Exosomes

Overall Health Benefits of Exosomes

• Lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease [1-35]
• Improves bone health [36-65]
• Improves cognitive function [66-81]
• Promotes wound healing [82-125]
• Treats lung disease [126-138]
• Improves liver health [139-150]
• Fights hair loss [160-168]
• Treats erectile dysfunction [169-177]
• Treats diabetes [178-182]
• Improves mood [183-187]
• Improves fertility [188-191]
• Treats urinary incontinence [192-197]

What are Exosomes?

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, which are particles that facilitate the communication of cells in order to perform at optimal levels. They are secreted by most cells in the body and are known to play a role in a wide array of important cellular processes. Exosomes help transmit proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Aside from being a carrier of vital substances, they can also carry drugs to target specific cells or tissues in the body. They also protect against cellular stress and damage.

How Exosomes Work

When exosomes are delivered directly into an affected joint, they send proteins into the walls of the cells to stimulate the process of regeneration. The body responds in two stages. In the first stage, the inflammation is turned off immediately. In the second stage, the exosomes give signals to the cells on how to regenerate themselves correctly in the future. This in turn produces long-term relief.

Chemical Structure of Exosomes

Research on Exosomes

A. Lowers the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Recent findings on exosomes show that it has the potential to protect against cardiovascular disease:

1. A study found that exosomes can be reprogrammed in host cells in order to promote cardiac remodelling and combat cardiovascular stress. [1]
2. In myocardial infarction (heart muscle damage) models, exosomes exerted therapeutic effects. [2]
3. A recent study found that circulating exosomes and those released from the heart tissue have been actively involved in cardiac remodelling in response to stressors. [3]
4. Exosomes from healthy mice have been shown to protect heart cells by activating TLR4. [4]
5. In diabetic patients, exosomes inhibited scarring of the heart. [5]
6. In mice with myocardial infarction, exosomes improved cardiac function via activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes (immune system cells). [6]
7. Studies suggest that exosomes may be clinically useful in cell-free therapy approaches and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. [7-9]
8. A study reported that stem cell-derived exosomes have been successfully used to treat cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction. [10]
9. In mice hearts, exosomes exerted protection against the adverse effects of myocardial infarction by stimulating heart cell proliferation and preventing heart rupture. [11]
10. In rats with myocardial infarction, exosomes protected against the death of heart cells, decreased the size of dead heart tissue, and restored heart functions. [12-13]
11. Pretreatment of mice with exosomes reduced heart inflammation and injury and improved overall survival. [14]
12. In patients with a blood infection, higher levels of exosomes were associated with an increased survival rate. [15]
13. Studies in animals and humans found that exosomes restored blood flow to the heart and promoted the growth of new heart tissues. [16-18]
14. A number of studies also reported that exosomes can help induce heart regeneration. [19-21]
15. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, treatment with exosomes prevented heart enlargement. [22-25]
16. Mice studies also found that exosomes can help treat pulmonary hypertension, a complication of heart disease. [26-27]
17. Studies show that CPC-derived exosomes (present in the hearts of mice, rats, dogs, pigs, and humans) have the ability to enhance the recovery of heart function by preventing the death of heart cells. [28-35]

B. Improves Bone Health

Exosomes have also been shown to play an integral role in maintaining optimum bone health:

1. A study reported that exosomes can be utilized for molecular therapy in several skeletal disorders. [36]
2. A study found that cell-based therapy with exosomes can help repair bone defects. [37]
3. Exosomes have been found to play a role in the bone remodelling process. [38]
4. Cell studies found that exosomes derived from bone marrow stem cells improved osteoporosis via increased production of bone-forming cells. [39-40]
5. Studies show that exosomes from the bone marrow, umbilical cord, or fat tissue can induce bone formation. [41-50]
6. Rat studies found that exosomes enhanced fracture healing by preventing bone deterioration. [51-52]
7. Cell studies also found that exosomes can help build bones by regulating the activities of growth factors. [53-58]
8. A study showed that mice who lack exosomes exhibited defective fracture repair. [59]
9. When combined with traditional treatment for bone disorders, exosomes exhibited increased efficacy. [60-62]
10. In patients with osteoarthritis, a lower content of exosomes was found in their synovial fluid (reduces friction between the joints). [63-64]
11. A study found that exosomes from embryonic mesenchymal stem cells can alleviate osteoarthritis through maintenance of the cartilage. [65]

