GENEMEDICS APP

GENEMEDICS NUTRITION

GHK-Cu

Author: Dr. George Shanlikian, M.D.  |   Last Updated: February 1st, 2024

Share This Page

Book a Free Consultation

Potential Benefits of GHK-Cu

  • Tightens loose skin [1-3]
  • Enhances skin elasticity [4-7]
  • Reduces fine lines and wrinkles [8-12]
  • Reverses thinning of aging skin [13-17]
  • Evens out skin texture [1, 3, 4, 8]
  • Prevents aging through its antioxidant effects [1, 13-16]
  • Accelerates wound healing [1, 6, 17-50]
  • Improves lung health [51-54]
  • Fights hair loss [55-59]
  • Fights different cancer types [60-63]
  • Accelerates nerve regeneration [64-67]
  • Fights anxiety [68-71]
  • Combats cognitive dysfunction [72-83]
  • Protects the liver [84-87]
  • Promotes bone repair [1, 88-89]
  • Fights Inflammation [90-91]

What is GHK-Cu?

The human copper-binding peptide GHK-Cu (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) is a natural peptide that is currently used as a protective a regenerative ingredient in skin and hair products because of its numerous benefits on the skin and hair. For instance, GHK-Cu improves wound healing, stimulates collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the skin, boosts the immune system, and promotes growth of blood vessels. GHK-Cu also has significant anti-aging effects as it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

How GHK-Cu Works?

GHK-Cu works by boosting collagen and elastin production in the skin. Collagen makes the skin strong and resilient while elastin makes the skin flexible enough to regain its shape when stretched. It also has the ability to regulate both metalloproteinases (a group of enzymes that can break down proteins such as collagen) and their inhibitors, which in turn improves skin regeneration and appearance. In addition, GHK-Cu also promotes hair growth by blocking the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Finally, it promotes nerve regeneration by increasing the production of nerve growth factors.

Chemical Structure of GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu works by boostingcollagen and elastin production in the skin. Collagen makes the skin strong and resilient while elastinmakes the skin flexible enough to regain its shape when stretched.It also has the ability to regulateboth metalloproteinases (a group of enzymes that can break down proteins such as collagen) and their inhibitors, which in turn improves skin regeneration and appearance.In addition, GHK-Cu also promotes hair growth by blocking the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT).Finally, it promotes nerve regeneration byincreasing the production of nerve growth factors.

Research on GHK-Cu

Tightens loose skin

Research studies have shown that GHK-Cu has significant regenerative and antioxidant properties that improve skin health and prevent skin aging. For instance, animal studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that GHK-Cu tightens loose skin, which is one of the most apparent sign of skin aging:

  1. In women with mild to advanced signs of photoaging, application of a facial cream containing GHK-Cu for 12 weeks reduced the laxity of skin. [1]
  2. In healthy subjects, application of GHK-Cu cream to thigh skin for 12 weeks improved skin laxity, firmness, and appearance compared to vitamin C cream and retinoic acid. [2]
  3. When applied to the skin twice daily for 12 weeks, GHK-Cu cream strongly stimulated the production of keratinocytes which maintain skin tightness. [3]

Enhances skin elasticity

Another benefit of GHK-Cu on the skin is that it stimulates the production of collagen and elastin, which are primary structural components of the dermis. Collagen and elastin maintain the elasticity and integrity of the skin. Reduced collagen and elastin production has been linked to aging-related loss of elasticity and weakening of the skin. The following studies provide evidence that GHK-Cu promotes collagen and elastin production, hence enhancing skin elasticity:

  1. GHK-Cu directly induces skin-derived human fibroblasts to increase collagen synthesis and secretion in vitro. [4]
  2. Addition of GHK-Cu in cell cultures of primary human dermal fibroblasts resulted in increased production of both collagen and elastin. [5]
  3. When applied to aged skin, GHK-Cu improved skin elasticity, hydration, and contrast by increasing the production of collagen I. [6]
  4. A study reported that GHK-Cu can help improve overall skin structure by boosting type I collagen. [7]

Reduces fine lines and wrinkles

Fine lines and deep wrinkles are the most apparent signs of skin aging. The development of fine lines and wrinkles is linked to the loss of collagen and elastin in the dermis that occurs with age. Chronic exposure to UV light from the sun also contributes to the development of wrinkles. Research studies show that GHK-Cu helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the skin:

  1. In female volunteers, GHK-Cu treatment resulted in a 55.8% reduction in wrinkle volume and a 32.8% reduction in wrinkle depth. [8]
  2. Application of a facial cream that contains GHK-Cu in women with photodamaged skin resulted in reduction of fine lines and depth of wrinkles. [9]
  3. Female study participants noted significant reduction of fine lines and coarse wrinkles around the eye area after application of eye cream that contains GHK-Cu. [10]
  4. The use of a serum that contains GHK-Cu resulted in 31.6% greater reduction in wrinkle volume compared to the use of a serum that does not contain GHK-Cu, as shown by a controlled trial that involved 40 female volunteers who used the product for 8 weeks. [11]
  5. GHK-Cu has been shown to induce collagen synthesis and elastin production in the skin, which then improve skin appearance and prevent the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. [12]

