G. Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(5 Pt 1):E779-84.

Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation

The paper titled “Evidence against a role for the growth hormone-releasing peptide axis in human slow-wave sleep regulation” by Moreno-Reyes et al., published in the American Journal of Physiology in 1998, presents research findings that challenge the notion of the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) axis playing a significant role in regulating slow-wave sleep (SWS) in humans.

In this study, the authors conducted research to investigate the relationship between the GHRP axis and SWS in human subjects. They provide evidence suggesting that the GHRP axis may not have a prominent role in the regulation of SWS in humans, contrary to earlier hypotheses.

These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex mechanisms that govern sleep regulation and the potential involvement of different factors in the control of sleep stages.

Read the full article on https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.5.E779
Shah N, Rice T, Tracy D, et al. Sleep and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2013;9(12):1245-1251. doi:10.5664/jcsm.3260.

Sleep and insulin-like growth factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study

The paper titled “Sleep and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study” by Shah et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine in 2013, investigates the relationship between sleep patterns and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study.

In this study, the authors explore how sleep duration and quality are associated with levels of IGFs, which are important regulators of growth and development. The research examines the potential impact of sleep on the secretion and regulation of IGFs, as well as their implications for cardiovascular health.

Understanding the connections between sleep and IGFs is relevant because IGFs play a role in various physiological processes, including cell growth and metabolism. This research contributes to our knowledge of how sleep patterns may influence the regulation of growth-related hormones and their potential effects on cardiovascular health.

Read the full article on https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/abs/10.5664/jcsm.3260
Mysliwiec V, Gill J, Matsangas P, Baxter T, Barr T, Roth BJ. IGF-1: a potential biomarker for efficacy of sleep improvement with automatic airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea?. Sleep Breath. 2015;19(4):1221-8.

IGF-1: a potential biomarker for efficacy of sleep improvement with automatic airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea?

The paper titled “IGF-1: a potential biomarker for efficacy of sleep improvement with automatic airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea?” by Mysliwiec et al., published in Sleep and Breath in 2015, explores the potential of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as a biomarker for assessing the effectiveness of automatic airway pressure therapy in treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

In this study, the authors investigate whether changes in IGF-1 levels can be used as an indicator of the improvement in sleep quality achieved through automatic airway pressure therapy in individuals with OSA. Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep and is associated with various health issues, including disruptions in the sleep cycle.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11325-015-1142-x
Izumi S, Ribeiro-filho FF, Carneiro G, Togeiro SM, Tufik S, Zanella MT. IGF-1 Levels are Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(4):487-93.

IGF-1 Levels are Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The paper titled “IGF-1 Levels are Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea” by Izumi et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine in 2016, investigates the relationship between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and metabolic syndrome in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

In this study, the authors examine the association between IGF-1 levels and metabolic syndrome in individuals with OSA, which is a sleep disorder characterized by interrupted breathing during sleep. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

The paper discusses how lower levels of IGF-1 are inversely correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with OSA. This suggests that IGF-1 may have a role in the relationship between OSA and metabolic health.

Read the full article on https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/abs/10.5664/jcsm.5672
Izumi S, Ribeiro-Filho FF, Carneiro G, Togeiro SM, Tufik S, Zanella MT. IGF-1 Levels are Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2016;12(4):487-493. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5672.

IGF-1 Levels are Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The paper titled “IGF-1 Levels are Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea” by Izumi et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine in 2016, investigates the relationship between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and metabolic syndrome in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

In this study, the authors examine the association between IGF-1 levels and metabolic syndrome in individuals with OSA, which is a sleep disorder characterized by interrupted breathing during sleep. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

The paper discusses how lower levels of IGF-1 are inversely correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with OSA. This suggests that IGF-1 may have a role in the relationship between OSA and metabolic health.

Read the full article on https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/abs/10.5664/jcsm.5672
Rusch HL, Gill JM. Effect of Acute Sleep Disturbance and Recovery on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1): Possible Connections and Clinical Implications. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2015;11(10):1245-1246. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5108.

Effect of Acute Sleep Disturbance and Recovery on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1): Possible Connections and Clinical Implications

The paper titled “Effect of Acute Sleep Disturbance and Recovery on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1): Possible Connections and Clinical Implications” by Rusch and Gill, published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine in 2015, discusses the potential connections and clinical implications of acute sleep disturbance and recovery on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

In this paper, the authors explore the relationship between short-term sleep disruptions and changes in IGF-1 levels. They highlight the possible connections between acute sleep disturbances and alterations in IGF-1, which is an important hormone involved in growth and other physiological processes.

Understanding how sleep disruptions may impact IGF-1 levels can have clinical implications, particularly in the context of various health conditions. The paper provides insights into the potential significance of monitoring IGF-1 in individuals experiencing acute sleep disturbances and during the recovery phase.

Read the full article on https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/full/10.5664/jcsm.5108
Prinz PN, Moe KE, Dulberg EM, et al. Higher plasma IGF-1 levels are associated with increased delta sleep in healthy older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(4):M222-6.

Higher plasma IGF-1 levels are associated with increased delta sleep in healthy older men

The paper titled “Higher plasma IGF-1 levels are associated with increased delta sleep in healthy older men” by Prinz et al., published in the Journal of Gerontology A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences in 1995, investigates the relationship between plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and delta sleep in healthy older men.

In this study, the authors explore the association between higher levels of IGF-1 and increased delta sleep in older male individuals. Delta sleep, or slow-wave sleep (SWS), is a stage of deep sleep that is important for various physiological processes, including physical restoration and memory consolidation.

