Estrogen In Perimenopausal Women

Overall Health Benefits of Estrogen in Perimenopausal Women

• Maintains Bone Strength and Quality [1-5]
• Improves Sexual Function [6-13]
• Reduces Overall Body Fat [14-15]
• Improves Mood and Energy Levels [16-26]
• Improves Cognitive Function [27-28]
• Improves Sleep Quality [29-33]
• Lowers Risk of Heart Disease [34-37]
• Improves Cholesterol Profile [38-41]

Maintains Bone Strength and Quality

1. Estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin increased bone mineral density of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in older women. [1]
2. In pre- and perimenopausal women aged 31-59 years, decreased estrogen secretion was associated with a rapid and diffuse bone loss. [2]
3. In perimenopausal women, treatment with a low dose oral contraceptive (OC) formulation (30 mcg ethinyl estradiol plus 75 mcg gestodene) significantly increased bone mineral density. [3]
4. In perimenopausal women, lower estrogen levels were associated with decreased bone mineral density. [4]
5. Among women aged 40 to 69 years, a higher incidence of fractures was associated with a decreased use of estrogen, estrogen plus progestin, and other hormones. [5]

Improves Sexual Function

1. In women aged 40-62 years, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) significantly improved orgasm and lubrication. [6]
2. The administration of estrogens combined with progestogensin in perimenopausal women reduced symptoms of sexual dysfunction. [7]
3. In women after 40 years of age, treatment with estrogens alone or in combination with progestogens reduced pain associated with sexual intercourse. [8]
4. Treatment with local estrogen among perimenopausal women relieved vaginal dryness and dyspareunia (pain on sexual intercourse). [9]
5. In women on hemodialysis aged 18-45 years, ERT restored regular menses and produced a marked improvement in sexual function. [10]
6. In surgically menopausal women aged 32-61 years, treatment with combined esterified estrogens (1.25 mg) and methyltestosterone (2.5 mg) improved sexual interest and function. [11]
7. In perimenopausal women, treatment with tibolone, a medication that mimics estrogen activity, reduced hot flushes, sweating, insomnia, headache, and vaginal dryness. [12]
8. Treatment with tibolone among perimenopausal women enhanced sexual function to a greater extent. [13]

Reduces Overall Body Fat

1. In obese menopausal women, combined hormone replacement therapy (17beta-oestradiol transdermic 50 microg for 21 days and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg from day 10 to 21) produced significant weight loss by significantly increasing lipid oxidation. [14]
2. In early menopausal women, treatment with oral conjugated equine estrogens prevented fat accumulation in the heart tissue. [15]

Improves Mood and Energy Levels

1. In perimenopausal women with depressive disorders, ERT alleviated menopause-related depressive symptoms. [16]
2. Estradiol administration in depressed perimenopausal women produced a short-term (3-6 weeks) antidepressant effect. [17]
3. Estrogen alone seems to be beneficial for treating depressive disorders during perimenopause. [18]
4. In women with perimenopausal depression, estradiol replacement decreased sadness, anhedonia (inability to feel pressure), and social isolation after 3 weeks. [19]
5. In perimenopausal women with major depressive disorder, ERT improved scores in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). [20]
6. ERT appears to be a potential treatment for depression in perimenopausal women. [21]
7. In middle-aged perimenopausal women, estrogen exhibited antidepressant effects as evidenced by a decrease in depressive symptoms. [22]
8. Physiologic replacement using transdermal estradiol and vaginal progesterone appears to be effective in treating perimenopausal depression. [23]
9. In women with perimenopausal depression due to vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats), ERT produced antidepressant effects. [24]
10. In perimenopausal women with major depressive disorder, low-dose estrogen augmented the effects of antidepressant medications. [25]
11. In women with perimenopausal depression, estrogen augmentation was associated with remission (decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms) of depression. [26]

Improves Cognitive Function

1. In perimenopausal women, estrogen therapy selectively improved executive functioning as demonstrated by reduced errors during verbal recall tasks. [27]
2. The use of estrogen therapy in the perimenopausal stage produced long-term benefits on verbal memory. [28]

