GW0742

Potential Health Benefits of GW0742

• Promotes muscle regeneration and increases exercise endurance [1-10]
• Helps lose weight [1] [11-16]
• Lowers the risk of heart disease [13] [17-21]
• Accelerates wound healing [22-23]
• Boosts brain power [24-35]
• Lowers blood pressure [36-38]
• Improves blood sugar levels and treats symptoms of diabetes [39-46]
• Treats lung injuries [20] [47-50]
• Improves eye health [51-52]

What is GW0742?

GW0742 is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ agonist, which is produced mainly in the liver and plays a key role in the breakdown of fatty acids. It is almost similar in structure to Cardarine but GW0742 is 200 times more potent and has more health benefits.

How does GW0742 Work?

As a PPAR delta agonist, GW0742 enhances fatty acid metabolism. This in turn preserves blood sugar as well as physical endurance. It is because of this effect that athletes, bodybuilders, and other physically active individuals use GW0742. Even in very small doses, GW0742 can significantly boost energy levels and stamina.

Chemical Structure of GW0742

Research on GW0742

A. Promotes Muscle Regeneration and Increases Exercise Endurance

Studies suggest that GW0742 can help increase exercise endurance by promoting muscle regeneration:

1. 1. In a mouse model of muscle injury, GW0742 treatment resulted in faster skeletal muscle regeneration. [1]
   2. In trained mice, GW0742 treatment potentiated endurance and increased all running parameters. [2]
   3. In obese female mice, GW0742 increased endurance capacity by decreasing skeletal muscle inflammation. [3]
   4. In mice, GW0742 enhanced running endurance by 44%. [4]
   5. In mice, GW0742 induced an endurance-like oxidative muscle remodelling. [5-6]
   6. The injection of GW0742 in mice increased the formation of new blood vessels and heart muscle mass. [7]
   7. Studies reported that the pharmacological activation of PPARβ/δ by GW0742 increases the formation of new blood vessels and enhances the production of muscle fibers. [8-10]

B. Helps Lose Weight

By breaking down fatty acids, GW0742 improves body composition and helps lose weight:

1. 1. In obese female mice, regular exercise together with GW0742 treatment effectively reduced visceral adipose tissue mass and skeletal muscle inflammation. [1]
   2. In mice, it was shown that GW0742 and phillyrin (an anti-obesity agent) have similar weight-reducing effects. [11]
   3. In obese mice, GW0742 administration resulted in a modest reduction in fat mass. [12]
   4. In obese mice, GW0742 exerted preventive effects against obesity. [13]
   5. In diet-induced obese mice, GW0742 therapy induced a decrease in fat mass. [14]
   6. The administration of GW0742 in obese mice resulted in decreased body weight and food intake. [15]
   7. In obese male mice, GW0742 treatment for 4 weeks reduced the formation of fat cells. [16]

C. Lowers the Risk of Heart Disease

The ability of GW0742 to break down fatty acids produces beneficial effects on the heart, according to studies:

1. 1. In obese mice, GW0742 exerted protective effects against atherosclerosis (plaque formation within the heart arteries). [13]
   2. In rat heart tissue, GW0742 prevented heart enlargement due to high blood sugar levels by inhibiting free radicals. [17]
   3. A cell study found that GW0742 helps modulate signalling pathways associated with the growth of heart cells. [18]
   4. In mice, GW0742 administration had direct protective effects against right ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement of the right ventricles). [19]
   5. In rats with pulmonary hypertension, daily oral administration of GW0742 prevented heart enlargement and normalized right heart pressures. [20]
   6. In neonatal rats, GW0742 treatment enhanced lipid metabolism in the heart. [21]

D. Accelerates Wound Healing

The regenerative properties of GW0742 are also backed by a number of studies:

1. 1. In murine models, GW0742 regulated endothelial cell behaviour and improved tissue maintenance and repair. [22]
   2. In rats, GW0742 promoted wound healing by modulating inflammation. [23]

E. Boosts Brain Power

Evidence suggests that GW0742 is integral for brain health:

