Gonadorelin

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Potential Health Benefits of Gonadorelin
What is Gonadorelin?
How Gonadorelin Works
Chemical Structure of Gonadorelin
Research on Gonadorelin
Associated Side Effects of Gonadorelin
References

Potential Health Benefits of Gonadorelin

Treats testicular atrophy [1-2]
Improves fertility by increasing testosterone production [3-23]
Increases sexual desire [24-25]
Prevents cancer [26-35]
Increases muscle mass [36-39]
Promotes healthier bones [40-43]
Improves mood [44-45]
Treats amenorrhea [46-47]

What is Gonadorelin?

Gonadorelin, also known as Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), is produced in the brain region called hypothalamus. This hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Gonadorelin is mainly used for treating infertility, delayed puberty, and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).

How Gonadorelin Works

Gonadorelin stimulates the pituitary gland to increase the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In women, gonadorelin is used to stimulate the release of an egg from the ovary. This in turn results in regular ovulation and higher chances of pregnancy. In men, gonadorelin is used to stimulate spermatogenesis or sperm production. It also boosts the production of testosterone by the testes. Gonadorelin is used in conjunction with testosterone to minimize testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicles).

Chemical Structure of Gonadorelin

Research on Gonadorelin

A. Treats Testicular Atrophy

There are also studies supporting the beneficial effects of gonadorelin on testicular atrophy, a condition characterized by shrinking of the testicles:

1. In infants with undescended testes, gonadorelin therapy through nasal spray significantly increased the testicular volume after 5 years. [1]
2. In adolescents who had left varicocelectomy (removal of enlarged veins in the scrotum), gonadorelin treatment increased testicular volume. [2]

B. Improves Fertility by Increasing Testosterone Production

A number of convincing studies suggest that gonadorelin can help improve fertility in both men and women:

In men with steroid-induced azoospermia (absence of sperm), gonadorelin therapy resulted in increased sperm production. [3]
In boys and girls with delayed puberty, long-term administration with gonadorelin improved reproductive health. [4]
In men with testosterone deficiency, gonadorelin was found to be helpful in restoring sperm production. [5]
In male goats, a single dose of gonadorelin exhibited beneficial effects on testicular blood flow which in turn improved sperm production. [6]
In men testosterone deficiency, long-term gonadorelin therapy was successful in stimulating sexual maturation. [7]
In goats, gonadorelin administration promoted ovulation and resulted in a higher number of embryos. [8]
In dairy cattles, gonadorelin administration after insemination resulted in increased pregnancy rate. [9]
In cows with low sexual cycles, gonadorelin injections were found to be effective in increasing the number of the subjects’ pregnancies. [10]
In women, pulsatile administration of gonadorelin was successful in improving the pregnancy rate of the subjects with lesser risks than the conventional gonadotropin treatment. [11]
In breeder cows, conception rates became significantly high after gonadorelin injection. [12]
A study showed that gonadorelin treatment was effective in restoring sperm production in infertile men. [13]
In infertile men, gonadorelin treatment increased testosterone and sperm production. [14-17]
In patients with Kallman’s syndrome (delayed or absent puberty) who failed traditional treatment, gonadorelin treatment restored sperm production. [18]
In adolescent boys, low-dose administration of gonadorelin induced testicular growth and sperm production. [19]
A study showed that gonadorelin therapy could be used to trigger testosterone and sperm production in men with sex hormone deficiency. [20-22]
In cows, gonadorelin treatment resulted in a higher ovulatory period rate. [23]

C. Increases Sexual Desire

Gonadorelin has also been found to increase sexual desire:

In camel bulls, gonadorelin administration resulted in improved sperm concentration and libido. [24]
In female monkeys, gonadorelin injection resulted in improved sexual behavior. [25]

D. Prevents Cancer

Evidence suggests that gonadorelin has potent anti-cancer properties:

In mice, gonadorelin injection resulted in the suppression of intestinal and colonic tumor growth. [26]
In pre-menopausal women with early and advanced breast cancer, gonadorelin therapy prevented the growth of breast cancer cells. [27]
A study suggested that gonadorelin can help suppress the growth of prostate cancer. [28]
A study showed that gonadorelin may play an important role in modulating several malignant human tumors. [29]
Research found that gonadorelin is safe and cost-effective and that using it for 15 years could reduce the risk of breast cancer by 70%. [30]
Gonadorelin has been found to reduce the growth of estrogen-sensitive cancer and boost the efficacy of receptor blocking medications. [31]
In postmenopausal women with high levels of estrogen, long-term GnRH treatment was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. [32]
In men with aggressive prostate cancer, gonadorelin administration has been found to produce similar efficacy to surgical removal of the testicles in preventing the spread of cancer. [33]
Research suggests that gonadorelin may help treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. [34]
When used effectively and combined with early detection, the addition of gonadorelin to chemotherapeutic drugs may help cure 99% of all prostate cancer. [35]

E. Increases Muscle Mass

Studies suggest that gonadorelin is essential for muscle health:

In healthy young men, administration of gonadorelin significantly improved muscle mass and strength. [36]
In healthy older men, monthly treatment with gonadorelin increased muscle mass and leg strength. [37]
A study showed that gonadorelin treatment among male subjects resulted in increased muscle mass strength. [38]
In healthy older men, the increase in testosterone caused by gonadorelin administration induced muscle improvements. [39]