Improves Sleep Quality

1. In perimenopausal women, ERT improved self-reported sleep quality. [29]
2. In perimenopausal women with sleep disturbance, the administration of transdermal 17ß-estradiol 0.05 mg/d for 8 weeks improved sleep quality. [30]
3. In healthy perimenopausal women, the administration of transdermal estradiol (E2) plus intermittent progesterone (EPT) for 12 months led to reductions in minutes to fall asleep and number of awakenings. [31]
4. The administration of oral and transdermal estrogen in perimenopausal women improved scores in the Global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as evidenced by a reduction in sleep disturbances. [32]
5. In community-dwelling perimenopausal with =2 bothersome hot flashes per day, a low dose oral estradiol reduced insomnia symptoms and improved subjective sleep quality. [33]

Lowers Risk of Heart Disease

1. In perimenopausal women, the administration of transdermal estrogen lowered the risk of cardiovascular disease. [34]
2. The combination of estrogen/progestin produced cardioprotective effects in perimenopausal women. [35]
3. In perimenopausal women, ERT has been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, suggesting that it can be a primary prevention for heart disease. [36]
4. In healthy women who had perimenopausal symptoms, ERT was associated with a significantly reduced risk of mortality, heart failure, or myocardial infarction. [37]

Improves Cholesterol Profile

1. Treatment of perimenopausal women with 1.5 mg 17beta-estradiol/0.15 mg desogestrel and 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens/0.15 mg norgestrel resulted in lower low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol). [38]
2. In women who had surgical removal of the ovaries and/or uterus, ERT via oral and transdermal route decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. [39]
3. In healthy perimenopausal women, the administration of conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate (CE/MPA) and estradiol valerate/cyproterone acetate (EV/CPA) decreased low-density lipoprotein and increased high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol). [40]
4. In healthy perimenopausal women, treatment with 2.0 mg of E(3) plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily or 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogen plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily significantly reduced total cholesterol levels. [41]

Overall Health Benefits of Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women

• Maintains Bone Strength and Quality [42-55]
• Improves Sexual Function [56-73]
• Reduces Overall Body Fat [74-79]
• Improves Muscle Mass and Strength [80-90]
• Improves Mood and Energy Levels [91-95]
• Reduces Wrinkles and Maintains Younger, Tighter Skin [96-99]
• Improves Cognitive Function [100-105]
• Improves Sleep Quality [106-114]
• Enhances Exercise Performance [115-118]
• Decreases Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) [119-127]
• Lowers Risk of Heart Disease [128-131]
• Improves Cholesterol Profile [132-142]
• Improves Blood Sugar Levels [143-151]
• Improves Blood Pressure [152-160]
• Boosts Immune Function [161-164]

Maintains Bone Strength and Quality

1. In postmenopausal women with osteopenia (decreased bone mineral density), treatment with transdermal 17 beta estradiol (50 micrograms/day) or an equivalent natural estrogen oral dose stabilized bone mineral density. [42]
2. Estrogen-based therapy appears to remain as the treatment of choice for the prevention of osteoporosis in most postmenopausal women. [43]
3. In postmenopausal women with signs of bone loss, ERT for 5 years resulted in long-term preservation of bone mineral density. [44]
4. In women 65 years and older, estrogen use is associated with reduced prevalence of low bone density, bone loss, fractures, and osteoporosis. [45]
5. Doses of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen and 2 mg of micronized estradiol has been shown to prevent postmenopausal bone loss. [46]
6. The administration of estrogen in postmenopausal women with symptoms of osteoporosis significantly reduced the risk of fractures. [47]
7. Treatment with ultra-low-dose transdermal estrogen among postmenopausal women resulted in significant increases in bone mineral density and reductions in markers of bone turnover. [48]
8. The administration of both oral and transdermal estrogen in postmenopausal women for more than 2 years resulted in bone preservation. [49]
9. The administration of conjugated estrogens in postmenopausal women reduced bone turnover and preserved bone mineral density. [50]
10. In healthy postmenopausal women, treatment with continuous oral estradiol-17 beta 1 mg or 2 mg with sequential dydrogesterone for 2 years increased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. [51]
11. ERT in postmenopausal women has been shown to exhibit a consistent, favorable, and large effect on bone density at all sites. [52]
12. In postmenopausal women, pulsed estrogen therapy at a dose of 150 microg and 300-microg per day prevented bone loss in a dose-dependent manner. [53]
13. In patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis, estrogen treatment resulted in increased vertebral bone mass. [54]
14. ERT in postmenopausal women for 6 years increased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femur. [55]