1. 1. In mice, GW0742 treatment alleviated cognitive dysfunction caused by radiation. [24]
   2. In mice, it was shown that PPARδ activation alleviated brain toxicity induced by abnormal proteins known as beta amyloids. [25]
   3. A study reported that GW0742 plays an integral role in the maturation of brain cells. [26]
   4. In mice, GW0742 treatment successfully improved AD-related deficits by increasing fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes (cells in the central nervous system) and it also enhanced the cognition of the subjects. [27]
   5. In diabetic mice, oral administration with GW0742 for 2 weeks prevented deficits in spatial memory. [28]
   6. In rats exposed to global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (insufficient blood flow to the brain), pretreatment with GW0742 exerted neuroprotective effects. [29]
   7. In mice, treatment with GW0742 significantly reduced cell death during a 12-hr exposure to low-KCl media. [30]
   8. In rats, GW0742 treated cognitive impairment due to insulin resistance and inflammation caused by high sugar intake. [31]
   9. In rats, GW0742 treatment prevented type 1 diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. [32]
   10. In mice, GW0742 treatment protected against brain dysfunction. [33]
   11. In a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease, injection with GW0742 exerted neuroprotective effects and prevented cognitive impairment. [34]
   12. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, oral treatment with GW0742 reduced abnormal brain proteins and proinflammatory mediators. [35]

F. Lowers Blood Pressure

GW0742 can also lower blood pressure which can be beneficial for the treatment of hypertension:

1. 1. In rats, GW0742 exhibited blood pressure-lowering effects and protected the blood vessels against injury. [36]
   2. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), GW0742 exerted anti-hypertensive effects while promoting better blood vessel function. [37-38]

G. Improves Blood Sugar Levels and Treats Symptoms of Diabetes

Studies show that GW0742 can help stabilize blood sugar levels and can be considered an anti-diabetic agent:

1. 1. In diabetic mice, GW0742 was able to improve blood sugar homeostasis (balance) and was found to be a good candidate for the development of anti-diabetic drugs in the future. [39]
   2. In diabetic rats, daily injection of GW0742 prevented complications caused by diabetes. [40]
   3. In diabetic mouse models, oral administration of GW0742 improved T2DM-induced memory impairments. [41]
   4. In rats, GW0742 was able to mediate dilation changes during a diabetic state. [42]
   5. In obese mice, GW0742 improved blood sugar metabolism and gene regulatory responses. [43]
   6. In rats, GW0742 treatment led to improved insulin signaling. [44]
   7. In diabetic mice, GW0742 treatment protected against diabetes-induced kidney complications. [45]
   8. In diabetic mice, GW0742 prevented nerve damage associated with the disease. [46]

H. Treats Lung Injuries

A good deal of evidence shows that GW0742 can help protect the lungs against various forms of injury:

1. 1. In rats, daily oral treatment with GW0742 (30 mg/kg) for 3 weeks significantly reduced the increased pressure within the blood vessels of the lungs. [20]
   2. In mice, GW0742 prevented acute lung injuries and complications. [47]
   3. In a mouse model of emphysema (damage to the air sacs in the lungs), GW0742 repaired the collapsed alveoli. [48]
   4. In rats with lung injury caused by exposure to high levels of oxygen, GW0742 treatment prevented further lung damage. [49]
   5. The administration of GW0742 in mice reduced lung inflammation induced by bleomycin instillation. [50]

I. Improves Eye Health

The activation of PPARβ/δ by GW0742 produces beneficial effects on visual function, according to studies:

1. 1. The activation of PPARβ/δ appears to lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). [51]
   2. In rats with oxygen-induced retinal damage, GW0742 promoted healing of the eye tissues. [52]

Associated Side Effects of GW0742

GW0742 side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on GW0742. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of GW0742. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with GW0742 even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.
Side effects associated with GW0742 may include the following:

• Increased heart size
• Increased levels of calcineurin, a cellular enzyme that activates the T cells of the immune system