F. Promotes Healthier Bones

Gonadorelin is also important for maintaining a healthy skeletal frame according to studies:

In young men with sex hormone deficiency, gonadorelin treatment resulted in increased bone mineral density. [40]
In patients with bone disorders caused by ovarian cysts, gonadorelin treatment increased bone mineral density. [41]
In women with endometriosis, a condition where the womb tissue starts to grow in other places, gonadorelin treatment combined with physical training resulted in bone formation. [42]
A study found that surgically-castrated men with prostate cancer who received gonadorelin treatment had lower rate of bone loss compared to the untreated group. [43]

G. Improves Mood

Studies suggest that gonadorelin can help improve mood through its antidepressant effects:

In women with severe premenstrual syndrome, daily intranasal administration of low-dose gonadorelin greatly reduced depression and irritability. [44]
In men with central hypogonadism, gonadorelin administration produced positive effects on mood by treating sexual dysfunction. [45]

H. Treats Amenorrhea

Gonadorelin can also help restore normal menstrual cycle according to clinical studies:

In women with amenorrhea, administration of gonadorelin produced menstruation without any side effects. [46]
In women with primary and secondary amenorrhea, gonadorelin treatment was extremely effective in inducing ovulation and menstruation. [47]

Associated Side Effects of Gonadorelin

Gonadorelin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on gonadorelin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of gonadorelin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with gonadorelin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with gonadorelin may include the following:

Abdominal discomfort
Dizziness
Flushing
Headache
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Skin rash

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Reference

Spinelli C, Strambi S, Busetto M, Pucci V, Bianco F. Effects on normalized testicular atrophy index (TAIn) in cryptorchid infants treated with GnRHa pre and post-operative vs surgery alone: a prospective randomized trial and long-term follow-up on 62 cases. Pediatr Surg Int. 2014 Oct;30(10):1061-7. doi: 10.1007/s00383-014-3577-8. Epub 2014 Aug 9. PMID: 25106891.

Pediatric Surgery International

The study conducted by Spinelli C, Strambi S, Busetto M, Pucci V, Bianco F, and published in “Pediatric Surgery International” in October 2014, focuses on the effectiveness of preoperative and postoperative treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) in infants with cryptorchidism, compared to surgery alone. This prospective, randomized trial involved 62 cases and included long-term follow-up. The main outcome measure was the normalized testicular atrophy index (TAIn), which is a parameter used to evaluate testicular volume and health.

The study’s findings suggest that patients with a TAIn greater than 20% who were treated with GnRHa both before and after surgery showed a significant increase in testicular volume after 5 years of follow-up, indicated by a relative reduction of TAIn values. This suggests that GnRHa therapy, when used in conjunction with surgery, may have beneficial effects on testicular health in cryptorchid infants, potentially improving long-term outcomes related to fertility and testicular function.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25106891/
Fisch H, Hyun G, Hensle TW. Testicular growth and gonadotrophin response associated with varicocele repair in adolescent males. BJU Int. 2003 Jan;91(1):75-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.03078.x. PMID: 12614255.

Testicular growth and gonadotrophin response associated with varicocele repair in adolescent males

The study by Fisch, Hyun, and Hensle, published in “BJU International” in January 2003, aimed to assess testicular growth and the gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation in adolescents undergoing left varicocelectomy. The research involved 13 adolescents who had their testicular volume and endocrine function evaluated before and after surgery.

This study is significant as it focuses on the outcomes of varicocele repair in adolescent males, a topic of interest due to the potential impact of varicoceles on fertility and testicular function. By evaluating testicular volume and gonadotrophin response pre and post-surgery, the research provides insights into the benefits of varicocele repair beyond symptomatic relief, suggesting potential implications for fertility and hormonal balance.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12614255/
Menon DK. Successful treatment of anabolic steroid-induced azoospermia with human chorionic gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin. Fertil Steril. 2003 Jun;79 Suppl 3:1659-61. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00365-0. PMID: 12801577.

Successful treatment of anabolic steroid-induced azoospermia with human chorionic gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin

The study by Menon DK, published in “Fertility and Sterility” in June 2003, documents a clinical case where anabolic steroid-induced azoospermia (absence of sperm in semen) was successfully treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). This case is notable because the azoospermia persisted for one year after the cessation of steroid use, presenting a significant challenge for fertility treatment.

The study outlines a tertiary referral center for infertility’s approach to treating a condition often associated with anabolic steroid abuse. The use of hCG and hMG to stimulate spermatogenesis in a context where traditional recovery methods had failed showcases an innovative therapeutic strategy. This approach may offer hope for individuals facing similar fertility issues due to anabolic steroid abuse.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12801577/
Kumar P, Sharma A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Understanding advantages and limitations. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2014;7(3):170-174. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.142476.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Understanding advantages and limitations.

The review article by Kumar P and Sharma A, titled “Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Understanding advantages and limitations,” published in the “Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences” in 2014, provides a comprehensive overview of the use, benefits, and limitations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs in various clinical settings. The authors discuss how these analogs can be used to manipulate reproductive physiology for therapeutic purposes, such as in the treatment of endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty, and certain reproductive cancers. They also cover the mechanism of action of GnRH analogs, which can either stimulate (using pulsatile administration) or suppress (using continuous administration) gonadotropin secretion, depending on the clinical need.