C. Improves Cognitive Function

Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are vital for brain health:

1. A study found that exosomes can help treat cancer-related cognitive function. [66]
2. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promoted neurogenesis (formation of new nerve cells in the brain) and cognitive function recovery. [67]
3. In patients with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal blood levels of exosomes were found. [68]
4. Cell studies found that exosomes can contribute to the rescue of cognition/learning deficiencies of damaged brain by promoting the formation of new nerve cells in the brain. [69-70]
5. In mice, exosomes ameliorated cognitive decline by regulating inflammatory responses. [71]
6. Studies suggest that exosomes possess the ability to reduce brain amyloid-beta, which are abnormal protein structures that cause Alzheimer’s disease. [72-77]
7. In mice, exosomes were shown to improve learning and memory function by reducing the accumulation of brain amyloid-beta. [78-79]
8. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, the injection of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) into the brain repaired cognitive dysfunction by facilitating the clearance of brain amyloid-beta deposition. [80-81]

D. Promotes Wound Healing

Evidence suggests that exosomes have regenerative properties that are beneficial for various wounds:

1. A study reported that exosomes from human urine-derived stem cells facilitated the healing of diabetic wounds by promoting the formation of new blood vessels. [82]
2. In mice, treatment with exosomes resulted in faster wound healing and less scarring. [83]
3. A study found that exosomes secreted by human adipose mesenchymal stem cells promote skin regeneration without scars by regulating the remodelling process. [84]
4. Studies suggest that exosomes promote cell self-repair and tissue regeneration with no risk of immune rejection. [85-87]
5. Studies also suggest that exosomes promote wound healing via the regulation of inflammatory factors. [88-102]
6. A number of studies found that exosomes exert their regenerative properties via regulation of growth factors and related genes. [103-111]
7. Studies also report that exosomes accelerate the wound healing process and inhibit scar formation by stimulating collagen synthesis. [112-116]
8. In humans with acute burns, exosomes significantly reduced inflammation, burn wound progression, and healing time. [117]
9. Exosomes have been found to prevent scars, reduce inflammation, and speed up regeneration in injured human corneas. [118]
10. Engineered human adipose stem-cell-derived exosomes have been shown to promote the healing of diabetic wounds by inducing the formation of new blood vessels. [119]
11. Exosomes have also been found to speed up the healing of chronic wounds. [120]
12. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have been found to attenuate burn-induced excessive inflammation. [121]
13. Exosomes from the human umbilical cord have been found to promote skin wound healing. [122]
14. Studies suggest that exosomes exert their wound healing effects by regulating the activities of immune system cells. [123-125]

E. Treats Lung Disease

A number of studies show that exosomes can help treat a broad range of lung diseases:

1. Studies show that exosomes play a key role in lung homeostasis. [126-127]
2. Alveolar macrophage-derived exosomes were found to modulate inflammatory signalling in the lungs. [128-129]
3. A study found that exosomes regulate airway inflammation through the transfer of various respiratory cells. [130]
4. Studies suggest that exosomes can help prevent and revert pulmonary fibrosis (lung scarring). [131-138]

F. Improves Liver Health

Exosomes have also been found to be essential in liver health:

1. Exosomes derived from liver cells have been found to stimulate liver regeneration. [139-140]
2. Studies show that exosomes inhibit liver inflammation by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines. [141-142]
3. A study found that exosomes inhibited the growth of liver cancer stem cells. [143]
4. Studies suggest that exosomes can inhibit liver scarring by inhibiting the production of collagen and TGF‐β1. [143-150]
5. In mouse models of liver injury, the injection of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) reduced damage to the liver by regulating inflammatory responses. [151-155]
6. Studies show that exosomes have antiviral properties that can help treat hepatitis B virus infection. [156-159]