References

1. Le Garf S, Murdaca J, Mothe-Satney I, et al. Complementary Immunometabolic Effects of Exercise and PPARβ/δ Agonist in the Context of Diet-Induced Weight Loss in Obese Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(20):5182. Published 2019 Oct 19. doi:10.3390/ijms20205182.
2. Mothe-Satney I, Piquet J, Murdaca J, Sibille B, Grimaldi PA, Neels JG, Rousseau AS. PeroxisomeProliferator Activated Receptor Beta (PPARβ) activity increases the immune response and shortens the early phases of skeletal muscle regeneration. Biochimie. 2017 May;136:33-41. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.001. Epub 2016 Dec 7. PMID: 27939528.
3. Manio MC, Inoue K, Fujitani M, Matsumura S, Fushiki T. Combined pharmacological activation of AMPK and PPARδ potentiates the effects of exercise in trained mice. Physiol Rep. 2016 Mar;4(5):e12625. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12625. PMID: 26997622; PMCID: PMC4823600.
4. Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang YX, Banayo E, Mihaylova MM, Nelson MC, Zou Y, Juguilon H, Kang H, Shaw RJ, Evans RM. AMPK and PPARdeltaagonists are exercise mimetics. Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134(3):405-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051. Epub 2008 Jul 31. PMID: 18674809; PMCID: PMC2706130.
5. GaudelC , Schwartz C , Giordano C ,AbumradNA , Grimaldi P. 2008. Pharmacological activation of PPARβ promotes rapid and calcineurin-dependent fiber remodeling and angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab295:E297–E304.
6. Giordano C , Rousseau AS , Wagner N ,GaudelC ,MurdacaJ , Jehl-PiétriC , Sibille B , Grimaldi PA , Lopez P. 2009. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β activation promotes myonuclear accretion in skeletal muscle of adult and aged mice. Pflugers Arch 458:901–913.
7. Wagner, N., Jehl-Piétri, C., Lopez, P., Murdaca, J., Giordano, C., Schwartz, C., Gounon, P., Hatem, S. N., Grimaldi, P., & Wagner, K. D. (2009). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta stimulation induces rapid cardiac growth and angiogenesis via direct activation of calcineurin. Cardiovascular research, 83(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvp106.
8. Allen, D. M., Chen, L. E., Seaber, A. V., & Urbaniak, J. R. (1995). Pathophysiology and related studies of the no reflow phenomenon in skeletal muscle. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, (314), 122–133.
9. Roy, R. R., Monke, S. R., Allen, D. L., & Edgerton, V. R. (1999). Modulation of myonuclear number in functionally overloaded and exercised rat plantaris fibers. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 87(2), 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.634.
10. Li, P., Akimoto, T., Zhang, M., Williams, R. S., & Yan, Z. (2006). Resident stem cells are not required for exercise-induced fiber-type switching and angiogenesis but are necessary for activity-dependent muscle growth. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 290(6), C1461–C1468. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00532.2005.
11. Xiao HB, Sui GG, Lu XY. Phillyrin lowers body weight in obese mice via the modulation of PPAR/-ANGPTL 4 pathway. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2018 Jan-Feb;12(Suppl 2):71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.02.002. Epub 2017 Mar 17. PMID: 28320596.
12. Harrington WW, S Britt C, G Wilson J, et al. The Effect of PPARalpha, PPARdelta, PPARgamma, and PPARpan Agonists on Body Weight, Body Mass, and Serum Lipid Profiles in Diet-Induced Obese AKR/J Mice. PPAR Res. 2007;2007:97125. doi:10.1155/2007/97125.
13. Toral M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Romero M, Zarzuelo MJ, Utrilla MP, Hermenegildo C, Cogolludo Á, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Gálvez J, Duarte J. Chronic peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptorβ/δ agonist GW0742 prevents hypertension, vascular inflammatory and oxidative status, and endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obesity. J Hypertens. 2015 Sep;33(9):1831-44. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000634. PMID: 26147382.
14. Harrington WW, S Britt C, G Wilson J, et al. The Effect of PPARalpha, PPARdelta, PPARgamma, and PPARpan Agonists on Body Weight, Body Mass, and Serum Lipid Profiles in Diet-Induced Obese AKR/J Mice. PPAR Res. 2007;2007:97125. doi:10.1155/2007/97125.