Reverses thinning of aged skin

Thinning of the skin with age is the result of the loss of keratinocytes in the skin and the reduced volume of the dermis, which is due to the loss of collagen and elastin in this skin layer. Thinning makes the skin appear translucent, causing veins and tendons to become apparent. Research studies and controlled trials provide scientific evidence that GHK-Cu effectively reverses thinning of aged skin:

  1. Use of a facial cream containing GHK-Cu for 12 weeks resulted in improved skin density and thickness in women with visible signs of skin aging. [13]
  2. Application of GHK-Cu eye cream for 12 weeks caused visible improvement in skin thickness and overall appearance, in comparison to the use of vitamin K. [14]
  3. Improved skin thickness, density, and appearance of thigh skin was noted in healthy subjects who used GHK-Cu cream. [15]
  4. Application of cream containing GHK-Cu for 12 weeks effectively resulted in increased keratinocyte proliferation in the dermis, thereby improving skin density and thickness. [16]
  5. GHK-Cu stimulated collagen I synthesis when applied to aged skin, resulting in enhanced skin thickness and color. [17]

Evens out skin texture

Research studies have shown that GHK-Cu also smoothens and evens out skin texture:

  1. Topical application of a cream formulated with GHK-Cu resulted in significant smoothing of aged skin, secondary to increased collagen synthesis. [1,3]
  2. A series of facial studies provide direct evidence that application of GHK-Cu to uninjured skin induces remodeling of the skin, resulting in improved skin appearance, including evened out skin texture. [4]
  3. After 12 weeks of using a facial cream containing GHK-Cu, female participants noted reduction of coarse wrinkles and mottled hyperpigmentation and improved overall appearance. [8]

Prevents aging through its antioxidant effects

In vitro and chemical studies provide definitive evidence that GHK-Cu prevents skin aging through its antioxidant properties:

  1. GHK-Cu blocks the formation and accumulation of reactive carbonyl species and neutralizes toxic products of lipid peroxidation. GHK-Cu has also been found to protect keratinocytes from UVB damage. [1]
  2. An in vitro study showed that GHK blocks oxidation of lipoproteins, hence preventing oxidative stress which is a major cause of skin aging. [13]
  3. GHK also effectively inhibits the generation of acrolein, a well-known toxin that contributes to aging. [14]
  4. Another in vitro study reported that GHK prevents ultraviolet radiation damage to skin keratinocytes by inactivating reactive carbonyl species and toxins, including acrolein, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynoneal, and glyoxal. [15]
  5. GHK-Cu was also shown to significantly reduce iron release from ferritin by 87%. This is an important finding because free iron is a potent agent of lipid peroxidation and an inducer of the conversion of superoxide anion to hydroxyl radical, which is a key component of oxidative stress and aging. [16]

Accelerates Wound Healing

GHK-Cu plays an integral role in tissue remodeling and other phases of the wound healing process. An overwhelming body of scientific evidence supports the regenerative properties of this tripeptide:

  1. A 2008 study published in the Journal of Biomaterials Sciencefound that GHK-Cu attracts repair cells such as macrophages, mast cells, capillary cells at the site of injury. [1]
  2. In mice, GHK-Cu improved wound healing by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. [17]
  3. A 2015 study published in the Biomed Research International found that GHK-Cu tripeptide acts as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration. [18]
  4. A study found that GHK-Cu improves wound healing by increasing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and DNA synthesis. [19]
  5. Studies found that GHK-Cu modulates various aspects of the wound healing process, including attraction of the cells of the immune system, formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), and collagen synthesis. [20-21]
  6. In patients with wounds induced by CO2laser skin resurfacing, GHK-Cu treatment is associated with higher patient satisfaction. [22]
  7. A study also found that GHK-Cu stimulates the breakdownof existing collagens in wounds. [23]
  8. In rats, GHK-Cu improved skin remodeling process by modulating activity of different metalloproteinases, which are enzymes that remodel wounds. [24-25]
  9. A study reported that GHK-Cu improves wound healing by increasing the levels of decorin, a substance that influences tissue tensile strength and prevents scarring. [26-28]
  10. A cell study found that GHK-Cu increases fibroblasts, which are the key cells in skin reparative and renewal processes. [29]
  11. In rabbits, GHK-Cu treatment resulted in better wound contraction, faster development of granular tissue, and improved blood vessel growth. [30]
  12. When given in combination with laser treatment, GHK-Cu increased the formation of new blood vessels and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the dermal wounds. [31-32]
  13. In rats with difficult to heal wounds, such as diabetic wounds, GHK-Cu treatment resulted in faster wound contraction and closure. [33-34]
  14. In pigs with mild thermal burns, GHK-Cu triggered an accelerated healing of the injury. [35]
  15. In animal models, GHK-Cu treatment accelerated closure in both wound chambers and full thickness wounds. [36]
  16. In patients with diabetic ulcers, application of GHK-Cu gel is associated with faster wound closure and lower rate of infection. [37]
  17. In normal human dermal fibroblasts (skin cells), treatment with GHK-Cu accelerated skin cell renewal by decreasing the secretion of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a cytokine involved in programmed cell death. [38-39]
  18. A 2015 study published in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters found that GHK-Cucan help accelerate the wound healing process through its antimicrobial properties. [40]
  19. In animals, GHL-Cu was shown to be an effective wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent. [41]
  20. A study showed that GHK-Cu promotes wound healing by stimulating glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesis. [42]
  21. A study showed that GHK-Cu modulates MMP expression by acting directly on wound fibroblasts. [43]
  22. In warm-blooded animals, GHK-Cu accelerated wound healing following injury or surgery. [44]
  23. In pad wounds of dogs, locally injected tripeptide-copper complex (TCC) significantly improved wound healing. [45]
  24. A study showed that GHK and GGH play a role in the process of wound healing, tissue repair and skin inflammation. [46]
  25. In skin wound healing, GHK-Cu administration resulted in increased collagen expression. [47]
  26. A study showed that GHK-Cu effectively improves wound healing. [48]
  27. Studies reported that GHK-Cu speeds up wound healing through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. [49-50]