Improves Sexual Function

1. In postmenopausal women, ERT improved sexual function in the orgasm, lubrication, and pain domains in a statistically significant manner. [56]
2. Postmenopausal women on ERT usually have better sexual function compared to non-users. [57]
3. In postmenopausal women who had surgical removal of the ovaries, treatment with transdermal E2 resulted in better sexual function. [58]
4. In early postmenopausal women, treatment with 0.45 mg/d oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE) and 50 µg/d transdermal 17ß-estradiol (t-E2) modestly improved sexual function. [59]
5. In early postmenopausal women, treatment with estrogens alone or in combination with progestogens resulted in small to moderate improvement in sexual function. [60]
6. In early postmenopausal women, estrogen treatment improved sexual desire, sexual arousal, and satisfaction. [61]
7. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women is associated with increased frequency of sexual activity, enjoyment, desire, arousal, fantasies, satisfaction, vaginal lubrication, and feeling physically attractive. [62]
8. Postmenopausal women who received combined estrogen-androgen therapy had improved sexual desire, satisfaction, and frequency. [63]
9. In healthy postmenopausal women, ERT provided significant improvement in sexual function compared to those who did not receive the treatment. [64]
10. In postmenopausal women who had surgical removal of the uterus, ERT increased vaginal blood flow and improved some domains of sexual function. [65]
11. In postmenopausal women with low sexual function, transdermal estradiol improved overall sexual function score compared with placebo. [66]
12. Treatment of postmenopausal women with symptoms of vaginal atrophy (thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls) with testosterone and estrogen for 12 weeks produced improvements in self-reported female sexual function when compared with a placebo lubricant. [67]
13. Treatment with tibolone (an estrogen medication) had a beneficial effect on the sexual function of late postmenopausal women. [68]
14. In postmenopausal women, tibolone treatment improved sexual satisfaction, sexual interest, sexual fantasies, sexual arousal, and orgasm and decreased vaginal dryness and painful intercourse. [69]
15. Local estrogen either alone or with androgen is highly effective in relieving symptoms of urogenital atrophy and in improving sexual function in symptomatic postmenopausal women.
16. In postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction, ERT for 12 weeks improved sexuality scores with no adverse effects. [70]
17. Estriol vaginal gel (0.005%) therapy significantly improved measures of sexual function in postmenopausal women. [71]
18. Tibolone treatment in postmenopausal women improved scores in the Rosen’s Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). [72]
19. Treatment with vaginal estradiol modestly improved menopause-related quality of life and sexual function of postmenopausal women. [73]

Reduces Overall Body Fat

1. In obese menopausal women, combined hormone replacement therapy (17beta-oestradiol transdermic 50 microg for 21 days and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg from day 10 to 21) resulted in significant weight loss after 3 months. [74]
2. In postmenopausal women (aged 41-57 years), ERT reduced central fat tissue. [75]
3. A significant weight loss of -1.5 kg at 6 and 12 months was also observed in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen. [76]
4. In obese menopausal women, ERT prevented central distribution of body fat. [77]
5. ERT appears to counteract the increase in body weight and body fat and prevent central body fat distribution after menopause. [78]
6. Obese and overweight postmenopausal women who received ERT had a significantly lower body weight compared to those who did not receive the treatment. [79]

Improves Muscle Mass and Strength

1. In early postmenopausal women, estrogen therapy increased muscle mass after 12 weeks of resistance training. [80]
2. ERT increased body mass and significantly reduced the total body fat content in postmenopausal women. [81]
3. In healthy postmenopausal women, ERT produced beneficial effects on body composition and muscle performance. [82]
4. In postmenopausal women, ERT improved muscle performance, muscle mass, and muscle composition. [83]
5. In early postmenopausal women, transdermal estrogen therapy improved gains in skeletal muscle mass after 12 weeks of resistance training. [84]
6. Acute estradiol treatment reduced skeletal muscle protein breakdown markers in early postmenopausal women. [85]
7. Postmenopausal women on ERT combined with exercise had increased skeletal muscle mass. [86]
8. Estrogen plus progestin therapy significantly reduced both the loss of lean soft tissue mass and the ratio of trunk to leg fat mass in postmenopausal women. [87]
9. In postmenopausal women, estrogen-androgen (E/A) therapy improved body composition and muscle strength of the lower body. [88]
10. High-dose postmenopausal hormone therapy changed the body composition of the subjects by increasing muscle mass. [89]
11. Postmenopausal women who received ERT had increased muscle mass compared to age-matched controls. [90]