The review highlights the dual nature of GnRH analogs in inducing both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion through pituitary stimulation when administered in a pulsatile fashion. Conversely, continuous administration can lead to pituitary desensitization and a decrease in FSH and LH levels, which is useful for conditions requiring suppression of ovarian or testicular steroidogenesis.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25395741/
McBride JA, Coward RM. Recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy or anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(3):373-380. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.173938.

Recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy or anabolic-androgenic steroid use

The study by McBride JA and Coward RM, published in the “Asian Journal of Andrology” in 2016, addresses the recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) or anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. This research is particularly relevant given the increasing use of TRT in younger men who may wish to remain fertile and the widespread use of AAS in the general population. Both TRT and AAS can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to diminished spermatogenesis and potentially affecting fertility.

The article explores strategies for the recovery of spermatogenesis post-TRT or AAS use, highlighting the clinical challenges and the therapeutic approaches to restore fertility. It underscores the importance of understanding the physiological effects of TRT and AAS on the male reproductive system, as well as the potential for recovery of spermatogenesis with appropriate intervention.

For more details visit https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854084/
Samir, Haney et al. “Effect of a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on testicular blood flow measured by color doppler ultrasonography in male Shiba goats.” The Journal of veterinary medical science vol. 77,5 (2015): 549-56. doi:10.1292/jvms.14-0633.

Effect of a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on testicular blood flow measured by color doppler ultrasonography in male Shiba goats

The study titled “Effect of a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on testicular blood flow measured by color Doppler ultrasonography in male Shiba goats” by Samir, Haney, et al., published in “The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science” in 2015, explores the impact of GnRH and hCG on testicular blood flow in Shiba goats. This research is significant as it contributes to the understanding of how these hormones can influence testicular physiology, potentially offering insights into fertility treatments and reproductive health management in veterinary medicine.

This study utilized color Doppler ultrasonography, a non-invasive imaging technique, to measure changes in testicular blood flow following the administration of GnRH and hCG. Such an approach provides valuable data on the vascular effects of these hormones, which could be crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to enhance reproductive function in male livestock and possibly in other species.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25715956/
Nelly Pitteloud, Frances J. Hayes, Andrew Dwyer, Paul A. Boepple, Hang Lee, William F. Crowley, Jr., Predictors of Outcome of Long-Term GnRH Therapy in Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 87, Issue 9, 1 September 2002, Pages 4128–4136, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020518.

Predictors of outcome of long-term GnRH therapy in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

The study “Predictors of Outcome of Long-Term GnRH Therapy in Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism” by Nelly Pitteloud, Frances J. Hayes, Andrew Dwyer, Paul A. Boepple, Hang Lee, William F. Crowley, Jr., published in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” in September 2002, focuses on identifying factors that predict the effectiveness of long-term gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH).

This comprehensive study examines the response to GnRH therapy in IHH patients, exploring how factors such as the individual’s prior pubertal development and baseline testicular size can influence treatment outcomes. Specifically, the research highlights the variation in the doses of subcutaneous GnRH necessary to normalize levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T) among patients. The study found significant differences in GnRH dosing requirements among groups categorized by their stage of pubertal development at the onset of treatment, indicating that prior pubertal development is a critical predictor of therapy success.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/87/9/4128/2846495
Hashem NM, Sallam SM. Reproductive performance of goats treated with free gonadorelin or nanoconjugated gonadorelin at estrus. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2020 Apr;71:106390. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106390. Epub 2019 Sep 6. PMID: 31731249.

Reproductive performance of goats treated with free gonadorelin or nanoconjugated gonadorelin at estrus

The study conducted by Hashem NM and Sallam SM, published in “Domestic Animal Endocrinology” in April 2020, evaluates the reproductive performance of goats treated with either free gonadorelin or nanoconjugated gonadorelin at estrus. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of using gonadorelin, a GnRH analog, in its traditional form versus a nanoconjugated form, which involves conjugation with chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles, to improve reproductive outcomes in goats.

The study’s findings could provide significant insights into the optimization of reproductive protocols in livestock, especially in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of hormonal treatments for estrus induction and synchronization. By comparing the effects of free and nanoconjugated gonadorelin, the research highlights the potential benefits of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine, particularly in enhancing the delivery and action of reproductive hormones.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31731249/
Freick M, Weber O, Passarge O, Neubert T. Einsatz von Gonadorelin[6-D-Phe] am Tag 0 oder 12 post inseminationem zur Steigerung der Konzeptionsrate in einer sächsischen Milchviehgroßanlage [Use of gonadorelin[6-D-Phe] at day 0 or 12 after insemination to increase the conception rate in a large dairy herd in Saxony/Germany]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. 2014;42(6):331-42. German. doi: 10.15653/TPG-140315. Epub 2014 Nov 17. PMID: 25401927.