Improves Lung Health

Because of its regenerative properties, GHK-Cu has also been used for the treatment of several lung conditions, as evidenced by the following studies:

  1. A 2012 study published in Genome Medicine found that GHK-Cu improves lung tissue regeneration by restoring the activity of genes involved in the TGF-beta pathway (involved in cell growth and other cellular functions). [51]
  2. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), GHK-Cu administration accelerated lung tissue repair by restoring the contraction and remodeling of collagen. [52]
  3. GHK-Cu administration in mice protected their lung tissue from lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by suppressing the infiltration of inflammatory cells. [53]
  4. In mice, GHK-Cu administration reversed bleomycin-induced inflammation and scarring of the lungs. [54]

Fights Hair Loss

There is also strong scientific evidence that supports the effects of GHK-Cu in stimulating hair growth and preventing age-related hair loss:

  1. Injection of GHK-Cu in shaved mice for 12 days resulted in strong hair growth stimulation at the injection site. [55]
  2. GHK-Cu administration in rats for 3-4 months doubled follicle size and caused 80% increase in the number of hair follicles that are in the anagen or growth phase. [56]
  3. A cell study found that GHK-Cu accelerates hair growth by stimulating dermal papilla cells, which play an integral role in the growth and development of hair follicles. [57]
  4. A cell study assessing the effect of GHK-Cu on human hair growth reported that the treatment stimulated the proliferation of dermal papilla cells. [58]
  5. A study also found that GHK-Cu exhibits more superior hair growth promoting effects than other peptides. [59]

Fights Different Cancer Types

Evidence suggests that GHK-Cu also has potent anti-cancer properties that can help suppress the growth and reproduction of aggressive cancer cells:

  1. A cell study found that GHK-Cu suppressed 70% of genes involved in the development of aggressive colon cancer. [60]
  2. Another cell study found that treatment of three lines of human cancer cells with GHK-Cu resulted in activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). [61]
  3. In a mouse model of bone cancer, GHK-Cu strongly inhibited the growth of cancer cells. [62]
  4. A gene study reported that GHK-Cu has the ability to suppress DNA repair of cancer cells. [63]

Accelerates Nerve Regeneration

Studies show that GHK-Cu has the capacity to heal the most debilitating nerve injuries:

  1. A study found that GHK-Cu stimulates new blood vessel growth at the site of nerve injury. [64]
  2. Cell studies found that GHK-Cu stimulates nerve outgrowth and restores skin’s innervation by increasing the production of neurotrophic factors. [65]
  3. A cell study also found that GHK-Cu sped up the regeneration of nerve fibers by increasing the production of nerve growth factor and the neurotrophins NT-3 and NT-4. [66]
  4. In rats, GHK-Cu injection alleviated programmed cell death of nerve cells in the brain. [67]

Fights Anxiety

A number of studies also found that GHK-Cu exerts anti-anxiety effect that can help improve overall mood:

  1. In rats, injection with GHK-Cu at 0.5 micrograms per kilogram resulted in a significant reduction of fear and anxiety as evidenced by increased amount of time spent exploring in more open and lighted areas of the maze. [68]
  2. In another rat study, GHK-Cu injection produced anti-anxiety effect as evidenced by less time hiding and more time exploring the area in the open field test. [69]
  3. When injected to aggressive rats, GHK-Cu significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviors. [70]
  4. Studies suggest that GHK-Cu can help relieve anxiety via its pain-relieving properties. [71]

Combats Cognitive Dysfunction

Studies show that GHK-Cu can potentially combat cognitive dysfunction related to aging and brain disorders through various important mechanisms:

  1. GHK-Cu can prevent cognitive dysfunction induced by Alzheimer’s disease by reducing the brain levels of an abnormal sticky compound known as amyloid beta. [72]
  2. GHK-Cu can potentially prevent Alzheimer’s disease by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes. [73-74]
  3. GHK-Cu can improve cognitive health by effectively neutralizing damaging oxygen-derived free radicals. [75-76]
  4. By decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokine TGF-beta, GHK-Cu can prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease. [77-81]
  5. GHK-Cu can prevent age-related cognitive decline by improving nervous system function. [82]
  6. In chicks, it was found that GHK-Cu induced formation of brain neurons. [83]

Protects the Liver

A number of studies reported that GHK-Cu has the ability to protect liver cells against various types of injury:

  1. In rats who suffered liver toxicity due to dichloromethane poisoning, the injection of 1.5 mg/kg of GHK-Cu provided protection of the functional activity of hepatocytes (liver cells). [84]
  2. A study reported that GHK-Cu can help promote repair of liver cells. [85]
  3. A study showed that Tripeptide in human blood helps in prolonging the survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in tumor of the liver. [86]
  4. A study showed that GHL enhances the uptake of metal into cultured liver tumor cells. [87]

Promotes Bone Repair

The regenerative properties of GHK-Cu have also been shown to be beneficial in bone disorders:

  1. In rats with experimental bone fractures, GHK-Cu injections resulted in a marked increasein bone reparative activity. [88]
  2. A study found that GHK-Cu stimulated the repair of bone tissues. [1]
  3. In normal rat and human bone cells, GHK-Cu inhibited the production of cells responsible for bone breakdown. [89]

Fights Inflammation

GHK-Cu has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory properties:

  1. A study showed that copper tripeptide is a potentially effective treatment for various inflammatory diseases. [90]
  2. Acell study found that copper tripeptidecan reduce the levels of inflammatory substances. [91]

Associated Side Effects of GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this peptide wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on GHK-Cu. However, the issue wasn’t’ confirmed to be caused by the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of GHK-Cu. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with GHK-Cu even these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with GHK-Cu may include the following:

  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Headache
  • Increased appetite
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Nausea
  • Redness or pain at the injection site
Share This Page

FAQ

What is GHK-CU?

GHK-CU is a peptide compound derived from the naturally occurring tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. It is known for its potential therapeutic properties and has gained attention in various fields, including skincare and anti-aging.

What are the potential benefits of GHK-CU?

GHK-CU has been associated with several potential benefits, including wound healing, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory effects, collagen stimulation, antioxidant activity, and potential cognitive benefits.

Can GHK-CU be used for skin rejuvenation or anti-aging purposes?

GHK-CU has shown potential for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging effects. It may help improve skin elasticity, firmness, and texture, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful appearance. However, individual results may vary.

Are there any known side effects or risks associated with GHK-CU usage?

GHK-CU is generally considered safe for topical use in skincare products. However, as with any compound, some individuals may experience mild skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using GHK-CU products and discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

Does GHK-CU have any effects on the body beyond skin-related benefits?

GHK-CU has shown potential effects beyond skin-related benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, further research is needed to fully understand its broader effects on the body.

How long can GHK-CU be safely used?

GHK-CU is generally safe for long-term use when used as directed. However, it is always recommended to follow the instructions provided by the specific product and consult with a healthcare professional if any concerns arise.

Are there any scientific studies supporting the effectiveness of GHK-CU?

Several scientific studies have investigated the effects of GHK-CU and have shown promising results in various areas, including wound healing, skin rejuvenation, and hair growth stimulation. However, further research is still needed to fully understand its mechanisms and potential benefits.

Blog

GHK-Cu hair loss

GHK-CU and Hair Growth: Understanding the Connection

Introduction:

Hair loss and thinning can be distressing for many individuals, leading them to seek effective solutions for hair growth. One promising avenue gaining attention is GHK-CU, a peptide known for its potential benefits in various aspects of health and wellness. In this blog post, we will explore the connection between GHK-CU and hair growth, shedding light on its mechanisms and potential as a solution for hair loss.

View More
GHK-cu skin care

Unlocking the Benefits of GHK-CU: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction:

GHK-CU, also known as Copper Peptide GHK-Cu, has gained significant attention in the world of skincare and anti-aging. This naturally occurring copper complex has shown potential in promoting skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and other benefits. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the science and benefits of GHK-CU, providing you with valuable insights to understand its potential and how it can enhance your skincare routine.

View More
GHK-cu skin care

Unlocking the Potential: Exploring the Benefits of GHK-CU in Skincare

Introduction:

In the quest for youthful and radiant skin, numerous skincare ingredients have gained attention, and one that stands out is GHK-CU. GHK-CU, also known as Copper Peptide GHK-Cu, is a naturally occurring copper complex that has gained popularity in the skincare industry. This blog post will delve into the potential benefits of GHK-CU in skincare and shed light on its role in promoting healthy, vibrant skin.