15. Harrington, W. W., S Britt, C., G Wilson, J., O Milliken, N., G Binz, J., C Lobe, D., R Oliver, W., C Lewis, M., & M Ignar, D. (2007). The Effect of PPARalpha, PPARdelta, PPARgamma, and PPARpan Agonists on Body Weight, Body Mass, and Serum Lipid Profiles in Diet-Induced Obese AKR/J Mice. PPAR research, 2007, 97125. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/97125.
16. Rachid, T. L., Silva-Veiga, F. M., Graus-Nunes, F., Bringhenti, I., Mandarim-de-Lacerda, C. A., & Souza-Mello, V. (2018). Differential actions of PPAR-α and PPAR-β/δ on beige adipocyte formation: A study in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of obese male mice. PloS one, 13(1), e0191365. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191365.
17. Cheng KC, Chang WT, Li Y, Cheng YZ, Cheng JT, Chen ZC. GW0742 activates peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor δ to reduce free radicals and alleviate cardiac hypertrophy induced by hyperglycemia in cultured H9c2 cells. J Cell Biochem. 2018 Nov;119(11):9532-9542. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27270. Epub 2018 Aug 20. PMID: 30129179.
18. Galatou E, Kelly T, Lazou A. The PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 modulates signaling pathways associated with cardiac myocyte growth via a non-genomic redox mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Oct;395(1-2):145-54. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-2120-5. Epub 2014 Jun 18. PMID: 24939361.
19. Kojonazarov B, Luitel H, Sydykov A, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ agonist GW0742 has direct protective effects on right heart hypertrophy [published correction appears in Pulm Circ. 2014 Jun;4(2):352]. Pulm Circ. 2013;3(4):926-935. doi:10.1086/674755.
20. Harrington LS, Moreno L, Reed A, et al. The PPARbeta/delta agonist GW0742 relaxes pulmonary vessels and limits right heart hypertrophy in rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9526. Published 2010 Mar 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009526.
21. Kuo, S. C., Ku, P. M., Chen, L. J., Niu, H. S., & Cheng, J. T. (2013). Activation of receptors δ (PPARδ) by agonist (GW0742) may enhance lipid metabolism in heart both in vivo and in vitro. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 45(12), 880–886. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1348317.
22. Romero M, Toral M, Robles-Vera I, Sánchez M, Jiménez R, O’Valle F, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Pérez-Vizcaino F, Gálvez J, Duarte J. Activation of PeroxisomeProliferator Activator Receptor β/δ Improves Endothelial Dysfunction and Protects Kidney in Murine Lupus. Hypertension. 2017 Apr;69(4):641-650. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08655. Epub 2017 Feb 27. PMID: 28242713.
23. Yue TL, Nerurkar SS, Bao W, Jucker BM, Sarov-Blat L, Steplewski K, Ohlstein EH, Willette RN. In vivo activation of peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor-delta protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury in Zucker fatty rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 May;325(2):466-74. doi: 10.1124/jpet.107.135327. Epub 2008 Feb 20. PMID: 18287212.
24. Schnegg, C. I., Greene-Schloesser, D., Kooshki, M., Payne, V. S., Hsu, F. C., & Robbins, M. E. (2013). The PPARδ agonist GW0742 inhibits neuroinflammation, but does not restore neurogenesis or prevent early delayed hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment after whole-brain irradiation. Free radical biology & medicine, 61, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.002.
25. An YQ, Zhang CT, Du Y, Zhang M, Tang SS, Hu M, Long Y, Sun HB, Hong H. PPARδ agonist GW0742 ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Jun;31(3):663-71. doi: 10.1007/s11011-016-9800-7. Epub 2016 Feb 11. PMID: 26864581.
26. Benedetti E, Di Loreto S, D’Angelo B, Cristiano L, d’Angelo M, Antonosante A, Fidoamore A, Golini R, Cinque B, Cifone MG, Ippoliti R, Giordano A, Cimini A. The PPARβ/δ Agonist GW0742 Induces Early Neuronal Maturation of Cortical Post-Mitotic Neurons: Role of PPARβ/δ in Neuronal Maturation. J Cell Physiol. 2016 Mar;231(3):597-606. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25103. PMID: 26206209.
27. Konttinen H, Gureviciene I, Oksanen M, Grubman A, Loppi S, Huuskonen MT, Korhonen P, Lampinen R, Keuters M, Belaya I, Tanila H, Kanninen KM, Goldsteins G, Landreth G, Koistinaho J, Malm T. PPARβ/δ-agonist GW0742 ameliorates dysfunction in fatty acid oxidation in PSEN1ΔE9 astrocytes. Glia. 2019 Jan;67(1):146-159. doi: 10.1002/glia.23534. Epub 2018 Nov 19. PMID: 30453390; PMCID: PMC7526864.