Einsatz von Gonadorelin [6-D-Phe] am Tag 0 oder 12 post inseminationem zur Steigerung der Konzeptionsrate in einer sächsischen Milchviehgroßanlage

The study by Freick, Weber, Passarge, and Neubert, published in “Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere/Nutztiere” in 2014, investigates the use of Gonadorelin[6-D-Phe] on days 0 or 12 post-insemination to increase the conception rate in a large dairy herd in Saxony, Germany. This research explores the efficacy of administering gonadorelin, a GnRH analog, at specific times following artificial insemination to enhance fertility outcomes in dairy cattle.

The study’s focus on days 0 and 12 post-insemination is strategic, aiming to optimize the timing of hormonal intervention to improve reproductive performance. Gonadorelin is used to stimulate the release of LH (luteinizing hormone) from the pituitary gland, which is critical for ovulation and subsequent conception. By examining the effects of gonadorelin administration at these key points in the reproductive cycle, the research provides valuable insights into fertility management practices that could significantly impact dairy herd productivity.

For more details visit https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25401927/
Rodrigues WB, Silva AS, Silva JCB, Anache NA, Silva KC, Cardoso CJT, Garcia WR, Sutovsky P, Nogueira E. Timed artificial insemination plus heat II: gonadorelin injection in cows with low estrus expression scores increased pregnancy in progesterone/estradiol-based protocol. Animal. 2019 Oct;13(10):2313-2318. doi: 10.1017/S1751731119000454. Epub 2019 Mar 27. PMID: 30915942.

Timed artificial insemination plus heat II: gonadorelin injection in cows with low estrus expression scores increased pregnancy in progesterone/estradiol-based protocol

The study “Timed Artificial Insemination plus heat II: Gonadorelin injection in cows with low estrus expression scores increased pregnancy in progesterone/estradiol-based protocol” by Rodrigues WB et al., published in “Animal” in 2019, investigated the impact of gonadorelin injection in cows with low estrus expression undergoing a progesterone/estradiol-based timed artificial insemination protocol. This research aimed to enhance pregnancy rates by improving the estrus synchronization process, showcasing a practical approach to addressing low estrus expression in cattle for better reproductive outcomes.

For more details visit https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal/article/timed-artificial-insemination-plus-heat-ii-gonadorelin-injection-in-cows-with-low-estrus-expression-scores-increased-pregnancy-in-progesteroneestradiolbased-protocol/EB4D49F8B3B0B5EA1D78914586983B92
Fenichel P, Guedj AM, Verdino P, Brucker F, Strulo S, Mehouas C, Harter M. Aménorrhée hypothalamique. Intérêts diagnostique et thérapeutique de l’apport pulsatile de gonadoréline [Hypothalamic amenorrhea. Diagnostic and therapeutic values of pulsatile administration of gonadorelin]. Presse Med. 1988 Jan 23;17(2):61-4. French. PMID: 2964021.

Aménorrhée hypothalamique: intérêts diagnostique et thérapeutique de l’apport pulsatile de gonadoréline

The study by Fenichel P, Guedj AM, et al., published in “Presse Médicale” in 1988, evaluates the diagnostic and therapeutic benefits of the pulsatile administration of gonadorelin in cases of hypothalamic amenorrhea. This condition, characterized by the absence of menstrual periods due to a disruption in the hypothalamic release of GnRH, impacts fertility and menstrual regularity. The research highlights how pulsatile gonadorelin can mimic the natural hormone release patterns, potentially restoring normal reproductive function and offering a valuable treatment and diagnostic approach for affected women.

For more details visit https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7832682
Lee CN, Maurice E, Ax RL, Pennington JA, Hoffman WF, Brown MD. Efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone administered at the time of artificial insemination of heifers and postpartum and repeat breeder dairy cows. Am J Vet Res. 1983 Nov;44(11):2160-3. PMID: 6359982.

Efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone administered at the time of artificial insemination of heifers and postpartum and repeat breeder dairy cows

The study by Lee CN, Maurice E, et al., published in the “American Journal of Veterinary Research” in 1983, investigates the effectiveness of administering gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the time of artificial insemination in heifers, as well as in postpartum and repeat breeder dairy cows. It aimed to improve fertility outcomes in these groups by optimizing hormonal support during insemination, which is critical for successful conception. This research provides insights into reproductive management practices that could enhance the breeding efficiency of dairy and beef cattle operations.

For more details visit https://europepmc.org/article/med/6359982
Ide, V.; Vanderschueren, D.; Antonio, L. Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010021.

Treatment of men with central hypogonadism: Alternatives for testosterone replacement therapy

The article by Ide, Vanderschueren, and Antonio, published in the “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” in 2021, discusses alternatives to testosterone replacement therapy for treating men with central hypogonadism. It critically examines the potential benefits and limitations of different therapeutic approaches, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the available strategies beyond traditional testosterone supplementation. This review contributes significantly to the field by exploring innovative treatments that could offer improved outcomes for patients with central hypogonadism.

For more details visit https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/21
Dabaja AA, Schlegel PN. Medical treatment of male infertility. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(1):9-16. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.01.06.