View More
GHK-cu wrinkles

Boosting Collagen with GHK-CU: Enhancing Skin Elasticity and Firmness

Introduction:

Collagen, a crucial protein in our skin, plays a pivotal role in maintaining its firmness and elasticity. As we age, collagen production declines, leading to the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin. However, recent scientific advancements have shed light on the remarkable properties of GHK-CU, a peptide with the potential to boost collagen levels and revitalize aging skin. In this blog, we’ll explore the science behind GHK-CU and its role in enhancing skin elasticity and firmness.

View More
GHK-Cu anti aging

GHK-CU: The Science Behind its Anti-Aging Benefits

Introduction:

GHK-CU, a small peptide with big promises, has been making waves in the skincare and health industries for its potential anti-aging benefits. This remarkable molecule, consisting of three amino acids – glycine, histidine, and lysine, is naturally present in the human body but declines with age. Scientists have delved into the science behind GHK-CU and uncovered its fascinating anti-aging properties.

View More

References:

  1. Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. J BiomaterSciPolym Ed. 2008;19(8):969-88.
  2. Leyden J., Stephens T., Finkey M., Barkovic S. Skin Care Benefits of Copper Peptide Containing Eye Creams; Proceedings of the American Academy of Dermatology 60th Annual Meeting; New Orleans, LA, USA. 22–27 February 2002; p. 69.
  3. Finkley M., Appa Y., Bhandarkar S. Copper Peptide and Skin. In: Elsner P., Maibach H., editors. Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs vs. Cosmetics. Marcel Dekker; New York, NY, USA: 2005. pp. 549–563.
  4. Krüger N., et al. TopischeApplikationeinesKupfertripeptidkomplexes: Pilotstudiebeigealterter Haut. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 2003;1.
  5. Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., and Zouboulis, C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3):308-319.
  6. Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, Gillery P, Monboisse JC, Borel JP. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. FEBS Lett. 1988;238(2):343-346.
  7. Badenhorst T., Svirskis D., Merrilees M., Bolke L., Wu Z. Effects of GHK-Cu on MMP and TIMP Expression, Collagen and Elastin Production, and Facial Wrinkle Parameters. J. Aging Sci. 2016;4:166. doi: 10.4172/2329-8847.1000166.
  8. Krüger N., Fiegert L., Becker D., Reuther T., Kerscher M. ZurBehandlungderHautalterung: Spurenelemente in Form einesKupfertripeptidkomplexes. Kos. Med. 2003;24:31–33.
  9. Siméon A., Wegrowski Y., Bontemps Y., Maquart F.X. Expression of glycosaminoglycans and small proteoglycans in wounds: Modulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) J. Investig. Dermatol. 2000;115:962–968. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00166.x.
  10. Dyer, J. and Miller, R. (2018). Chronic Skin Fragility of Aging: Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis, Recognition, and Management of Dermatoporosis. J ClinAesthetDermatol, 11(1): 13-18.
  11. Abdulghani A., Sherr A., Shirin S., Solodkina G., Tapia E., Wolf B., Gottlieb A.B. Effects of topical creams containing vitamin C, a copper-binding peptide cream and melatonin compared with tretinoin on the ultrastructure of normal skin—A pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Dis. Manag. Clin. Outcomes. 1998;1:136–141. doi: 10.1016/S1088-3371(98)00011-4.
  12. Thomas C.E. The influence of medium components on Cu(2+)-dependent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and its sensitivity to superoxide dismutase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1992;1128:50–57. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90256-U.
  13. Beretta G., Artali R., Regazzoni L., Panigati M., Facino R.M. Glycyl-histidyl-lysine (GHK) is a quencher of alpha,beta-4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal: A comparison with carnosine. insights into the mechanism of reaction by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, and computational techniques. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2007;20:1309–1314. doi: 10.1021/tx700185s.
  14. Cebrian J., Messeguer A., Facino R., Garcia Anton J. New anti-RNS and -RCS products for cosmetic treatment. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2005;27:271–278. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00279.x.
  15. M. Miller, D. DeSilva, L. Pickart, and S. D. Aust, “Effects of glycyl-histidyl-lysylchelatedCu(II) on ferritin dependent lipid peroxidation,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 264, pp. 79–84, 1990.
  16. Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, et al. GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Wound Repair Regen. 2017;25(2):270-278.
  17. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108.
  18. Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX, Borel JP. Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycansynthesisby the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-Lhistidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. Life Sci. 1992;51(13):1049-56.
  19. Arul V, Kartha R, Jayakumar R. A therapeutic approach for diabetic wound healing using biotinylated GHK incorporated collagen matrices. Life Sci. 2007;80(4):275-284.
  20. Maquart FX, Bellon G, Chaqour B, et al. In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ in rat experimental wounds. J Clin Invest. 1993;92(5):2368-2376.
  21. Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. J BiomaterSciPolym Ed. 2008;19(8):969-988.
  22. Miller TR, Wagner JD, Baack BR, Eisbach KJ. Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8(4):252-9.
  23. Ehrlich P. Symposium on collagen and skin repair. Reims. Sept 1991 (12).
  24. Siméon A, Monier F, Emonard H, Gillery P, Birembaut P, Hornebeck W, Maquart FX. Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in wounds: modulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidylL-lysine-Cu2+.J Invest Dermatol. 1999;112(6):957-64.
  25. Ehrlich, “Stimulation of skin healing in immunosuppressed rats,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Collagen and Skin Repair, Reims, France, September 1991.
  26. Sayani K, Dodd CM, Nedelec B, Shen YJ, Ghahary A, Tredget EE, Scott PG. Delayed appearance of decorin in healing burn scars. Histopathology 200; 36(3): 262-272.
  27. Zhang Z, Li XJ, Zhang X, Li YY, Xu WS. Recombinant human decorin inhibits cell proliferation and downregulates TGF-beta production in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Burns 2007; 33(5):634-641.