The paper discusses the potential role of IGF-1 in promoting delta sleep and its implications for understanding sleep patterns and quality in healthy aging.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/50A/4/M222/592168
Damanti S, Bourron O, Doulazmi M, et al. Relationship between sleep parameters, insulin resistance and age-adjusted insulin like growth factor-1 score in non diabetic older patients. Blondeau B, ed. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0174876. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174876.

Relationship between sleep parameters, insulin resistance and age-adjusted insulin like growth factor-1 score in non diabetic older patients

The paper titled “Higher plasma IGF-1 levels are associated with increased delta sleep in healthy older men” by Prinz et al., published in the Journal of Gerontology A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences in 1995, investigates the relationship between plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and delta sleep in healthy older men.

In this study, the authors explore the association between higher levels of IGF-1 and increased delta sleep in older male individuals. Delta sleep, or slow-wave sleep (SWS), is a stage of deep sleep that is important for various physiological processes, including physical restoration and memory consolidation.

The paper discusses the potential role of IGF-1 in promoting delta sleep and its implications for understanding sleep patterns and quality in healthy aging.

Read the full article on https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/50A/4/M222/592168
Obál F, Kapás L, Gardi J, Taishi P, Bodosi B, Krueger JM. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion is associated with sleep suppression. Brain Res. 1999;818(2):267-74.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion is associated with sleep suppression

The paper titled “Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion is associated with sleep suppression” by Obál et al., published in Brain Research in 1999, investigates the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the inhibition of growth hormone (GH) secretion, along with its association with sleep suppression.

In this study, the authors examine how the administration of IGF-1 impacts the secretion of GH and its effects on sleep patterns. They found that the inhibition of GH secretion induced by IGF-1 was associated with the suppression of sleep. This suggests that there may be a link between IGF-1, GH, and sleep regulation.

Understanding the interplay between these hormones and sleep can provide insights into the complex mechanisms that govern sleep-wake cycles and hormonal regulation.

Read the full article on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000689939900579X
Chennaoui M, Drogou C, Sauvet F, Gomez-merino D, Scofield DE, Nindl BC. Effect of acute sleep deprivation and recovery on Insulin-like Growth Factor-I responses and inflammatory gene expression in healthy men. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2014;25(3):52-7.

Effect of acute sleep deprivation and recovery on Insulin-like Growth Factor-I responses and inflammatory gene expression in healthy men

The paper titled “Effect of acute sleep deprivation and recovery on Insulin-like Growth Factor-I responses and inflammatory gene expression in healthy men” by Chennaoui et al., published in the European Cytokine Network in 2014, explores the impact of acute sleep deprivation and subsequent recovery on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) responses and the expression of inflammatory genes in healthy men.

In this study, the authors investigate how a period of acute sleep deprivation followed by recovery affects IGF-I responses and the expression of inflammatory genes. Sleep deprivation can have significant effects on various physiological processes, and this research aims to understand the relationships between sleep, IGF-I, and inflammation in healthy individuals.

Read the full article on https://link.springer.com/article/10.1684/ecn.2014.0356
Rasmussen MH, Wildschiødtz G, Juul A, Hilsted J. Polysomnographic sleep, growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-I axis, leptin, and weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(7):1516-21.

Polysomnographic sleep, growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-I axis, leptin, and weight loss

The paper titled “Polysomnographic sleep, growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-I axis, leptin, and weight loss” by Rasmussen et al., published in Obesity (Silver Spring) in 2008, explores the relationship between polysomnographic sleep measurements, the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I (GH-IGF-I) axis, leptin, and weight loss.

In this study, the authors investigate how sleep patterns, including polysomnographic measurements, are associated with the GH-IGF-I axis, leptin levels, and weight loss. They examine the interplay between these factors and their potential impact on body weight and metabolic regulation.

The paper discusses the findings related to sleep, hormonal responses, and weight loss, shedding light on the complex interactions between sleep quality and various physiological parameters.

Read the full article on https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18421271/
Levada OA, Troyan AS. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2017;16:38. doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3.

Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder

The paper titled “Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder” by Levada and Troyan, published in the Annals of General Psychiatry in 2017, explores the potential role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as a marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and its possible association with treatment effectiveness.

In this study, the authors investigate whether IGF-1 levels could serve as a biomarker for emotional and cognitive symptoms in MDD. They also examine whether changes in IGF-1 levels are associated with the effectiveness of treatment for depression.

Understanding the relationship between IGF-1 and depressive symptoms can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of depression and potential ways to assess treatment outcomes.

Read the full article on https://annals-general-psychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3
Peterfi Z, McGinty D, Sarai E, Szymusiak R. Growth hormone-releasing hormone activates sleep regulatory neurons of the rat preoptic hypothalamus. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2010;298(1):R147-R156. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2009.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone activates sleep regulatory neurons of the rat preoptic hypothalamus

The paper titled “Growth hormone-releasing hormone activates sleep regulatory neurons of the rat preoptic hypothalamus” by Peterfi et al., published in the American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology in 2010, investigates the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on sleep regulatory neurons in the rat preoptic hypothalamus.

In this study, the authors examine how GHRH influences sleep-related neural activity in the preoptic hypothalamus of rats. They explore the activation of sleep regulatory neurons in response to GHRH administration.

Understanding the impact of GHRH on sleep-regulating neural circuits can provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms involved in sleep regulation and the potential role of GHRH in modulating sleep-related processes.

Read the full article on https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2009

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