Medical treatment of male infertility

The article by Dabaja and Schlegel, published in “Translational Andrology and Urology” in 2014, reviews the medical treatments available for male infertility, emphasizing non-surgical approaches. It outlines the effectiveness of various pharmacological therapies aimed at improving sperm quality, enhancing testicular function, and addressing underlying hormonal imbalances. This comprehensive review provides insights into the current and emerging treatments for male infertility, offering guidance for clinicians in the management of this condition

For more details visit https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4708300/
Rajkanna J, Tariq S, Oyibo SO. Successful fertility treatment with gonadotrophin therapy for male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2016;2016:150124. doi:10.1530/EDM-15-0124.

Successful fertility treatment with gonadotrophin therapy for male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

The case report by Rajkanna, Tariq, and Oyibo in “Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports” in 2016 documents successful fertility treatment using gonadotrophin therapy for a male with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. This condition, characterized by low levels of gonadotrophins leading to reduced testicular function and infertility, was effectively managed through hormonal therapy, highlighting the potential for gonadotrophin treatment to restore fertility in affected individuals.

For more details visit https://edm.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/edm/2016/1/EDM15-0124.xml
Iwamoto H, Yoshida A, Suzuki H, Tanaka M, Watanabe N, Nakamura T. A man with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism successfully treated with nasal administration of the low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog buserelin. Fertil Steril. 2009 Sep;92(3):1169.e1-1169.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.090. Epub 2009 Jul 9. PMID: 19591988.

A man with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism successfully treated with nasal administration of the low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog buserelin.

The study by Iwamoto et al., published in “Fertility and Sterility” in 2009, reports the successful treatment of a man with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism using the nasal administration of a low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, buserelin. This treatment approach is noteworthy because it provides an alternative to traditional injection methods, potentially offering a more convenient and patient-friendly option for managing this condition.

For more details visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001502820901228X
Madhukar, D. and Rajender, S. (2009), Hormonal Treatment of Male Infertility: Promises and Pitfalls. Journal of Andrology, 30: 95-112. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.005694.

Hormonal treatment of male infertility: promises and pitfalls

The article by Madhukar and Rajender, published in the “Journal of Andrology” in 2009, reviews the hormonal treatments available for male infertility, discussing their potential benefits and associated risks. It provides a critical analysis of various hormonal therapies, including their mechanisms of action and effectiveness in improving male reproductive health. The authors highlight the importance of understanding the underlying causes of infertility to select appropriate treatment strategies.

For more details visit https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2164/jandrol.108.005694
Berezin M, Weissenberg R, Rabinovitch O, Lunenfeld B. Successful GnRH treatment in a patient with Kallmann’s syndrome, who previously failed HMG/HCG treatment. Andrologia. 1988 Jul-Aug;20(4):285-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1988.tb00687.x. PMID: 3143274.

Successful GnRH treatment in a patient with Kallmann’s syndrome, who previously failed HMG/HCG treatment

The study by Berezin, Weissenberg, Rabinovitch, and Lunenfeld, published in “Andrologia” in 1988, reports a successful treatment of a patient with Kallmann’s syndrome using GnRH after a failed attempt with HMG/HCG therapy. This case highlights the potential of GnRH treatment in patients with this syndrome, who do not respond to more traditional therapies. It underscores the importance of personalized treatment plans in reproductive endocrinology.

For more details visit https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1988.tb00687.x
Delemarre-Van de Waal HA, Odink RJ. Pulsatile GnRH treatment in boys and girls with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Hum Reprod. 1993 Nov;8 Suppl 2:180-3. doi: 10.1093/humrep/8.suppl_2.180. PMID: 8276956.

Pulsatile GnRH treatment in boys and girls with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

The study by Delemarre-Van de Waal and Odink, published in “Human Reproduction” in 1993, examines the effectiveness of pulsatile GnRH treatment for boys and girls with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH). This research provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of GnRH in stimulating pubertal development and enhancing gonadal function in patients with IHH, offering a significant contribution to the management of this condition.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-abstract/8/suppl_2/180/617309
Matsumoto AM. Hormonal therapy of male hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994 Dec;23(4):857-75. PMID: 7705324.

Hormonal therapy of male hypogonadism

The article by Matsumoto AM, published in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” in December 1994, provides a comprehensive review of the hormonal therapy options available for treating male hypogonadism. It discusses the physiological basis of hypogonadism, the clinical approaches to diagnosis, and the various treatment strategies, including the benefits and potential side effects of hormonal replacement therapy. This work is crucial for understanding the management of male hypogonadism and the role of hormone therapy in improving patient outcomes.

For more details visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889852918300720
Layman LC. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Jun;36(2):283-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.010. PMID: 17543719.

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am

The article by Layman LC, published in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” in June 2007, offers an in-depth review of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, covering its causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It delves into the underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms, highlighting the complexity of this condition and the importance of a tailored therapeutic approach for affected individuals.

For more details visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889852907000278
Pitteloud N, Hayes FJ, Dwyer A, Boepple PA, Lee H, Crowley WF Jr. Predictors of outcome of long-term GnRH therapy in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4128-36. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020518. PMID: 12213860.

Predictors of outcome of long-term GnRH therapy in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

The study by Pitteloud et al., published in the “Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” in September 2002, investigates the predictors of successful long-term GnRH therapy outcomes in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). It emphasizes the importance of individual patient characteristics in determining the effectiveness of therapy, offering valuable insights for clinicians managing IHH.