G. Fights Hair Loss

Evidence shows that exosomes can also promote hair growth which can be beneficial for people with alopecia (hair loss):

1. In cultured human hair follicles, exosomes derived from human dermal papilla cells promoted hair growth. [160]
2. A study reported that exosome therapy produced impressive hair growth with no reported adverse events. [161]
3. A study found that dermal exosomes promote hair regeneration by regulating β-catenin signalling. [162]
4. A cell study found that exosomes promoted hair growth by activating growth factors. [163]
5. In mice, injection of exosomes accelerated the hair growth phase. [164-165]
6. Studies suggest that exosomes promote hair growth by prolonging the hair growth phase, stimulating hair follicle development, and preventing programmed cell death. [166-168]

H. Treats Erectile Dysfunction

Exosomes can also help improve sexual function in men by restoring erectile function:

1. In a rat model of cavernous nerve injury (nerve responsible for erection), MSC-derived exosomes ameliorated erectile dysfunction by preventing cell death in the nerve. [169]
2. In a rat model of internal iliac artery injury-induced erectile dysfunction, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes restored erection by reducing oxidative stress damage. [170]
3. In a rat model of type 2 diabetes, adipose-derived stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorated erectile dysfunction. [171]
4. In a rat model of cavernous nerve injury, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells improved erectile function. [172]
5. In a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model, exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells protected against high blood sugar-induced erectile dysfunction. [173]
6. In rats, exosomes significantly recovered erectile function by inhibiting programmed cell death. [174]
7. In rats with erectile dysfunction due to low oxygen supply, exosomes restored erectile function. [175]
8. In diabetic rats, exosomes improved erection by preventing scarring of nerves and muscles responsible for penile erection. [176-177]

I. Treats Diabetes

Studies show that exosomes also have anti-diabetic effects:

1. Studies found that exosomes play an important role in insulin sensitivity and blood sugar balance. [178-179]
2. In a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviated the disease by reversing insulin resistance and relieving β-cell destruction (cells that produce insulin). [180]
3. In diabetic rats, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reduced diabetes mellitus-induced damage to the heart muscle. [181]
4. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to restore neurological function in diabetic rats. [182]

J. Improves Mood

A good deal of evidence supports the beneficial effects of exosomes on mood and other mental health issues:

1. In patients with substance use disorders with anxiety and depression, abnormal levels of exosomes were found. [183]
2. A study suggested that exosomes exert their mood-boosting properties by protecting the nerve cells in the brain. [184]
3. A study reported that exosomes can be used as a treatment option for depression. [185]
4. A study found that exosomes can significantly improve the management of epileptic patients and can help prevent epilepsy depressive disorder. [186]
5. In mice, NK cell-derived exosomes alleviated depression-like symptoms. [187]

K. Improves Fertility

Exosomes have also been found to play a role in improving male and female fertility:

1. A study found that seminal exosomes have the ability to protect the sperm against immune responses within the female reproductive tract. [188]
2. In female mice, exosomes restored fertility by improving the production of egg cells. [189]
3. A study reported that exosomes modulate fertility and early embryonic development. [190]
4. A review of several studies reported that exosome therapy can be used as a novel therapeutic agent for female infertility. [191]

L. Treats Urinary Incontinence

A number of high-quality studies found that exosomes have beneficial effects on urinary incontinence or unintentional passing of urine:

1. In female rats, injection of exosomes significantly improved urinary function. [192]
2. In women with stress urinary incontinence, exosomes improved urinary function by increasing collagen content in the vaginal wall tissues. [193]
3. In patients with stress urinary incontinence, exosomes stimulated blood vessel formation in the urinary structures. [194-195]
4. In rats, exosomes secreted by urine-derived stem cells improved stress urinary incontinence by promoting the repair of pelvic floor muscles (control urination). [196-197]

Associated Side Effects of Exosomes

Exosomes side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with their use wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on exosomes. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of exosomes. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with exosomes even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with exosomes may include the following:

• Bacterial infection due to inappropriate extraction methods or unfinished sterilization
• Contamination of cells due to inappropriately collected exosomes
• Unsuccessful treatment resulting from inadequate exosomes content

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