  28. Huang PJ, Huang YC, Su MF, Yang TY, Huang JR, Jiang CP. In vitro observations on the influence of copper peptide aids for the LED photoirradiation of fibroblast collagen synthesis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2007;25(3):183-90.
  29. Cangul IT, Gul NY, Topal A, Yilmaz R. Evaluation of the effects of topical tripeptide-copper complex and zinc oxide on open-wound healing in rabbits. Vet Dermatol. 2006;17(6):417-23.
  30. Gul NY, Topal A, Cangul IT, Yanik K. The effects of topical tripeptide copper complex and helium-neon laser on wound healing in rabbits. Vet Dermatol. 2008;19(1):7-14.
  31. Arul V, Gopinath D, Gomathi K, Jayakumar R. Biotinylated GHK peptide incorporated collagenous matrix: A novel biomaterial for dermal wound healing in rats. J Biomed Mater Res B ApplBiomater. 2005;73(2):383-91.
  32. Arul V, Kartha R, Jayakumar R. A therapeutic approach for diabetic wound healing using biotinylated GHK incorporated collagen matrices. Life Sci. 2007;2;80(4):275-84.
  1. Canapp SO Jr, Farese JP, Schultz GS, Gowda S, Ishak AM, Swaim SF, Vangilder J, Lee-Ambrose L, Martin FG. The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds. Vet Surg. 2003;32(6):515-23.
  2. Counts, D, Hill E, Turner-Beatty M, Grotewiel M, Fosha-Thomas S, Pickart L. Effect of lamin on full thickness wound healing. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol. 1992; A1636.
  3. Pickart L. Compositions for accelerating wound healing in mammals containing cupric salt or complexes with amino acid or peptide. US Patent 5,164,367, 1992.
  4. Mulder GD, Patt LM, Sanders L, et al. Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copper. Wound Repair Regen. 1994;2(4):259-69.
  5. Downey, W. F. Larrabee Jr., V. Voci, and L. Pickart, “Acceleration of wound healing using glycyl-histidyl-lysine copper (II),” Surgical Forum, vol. 25, pp. 573–575, 1985.
  6. Gruchlik A, Chodurek E, Dzierzewicz Z. Effect of GLY-HIS-LYS and its copper complex on TGF-β secretion in normal human dermal fibroblasts. ActaPol Pharm. 2014;71(6):954-8.
  7. Leyden J., Stephens T., Finkey M., Appa Y., Barkovic S. Skin Care Benefits of Copper Peptide Containing Facial Cream; Proceedings of the American Academy of Dermatology 60th Annual Meeting; New Orleans, LA, USA. 22–27 February 2002; p. 68.
  8. Kukowska M, Kukowska-kaszuba M, Dzierzbicka K. In vitro studies of antimicrobial activity of Gly-His-Lys conjugates as potential and promising candidates for therapeutics in skin and tissue infections. Bioorg Med ChemLett. 2015;25(3):542-6.
  9. Available at https://patents.google.com/patent/US4760051A/en.
  10. Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX, Borel JP. Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. Life Sci. 1992;51(13):1049-56. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90504-i. PMID: 1522753.
  11. Siméon A, Emonard H, Hornebeck W, Maquart FX. The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life Sci. 2000 Sep 22;67(18):2257-65. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00803-1. PMID: 11045606.
  12. Available at https://www.freepatentsonline.com/5164367.html
  13. Swaim SF, Vaughn DM, Kincaid SA, Morrison NE, Murray SS, Woodhead MA, Hoffman CE, Wright JC, Kammerman JR. Effect of locally injected medications on healing of pad wounds in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1996 Mar;57(3):394-9. PMID: 8669775.
  14. Gruchlik A, Jurzak M, Chodurek E, Dzierzewicz Z. Effect of Gly-Gly-His, Gly-His-Lys and their copper complexes on TNF-alpha-dependent IL-6 secretion in normal human dermal fibroblasts. ActaPol Pharm. 2012 Nov-Dec;69(6):1303-6. PMID: 23285694.
  15. Buffoni F, Pino R, DalPozzo A. Effect of tripeptide-copper complexes on the process of skin wound healing and on cultured fibroblasts. Arch IntPharmacodynTher. 1995 Nov-Dec;330(3):345-60. PMID: 8836453.
  16. Pollard JD, Quan S, Kang T, Koch RJ. Effects of copper tripeptide on the growth and expression of growth factors by normal and irradiated fibroblasts. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005 Jan-Feb;7(1):27-31. doi: 10.1001/archfaci.7.1.27. PMID: 15655171.
  17. Kang YA, Choi HR, Na JI, et al. Copper-GHK increases integrin expression and p63 positivity by keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(4):301-6.
  18. Boo S., Dagnino L. Integrins as modulators of transforming growth factor beta signaling in dermal fibroblasts during skin regeneration after injury. Advances in Wound Care. 2013;2(5):238–246. doi: 10.1089/wound.2012.0394.
  19. Campbell J. D., McDonough J. E., Zeskind J. E., et al. A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK. Genome Medicine. 2012;4, article 67 doi: 10.1186/gm367.
  20. Meiners S., Eickelberg O. Next-generation personalized drug discovery: The tripeptide GHK hits center stage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Genome Med. 2012;4:70. doi: 10.1186/gm371.
  21. Park, J.R.; Lee, H.; Kim, S.I.; Yang, S.R. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 58405–58417.
  22. Zhou XM, Wang GL, Wang XB, et al. GHK Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice by Suppressing TGFβ1/Smad-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:904. Published 2017 Dec 12. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00904.
  23. Trachey R, Fors TD, Pickart L, Uno H. The hair follicle stimulating properties of peptide copper complexes. Results in C3H mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;642:468-4.
  24. Uno H, Kurata S. Chemical agents and peptides affect hair growth. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;101(1 Suppl):143S-147S.
  25. Perez-Meza D, Leavitt M, Trachy R. Clinical evaluation of GraftCyte moist dressings on hair graft viability and quality of healing. Inter. J. Cos. Surg. 1988;6:80-84.
  26. Pyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, et al. The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30(7):834-9.
  27. Available from https://patents.google.com/patent/US9724416.
  28. Hong Y., Downey T., Eu K. W., Koh P. K., Cheah P. Y. A ‘metastasis-prone’ signature for early-stage mismatch-repair proficient sporadic colorectal cancer patients and its implications for possible therapeutics. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 2010;27(2):83–90. doi: 10.1007/s10585-010-9305-4.
  29. Matalka L. E., Ford A., Unlap M. T. The tripeptide, GHK, induces programmed cell death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials. 2012;2, article 144 doi: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000144.