For more details visit https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020518
Martínez M, Mapletoft RJ, Kastelic JP, Carruthers T. The effects of 3 gonadorelin products on luteinizing hormone release, ovulation, and follicular wave emergence in cattle. Can Vet J. 2003 Feb;44(2):125-31. PMID: 12650040; PMCID: PMC340045.

The effects of 3 gonadorelin products on luteinizing hormone release, ovulation, and follicular wave emergence in cattle

The study by Martínez et al., published in the “Canadian Veterinary Journal” in February 2003, evaluated the effects of three gonadorelin products on luteinizing hormone release, ovulation, and follicular wave emergence in cattle. It aimed to determine the efficacy and potential differences between these products in managing reproductive events in cattle, which is crucial for optimizing breeding programs and improving reproductive efficiency in livestock.

For more details visit https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340045/
Monaco D, Fatnassi M, Padalino B, Aubé L, Khorchani T, Hammadi M, Lacalandra GM. Effects of a GnRH administration on testosterone profile, libido and semen parameters of dromedary camel bulls. Res Vet Sci. 2015 Oct;102:212-6. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.08.011. Epub 2015 Sep 2. PMID: 26412546.

ACCEPTED M

The study by Monaco et al., published in “Research in Veterinary Science” in October 2015, investigated the effects of GnRH administration on testosterone levels, libido, and semen parameters in dromedary camel bulls. This research aimed to understand how GnRH influences reproductive functions in camels, potentially offering insights for improving breeding strategies in these animals.

For more details visit https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/729022/4/Padalino%20postprint.pdf
Deborah K. Barnett, Tina M. Bunnell, Robert P. Millar, David H. Abbott, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone II Stimulates Female Sexual Behavior in Marmoset Monkeys, Endocrinology, Volume 147, Issue 1, 1 January 2006, Pages 615–623, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0662.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone II stimulates female sexual behavior in marmoset monkeys

The study by Barnett et al., published in “Endocrinology” in January 2006, explores the effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone II (GnRH II) on female sexual behavior in marmoset monkeys. The research demonstrates that GnRH II administration stimulates sexual behavior in these primates, suggesting a potential role for GnRH II in modulating reproductive behaviors. This finding contributes to our understanding of the hormonal regulation of sexual behavior in non-human primates.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/147/1/615/2501152
Janakiram NB, Mohammed A, Brewer M, Bryant T, Biddick L, Lightfoot S, Pathuri G, Gali H, Rao CV. Raloxifene and antiestrogenic gonadorelin inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis by modulating immune cells and decreasing stem-like cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014 Mar;7(3):300-9. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0345. Epub 2014 Jan 15. PMID: 24431404; PMCID: PMC3951612.

Raloxifene and antiestrogenic gonadorelin inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis by modulating immune cells and decreasing stem-like cells

The study by Janakiram NB et al., published in “Cancer Prevention Research” in March 2014, investigates the effects of raloxifene and an antiestrogenic gonadorelin on intestinal tumorigenesis. The research found that these compounds inhibited tumor growth by modulating immune cell activity and reducing the number of stem-like cells in the intestine. This suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing intestinal cancer.

For more details visit https://aacrjournals.org/cancerpreventionresearch/article-abstract/7/3/300/50334
Robertson JF, Blamey RW. The use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in early and advanced breast cancer in pre- and perimenopausal women. Eur J Cancer. 2003 May;39(7):861-9. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00810-9. PMID: 12706354.

The use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in early and advanced breast cancer in pre-and perimenopausal women

The article by Robertson and Blamey reviews the application of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in treating early and advanced breast cancer in pre- and perimenopausal women. It discusses the therapeutic potential of GnRH agonists in managing hormone-responsive breast cancers by inhibiting ovarian function, thereby reducing estrogen levels that can fuel tumor growth. This treatment approach offers an alternative for women who are not candidates for traditional hormone therapies.

For more details visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959804902008109
Labrie F, Bélanger A, Luu-The V, Labrie C, Simard J, Cusan L, Gomez J, Candas B. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in the treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr Rev. 2005 May;26(3):361-79. doi: 10.1210/er.2004-0017. Epub 2005 May 2. PMID: 15867098.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in the treatment of prostate cancer

The review by Labrie et al. in “Endocrine Reviews” highlights the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in treating prostate cancer. It discusses how these agents, by suppressing testosterone production, serve as a cornerstone for managing advanced prostate cancer. The article delves into the mechanisms, benefits, and outcomes of GnRH agonist therapy, underscoring its importance in the therapeutic landscape of prostate cancer.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article-abstract/26/3/361/2355237
Gründker C, Emons G. The Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:187. Published 2017 Aug 4. doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00187.

The role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis

The article by Gründker and Emons in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” explores the significant role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. It emphasizes the potential of GnRH and its analogs in cancer treatment, particularly their ability to inhibit cancer cell growth and spread, offering a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in various cancers.

For more details visit https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00187/full
Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Bhasin D, Berman N, Chen X, Yarasheski KE, Magliano L, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Bross R, Phillips J, Sinha-Hikim I, Shen R, Storer TW. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;281(6):E1172-81. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1172. PMID: 11701431.

Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men

The study by Bhasin et al., published in “American Journal of Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism” in December 2001, investigates the dose-response relationships of testosterone in healthy young men. It examines how different doses of testosterone affect body composition, muscle strength, and various health parameters, providing valuable insights into the physiological impacts of testosterone supplementation.

For more details visit https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1172?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org
Secreto, G., Muti, P., Sant, M., Meneghini, E., & Krogh, V. (2017). Medical ovariectomy in menopausal breast cancer patients with high testosterone levels: a further step toward tailored therapy. Endocrine-related cancer, 24(11), C21–C29. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0251.

Medical ovariectomy in menopausal breast cancer patients with high testosterone levels: a further step toward tailored therapy

The study by Secreto et al., published in “Endocrine-Related Cancer” in 2017, discusses the use of medical ovariectomy in menopausal breast cancer patients with high testosterone levels. This approach represents a step toward tailored therapy for breast cancer, aiming to better address the hormonal profiles of individual patients. The research explores the potential benefits of targeting testosterone levels as part of breast cancer treatment.

For more details visit https://erc.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/erc/24/11/C21.xml
Vollaard, E. S., van Beek, A. P., Verburg, F. A., Roos, A., & Land, J. A. (2011). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism of ovarian origin. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 96(5), 1197–1201. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1991

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

The study by Vollaard et al., published in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” in 2011, investigates the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist treatment in postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism of ovarian origin. This research explores the potential of GnRH agonists to manage hyperandrogenism in this specific patient population. The findings provide insights into the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach for addressing hormonal imbalances in postmenopausal women.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/96/5/1197/2833196
Labrie F. (2014). GnRH agonists and the rapidly increasing use of combined androgen blockade in prostate cancer. Endocrine-related cancer, 21(4), R301–R317. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0165

GnRH agonists and the rapidly increasing use of combined androgen blockade in prostate cancer

The article by Labrie in “Endocrine-Related Cancer” in 2014 discusses the use of GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) agonists and the increasing adoption of combined androgen blockade in the treatment of prostate cancer. It examines the role of GnRH agonists in modulating hormonal pathways and their effectiveness in prostate cancer therapy when combined with androgen blockade. The research provides insights into the evolving strategies for managing prostate cancer and their impact on patient outcomes.

For more details visit https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0165
Labrie F. (2015). Combined blockade of testicular and locally made androgens in prostate cancer: a highly significant medical progress based upon intracrinology. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 145, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.012.

Combined blockade of testicular and locally made androgens in prostate cancer: a highly significant medical progress based upon intracrinology

The article by Labrie in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” in 2015 discusses the combined blockade of testicular and locally produced androgens in the context of prostate cancer treatment. This approach represents significant progress in the field of medicine, particularly in the domain of intracrinology, which involves understanding and targeting hormone production within tissues. The research explores the implications and benefits of this combined blockade strategy for managing prostate cancer

For more details visit https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.012
Labrie F. (2006). Rôle clé de l’endocrinologie dans la victoire contre le cancer de la prostate [Keyrole of endocrinology in the victory against prostate cancer]. Bulletin du cancer, 93(9), 949–958.

Keyrole of endocrinology in the victory against prostate cancer

The article by Labrie, published in the “Bulletin du Cancer” in 2006, highlights the key role of endocrinology in the fight against prostate cancer. The article discusses the importance of understanding the hormonal mechanisms involved in prostate growth and developing therapeutic approaches based on this understanding. It underscores significant advancements in prostate cancer management through an endocrinological approach.

For more details visit https://www.jle.com/en/revues/bdc/e-docs/role_cle_de_lendocrinologie_dans_la_victoire_contre_le_cancer_de_la_prostate_270343/article.phtml?cle_doc=00042007
Spicer, D. V., & Pike, M. C. (1994). Sex steroids and breast cancer prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs, (16), 139–147.

Sex steroids and breast cancer prevention

The article by Spicer and Pike, published in the “Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs” in 1994, discusses the role of sex steroids in breast cancer prevention. It explores the relationship between sex hormones and the risk of developing breast cancer, providing insights into potential strategies for breast cancer prevention.

For more details visit https://europepmc.org/article/med/7999456
Storer TW, Woodhouse L, Magliano L, et al. Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(11):1991-1999. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01927.x.

Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men

The article by Spicer and Pike, published in the “Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs” in 1994, discusses the role of sex steroids in breast cancer prevention. It explores the relationship between sex hormones and the risk of developing breast cancer, providing insights into potential strategies for breast cancer prevention.

For more details visit https://europepmc.org/article/med/7999456
Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Mac RP, Lee M, Yarasheski KE, Sinha-Hikim I, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Magliano L, Storer TW. Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):678-88. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-1184. Epub 2004 Nov 23. PMID: 15562020.

Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle

The study by Bhasin et al., published in the “Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” in February 2005, investigates the response of older men to graded doses of testosterone on skeletal muscle. The research findings suggest that older men exhibit similar responsiveness to the anabolic effects of testosterone on muscle when compared to young men. This study has implications for understanding the potential benefits of testosterone therapy in older individuals.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/90/2/678/2836564
Shalender Bhasin, Testosterone Supplementation for Aging-Associated Sarcopenia, The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Volume 58, Issue 11, November 2003, Pages M1002–M1008, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.11.M1002.