28. Abdel-Rahman EA, Bhattacharya S, Buabeid M, Majrashi M, Bloemer J, Tao YX, Dhanasekaran M, Escobar M, Amin R, Suppiramaniam V. PPAR-δ Activation Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Modulating Integrin-linked Kinase and AMPA Receptor Function. J Am CollNutr. 2019 Nov-Dec;38(8):693-702. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1598307. Epub 2019 Apr 22. PMID: 31008686.
29. Kuang G, He Q, Zhang Y, Zhuang R, Xiang A, Jiang Q, Luo Y, Yang J. Modulation of Preactivation of PPAR-β on Memory and Learning Dysfunction and Inflammatory Response in the Hippocampus in Rats Exposed to Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. PPAR Res. 2012;2012:209794. doi: 10.1155/2012/209794. Epub 2012 Sep 27. PMID: 23056034; PMCID: PMC3465902.
30. Smith SA, Monteith GR, Robinson JA, Venkata NG, May FJ, Roberts-Thomson SJ. Effect of the peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor beta activator GW0742 in rat cultured cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2004 Jul 15;77(2):240-9. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20153. PMID: 15211590.
31. Benetti, E., Mastrocola, R., Rogazzo, M., Chiazza, F., Aragno, M., Fantozzi, R., Collino, M., & Minetto, M. A. (2013). High sugar intake and development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and inflammation in mice: a protective role for PPAR- δ agonism. Mediators of inflammation, 2013, 509502. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/509502.
32. Quintela, A. M., Jiménez, R., Gómez-Guzmán, M., Zarzuelo, M. J., Galindo, P., Sánchez, M., Vargas, F., Cogolludo, A., Tamargo, J., Pérez-Vizcaíno, F., & Duarte, J. (2012). Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/-δ (PPARβ/δ) prevents endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rats. Free radical biology & medicine, 53(4), 730–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.045.
33. Tian XY, Wong WT, Wang N, et al. PPARδ activation protects endothelial function in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2012;61(12):3285-3293. doi:10.2337/db12-0117.
34. Das, N. R., Gangwal, R. P., Damre, M. V., Sangamwar, A. T., & Sharma, S. S. (2014). A PPAR-β/δ agonist is neuroprotective and decreases cognitive impairment in a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. Current neurovascular research, 11(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567202611666140318114037.
35. Malm, T., Mariani, M., Donovan, L. J., Neilson, L., & Landreth, G. E. (2015). Activation of the nuclear receptor PPARδ is neuroprotective in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease through inhibition of inflammation. Journal of neuroinflammation, 12, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-014-0229-9.
36. Romero M, Jiménez R, Toral M, León-Gómez E, Gómez-Gúzman M, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo MJ, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Rath G, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Dessy C, Duarte J. Vascular and Central Activation of PeroxisomeProliferator-Activated Receptor-β Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension: Role of RGS-5. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Jul;358(1):151-63. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.233106. Epub 2016 Apr 27. PMID: 27189971.
37. María José Zarzuelo, Manuel Gómez-Guzmán, Rosario Jiménez, Ana María Quintela, Miguel Romero, Manuel Sánchez, Antonio Zarzuelo, Juan Tamargo, Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno, Juan Duarte, Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β activation in endothelin-dependent hypertension, Cardiovascular Research, Volume 99, Issue 4, 1 September 2013, Pages 622–631, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvt152.
38. Zarzuelo MJ, Jiménez R, Galindo P, Sánchez M, Nieto A, Romero M, Quintela AM, López-Sepúlveda R, Gómez-Guzmán M, Bailón E, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Zarzuelo A, Gálvez J, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J. Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2011 Oct;58(4):733-43. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174490. Epub 2011 Aug 8. PMID: 21825230.