  30. Pickart L., Vasquez-Soltero J. M., Pickart F. D., Majnarich J. GHK, the human skin remodeling peptide, induces anti-cancer expression of numerous caspase, growth regulatory, and DNA repair genes. Journal of Analytical Oncology. 2014;3(2):79–87. doi: 10.6000/1927-7229.2014.03.02.2.
  31. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:151479. doi:10.1155/2014/151479
  32. Lane T.F., Iruela-Arispe M.L., Johnson R.S., Sage E.H. SPARC is a source of copper-binding peptides that stimulate angiogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 1994;125:929–943. doi: 10.1083/jcb.125.4.929.
  33. Sensenbrenner M., Jaros G.G., Moonen G., Meyer B.J. Effect of conditioned media on nerve cell differentiation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 1980;36:660–662. doi: 10.1007/BF01970123.
  34. Lindner G., Grosse G., Halle W., Henklein P. The effect of a synthetic tripeptide nervous tissue cultured in vitro. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 1979;93:820–828.
  35. Ahmed M.R., Basha S.H., Gopinath D., Muthusamy J., Jayakumar R.J. Initial upregulation of growth factors and inflammatory mediators during nerve regeneration in the presence of cell adhesive peptide-incorporated collagen tubes. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 2005;10:17–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10105.x.
  36. Zhang H, Wang Y, He Z. Glycine-Histidine-Lysine (GHK) Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis Due to Intracerebral Hemorrhage via the miR-339-5p/VEGFA Pathway. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:644.
  37. Bobyntsev I.I., Chernysheva O.I., Dolgintsev M.E., Smakhtin M.Y., Belykh A.E. Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2015;156:726–728. doi: 10.1007/s10517-015-2847-3.
  38. Chernysheva O.I., Bobyntsev I.I., Dolgintsev M.E. The tripeptide GLY-HIS-LYS influence on behavior of rats in the test “open field” Adv. Mod. Biol. Sci. 2014;12:357–360.
  39. Sever’yanova L.А., Dolgintsev M.E. Effects of TripeptideGly-His-Lys in Pain-Induced Aggressive-Defensive Behavior in Ra. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2017;164:140–143. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3943-3.
  40. Baig MH, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Choi I. Use of Peptides for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Inhibition. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:21.
  41. Ventafridda V., Fochi C., De Conno D., Sganzerla E. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of pain in cancer. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1980;10(Suppl. 2):343S–346S. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01820.x.
  42. Young M.D., Lottes S.R., Webb L.A. An evaluation of cimetidine and ranitidine in the pain relief and acute healing of duodenal ulcer disease. Clin. Ther. 1988;10:543–552.
  43. Arul, D. Gopinath, K. Gomathi, and R. Jayakumar, “GHK peptide incorporated collagenous matrix: a novel biomaterial for dermal wound healing in rats,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 383–391, 2005.
  44. Alberghina, G. Lupo, G. La Spina et al., “Cytoprotective effect of copper(II) complexes against ethanol-induced damage to rat gastric mucosa,” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 245–259, 1992.
  45. Beretta, E. Arlandini, R. Artali, J. M. Anton, and R. MaffeiFacino, “Acrolein sequestering ability of the endogenous tripeptideglycyl-histidyl-lysine (GHK): characterization of conjugation products by ESI-MSn and theoretical calculations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 596–602, 2008.
  46. Agostinho, R. A. Cunha, and C. Oliveira, “Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 16, no. 25, pp. 2766–2778, 2010.
  47. C. McCormack, K. C. Nowak, and R. J. Koch, “The effect of copper tripeptide and tretinoin on growth factor production in a serum-free fibroblast model.,” Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28–32, 2001.
  48. O. Canapp Jr., J. P. Farese, G. S. Schultz et al., “The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds,” Veterinary Surgery, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 515–523, 2003.
  49. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7).
  50. Pickart L, Vasquez-soltero JM, Margolina A. The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline. Brain Sci. 2017;7(2).
  51. Sensenbrenner M., Jaros G.G., Moonen G., Mandel P. Effects of synthetic tripeptide on the differentiation of dissociated cerebral hemisphere nerve cells in culture. Neurobiology. 1975;5:207–213.
  52. Smakhtin M., Konoplia A.I., Sever’ianova L.A., Shveinov I.A. Pharmacological correction of immuno-metabolic disorders with the peptide Gly-His-Lys in hepatic damage induced by tetrachloromethane. Patol. Fiziol. Eksp. Ter. 2003;2:19–21.
  53. Smakhtin M. Y., Konoplya A. I., Severyanova L. A., Kurtseva A. A., Cherdakov V. Y. Reparative activity of different functional group peptides in hepatopathyes. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2006;3:11–17.
  54. Pickart L, Thaler MM. Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 16;243(124):85-7. PMID: 4349963.
  55. Pickart L, Freedman JH, Loker WJ, Peisach J, Perkins CM, Stenkamp RE, Weinstein B. Growth-modulating plasma tripeptide may function by facilitating copper uptake into cells. Nature. 1980 Dec 25;288(5792):715-7. doi: 10.1038/288715a0. PMID: 7453802.
  56. Cherdakov V.Y., Smakhtin M.Y., Dubrovin G.M., Dudka V.T., Bobyntsev I.I. Synergetic antioxidant and reparative action of thymogen, dalargin and peptide Gly-His-Lys in tubular bone fractures. Exp. Biol. Med. 2010;4:15–20.
  57. Godet, D., & Marie, P. J. (1995). Effects of the tripeptideglycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex on osteoblastic cell spreading, attachment and phenotype. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 41(8), 1081–1091.
  58. Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Human skin retention and penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as function of skin layer towards anti-inflammatory therapy. Inflamm Res. 2010 Nov;59(11):983-8. doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0214-4. Epub 2010 Aug 13. PMID: 20703511; PMCID: PMC2945467.
  59. Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer. Inflamm Res. 2011 Jan;60(1):79-86. doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0238-9. Epub 2010 Aug 20. Erratum in: Inflamm Res. 2011 Jun;60(6):611. PMID: 20721598; PMCID: PMC3016279.