The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

The article by Shalender Bhasin, published in “The Journals of Gerontology: Series A” in November 2003, discusses testosterone supplementation as a potential intervention for aging-associated sarcopenia, which is the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. The research explores the use of testosterone to address the decline in muscle function associated with aging and provides insights into its potential benefits in managing sarcopenia.

For more details visit https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/58/11/M1002/640336
Available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2015/324524/.
Uemura T, Mohri J, Osada H, Suzuki N, Katagiri N, Minaguchi H. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the bone mineral density of patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 1994 Aug;62(2):246-50. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56873-3. PMID: 8034067.

Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the bone mineral density of patients with endometriosis

The study by Uemura et al., published in “Fertility and Sterility” in August 1994, examines the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist on the bone mineral density of patients with endometriosis. This research investigates how GnRH agonist treatment impacts bone health in individuals with endometriosis, as hormonal therapies like GnRH agonists can have effects on bone density.

For more details visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028216568733
Bergström I, Freyschuss B, Jacobsson H, Landgren BM. The effect of physical training on bone mineral density in women with endometriosis treated with GnRH analogs: a pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Apr;84(4):380-3. doi: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00558.x. PMID: 15762970.

The effect of physical training on bone mineral density in women with endometriosis treated with GnRH analogs: a pilot study

The study by Bergström et al., published in “Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica” in April 2005, investigates the effect of physical training on bone mineral density in women with endometriosis who are treated with GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) analogs. This pilot study explores whether physical training can help mitigate potential reductions in bone density associated with the use of GnRH analogs in women with endometriosis.

For more details visit https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/j.0001-6349.2005.00558.x
Bergström I, Gustafsson H, Sjöberg K, Arver S. Changes in bone mineral density differ between gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue- and surgically castrated men with prostate cancer–a prospective, controlled, parallel-group study. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38(2):148-52. doi: 10.1080/00365590310018810. PMID: 15204403.

Changes in bone mineral density differ between gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue- and surgically castrated men with prostate cancer–a prospective, controlled, parallel-group study

The study by Bergström et al., published in the “Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology” in 2004, compares changes in bone mineral density between men with prostate cancer who were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs and those who underwent surgical castration. This prospective, controlled, parallel-group study examines the impact of different treatments on bone density in men with prostate cancer, shedding light on the potential differences in bone health outcomes.

For more details visit https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00365590310018810
Büchter D, Behre HM, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E. Pulsatile GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin as effective treatment for men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a review of 42 cases. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Sep;139(3):298-303. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1390298. PMID: 9758439.

Pulsatile GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin as effective treatment for men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a review of 42 cases

The study by Büchter et al., published in the “European Journal of Endocrinology” in September 1998, reviews the effectiveness of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin (hCG/hMG) treatments in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This review analyzes 42 cases and assesses the efficacy of these treatment approaches in addressing hypogonadism in men.
Zhang L, Cai K, Wang Y, Ji W, Cheng Z, Chen G, Liao Z. The Pulsatile Gonadorelin Pump Induces Earlier Spermatogenesis Than Cyclical Gonadotropin Therapy in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Men. Am J Mens Health. 2019 Jan-Feb;13(1):1557988318818280. doi: 10.1177/1557988318818280. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30569789; PMCID: PMC6775549.

The Pulsatile Gonadorelin Pump Induces Earlier Spermatogenesis Than Cyclical Gonadotropin Therapy in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Men

The study by Zhang et al., published in “The American Journal of Men’s Health” in January-February 2019, compares the effects of the pulsatile gonadorelin pump therapy with cyclical gonadotropin therapy in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The research findings suggest that the pulsatile gonadorelin pump induces earlier spermatogenesis compared to cyclical gonadotropin therapy in this patient population. This study provides insights into treatment options for individuals with this condition.

For more details visit https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1557988318818280
Fenichel P, Guedj AM, Verdino P, Brucker F, Strulo S, Mehouas C, Harter M. Aménorrhée hypothalamique. Intérêts diagnostique et thérapeutique de l’apport pulsatile de gonadoréline [Hypothalamic amenorrhea. Diagnostic and therapeutic values of pulsatile administration of gonadorelin]. Presse Med. 1988 Jan 23;17(2):61-4. French. PMID: 2964021.

Aménorrhée hypothalamique: intérêts diagnostique et thérapeutique de l’apport pulsatile de gonadoréline

The article by Fenichel et al., published in “Presse Médicale” on January 23, 1988, discusses hypothalamic amenorrhea and explores the diagnostic and therapeutic value of pulsatile administration of gonadorelin. This approach involves administering gonadorelin in a pulsatile manner for the diagnosis and treatment of hypothalamic amenorrhea. The article is in French.

For more details visit https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7832682
Santoro N. Efficacy and safety of intravenous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Lutrepulse for injection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Nov;163(5 Pt 2):1759-64. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)91441-e. PMID: 2122733.

Efficacy and safety of intravenous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Lutrepulse for injection

The article by Santoro, published in the “American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology” in November 1990, evaluates the efficacy and safety of intravenous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) using Lutrepulse for injection. This research assesses the use of intravenous pulsatile GnRH for various purposes, and it provides insights into its effectiveness and safety.

For more details visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000293789091441E

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