39. Niu HS, Ku PM, Niu CS, Cheng JT, Lee KS. Development of PPAR-agonist GW0742 as antidiabetic drug: study in animals. Drug Des DevelTher. 2015 Oct 14;9:5625-32. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S95045. PMID: 26508837; PMCID: PMC4610778.
40. Khazaei M, Salehi E, Rashidi B, Javanmard SH, Fallahzadeh AR. Role of peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor β agonist on angiogenesis in hindlimb ischemic diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications. 2012 Mar-Apr;26(2):137-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.02.005. Epub 2012 Mar 29. PMID: 22464549.
41. Abdel-Rahman EA, Bhattacharya S, Buabeid M, Majrashi M, Bloemer J, Tao YX, Dhanasekaran M, Escobar M, Amin R, Suppiramaniam V. PPAR-δ Activation Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Modulating Integrin-linked Kinase and AMPA Receptor Function. J Am CollNutr. 2019 Nov-Dec;38(8):693-702. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1598307. Epub 2019 Apr 22. PMID: 31008686.
42. Perez-Diaz N, Pushkarsky I, Oweis N, Lione LA, Mackenzie LS. The Non-Genomic Effects of the PPARβγ Agonist GW0742 on Streptozotocin Treated Rat Aorta. Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2018;11(2):149-154. doi: 10.2174/1874467209666161229124356. PMID: 28034288.
43. Krämer DK, Al-Khalili L, Perrini S, Skogsberg J, Wretenberg P, Kannisto K, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Ehrenborg E, Zierath JR, Krook A. Direct activation of glucose transport in primary human myotubes after activation of peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor delta. Diabetes. 2005 Apr;54(4):1157-63. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.4.1157. PMID: 15793256.
44. Lee MY, Choi R, Kim HM, Cho EJ, Kim BH, Choi YS, Naowaboot J, Lee EY, Yang YC, Shin JY, Shin YG, Chung CH. Peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor δ agonist attenuates hepatic steatosis by anti-inflammatory mechanism. Exp Mol Med. 2012 Oct 31;44(10):578-85. doi: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.10.066. PMID: 22824914; PMCID: PMC3490079.
45. Matsushita Y, Ogawa D, Wada J, et al. Activation of peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor delta inhibits streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy through anti-inflammatory mechanisms in mice. Diabetes. 2011;60(3):960-968. doi:10.2337/db10-1361.
46. Yuichi Matsushita, Daisuke Ogawa, Jun Wada, Noriko Yamamoto, Kenichi Shikata, Chikage Sato, Hiromi Tachibana, Noriko Toyota, Hirofumi MakinoDiabetes Mar 2011, 60 (3) 960-968; DOI: 10.2337/db10-136.
47. Di Paola R, Crisafulli C, Mazzon E, Esposito E, Paterniti I, Galuppo M, Genovese T, Thiemermann C, Cuzzocrea S. GW0742, a high-affinity PPAR -beta/delta agonist, inhibits acute lung injury in mice. Shock. 2010 Apr;33(4):426-35. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181b8f2fb. PMID: 20407409.
48. Ozawa C, Horiguchi M, Akita T, Oiso Y, Abe K, Motomura T, Yamashita C. Pulmonary Administration of GW0742, a High-Affinity PeroxisomeProliferator-Activated Receptor Agonist, Repairs Collapsed Alveoli in an Elastase-Induced Mouse Model of Emphysema. BiolPharm Bull. 2016;39(5):778-85. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00909. PMID: 27150147.
49. Bao, X. C., Fang, Y. Q., You, P., Zhang, S., & Ma, J. (2014). Protective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ against pulmonary oxygen toxicity mediated through changes in NOS expression levels. Experimental lung research, 40(3), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.3109/01902148.2013.879497.
50. Galuppo M, Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Esposito E, Paterniti I, Kapoor A, Thiemermann C, Cuzzocrea S. GW0742, a high affinity PPAR-β/δ agonist reduces lung inflammation induced by bleomycin instillation in mice. Int J ImmunopatholPharmacol. 2010 Oct-Dec;23(4):1033-46. doi: 10.1177/039463201002300408. PMID: 21244753.
51. Choudhary M, Ding JD, Qi X, Boulton ME, Yao PL, Peters JM, Malek G. PPARβ/δ selectively regulates phenotypic features of age-related macular degeneration. Aging (Albany NY). 2016 Sep 8;8(9):1952-1978. doi: 10.18632/aging.101031. PMID: 27622388; PMCID: PMC5076447.
52. Capozzi ME, McCollum GW, Savage SR, Penn JS. Peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor-β/δ regulates angiogenic cell behaviors and oxygen-induced retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(6):4197-4207. Published 2013 Jun 19. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-11608.