Other Peptides

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

Noopept

Nicotinamide Riboside

Sermorelin

Low Dose Naltrexone

Success Stories

men testimonial before after

At the age of 60, I look and feel better than I ever have in my entire life! Switching my health program and hormone replacement therapy regimen over to Genemedics was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made in my life! Genemedics and Dr George have significantly improved my quality of life and also dramatically improved my overall health. I hav...
Nick Cassavetes ,60 yrs old Movie Director (“The Notebook”, “John Q”, “Alpha Dog”), Actor and Writer

See All Men’s Testimonials

Call 800-277-4041 for a Free Consultation

What to expect during your consultation:
  • Usually takes 15-30 minutes
  • Completely confidential
  • No obligation to purchase anything
  • We will discuss your symptoms along with your health and fitness goals
  • Free post-consult access for any additional questions you may have

About

Genemedics® Health Institute is a global premier institute dedicated to revolutionizing health and medicine through healthy lifestyle education, guidance and accountability in harmony with functional medicine. Our physician-supervised health programs are personally customized to help you reach your health and fitness goals while looking and feeling better than ever.

Quick Links

Our Services

 Our Locations

genemedics logo

280 North Old Woodward Ave. Suite 210 Birmingham MI 48009,USA

800-277-4041

info@genemedics.com

© Copyright Genemedics Health Institute. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy.

Back to Top
-

Free Consultation

STEPS AWAY FROM A YOUNGER. HEALTHIER YOU!

Call 800-277-4041 for a Free Consultation

What to expect during your consultation:

  • Usually takes 15-30 minutes
  • Completely confidential
  • No obligation to purchase anything
  • We will discuss your symptoms along with your health and fitness goals
  • Free post-consult access for any additional questions you may have
Captch Background