Improves Mood and Energy Levels

1. ERT combined with antidepressant medications alleviated symptoms of depression in postmenopausal women. [91]
2. In postmenopausal women, the use of unopposed estrogen was associated with a decreased risk of depressive symptoms. [92]
3. The combination of estrogen and progesterone improved mood scores in postmenopausal women with depressive symptoms. [93]
4. Estrogen alone seems to be beneficial for improving mood in postmenopausal women and enhancing the effects of antidepressant medications. [94]
5. The administration of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) 0.625 mg/day in postmenopausal women decreased depressive mood after 6 months of treatment. [95]

Reduces Wrinkles and Maintains Younger, Tighter Skin

1. In women aged 61 years and above, estrogen use was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the likelihood of senile dry skin and wrinkling. [96]
2. In postmenopausal women, long-term ERT was associated with more elastic skin and less severe wrinkling. [97]
3. In women who had surgical removal of the ovaries, estrogen treatment prevented the loss of collagen in the skin. [98]
4. In postmenopausal women, the application of methyl estradiolpropanoate (MEP) resulted in longer, significant improvement in the appearance of wrinkles by week 20. [99]

Improves Cognitive Function

1. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women was associated with improved cognition and reduced risk of dementia. [100]
2. The administration of estradiol via intramuscular injections every 3 months in postmenopausal women resulted in improvements in verbal memory functions (immediate recall). [101]
3. In healthy older women, ERT enhanced verbal fluency. [102]
4. ERT produced a positive effect on specific tests of recent verbal memory and tasks incorporating concept formation and reasoning in postmenopausal women. [103]
5. In postmenopausal women treated with estrogen, an enhancement in verbal memory was positively correlated with blood levels of estradiol. [104]
6. Results indicate that postmenopausal women who had used estrogen replacement scored significantly higher on various cognitive tests assessing memory, language, and abstract reasoning. [105]

Improves Sleep Quality

1. In postmenopausal women, ERT reduced the incidence of poor sleep patterns. [106]
2. ERT for 3 months improved sleep quality, facilitated falling asleep, and decreased nocturnal restlessness and awakenings in postmenopausal women. [107]
3. Postmenopausal women currently using ERT had improved sleep quality as evidenced by longer total sleep time than non-users. [108]
4. ERT in postmenopausal women resulted in a measurable improvement in physical and psychological welfare, as well as sleep quality. [109]
5. Better global sleep quality, higher visual attention and executive function scores were observed in postmenopausal women who received oral conjugated equine estrogen. [110]
6. Treatment with 2 mg estradiol valerate (E2V) significantly improved subjective sleep quality in postmenopausal women. [111]
7. ERT in postmenopausal women significantly improved subjective sleep quality and reduced the incidence of abnormal breathing pattern during sleep. [112]
8. ERT in postmenopausal women increased slow wave activity during the second non-rapid eye movement sleep episode. [113]
9. In postmenopausal women, ERT improved sleep parameters at week 12. [114]

Enhances Exercise Performance

1. In postmenopausal women, ERT significantly improved muscle performance, muscle mass, and muscle composition. [115]
2. The administration of estrogen in postmenopausal women led to a progressive improvement on left ventricular function parameters and exercise performance. [116]
3. ERT improved exercise capacity in postmenopausal women by improving peak oxygen consumption. [117]
4. In early postmenopausal women, ERT increased cardiovascular performance by improving diastolic functions. [118]

Decreases Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

1. Vaginal estrogen treatment has been found to reduce the number of recurrent UTIs and lower the vaginal pH in postmenopausal women. [119]
2. Postmenopausal women with recurrent UTIs treated with vaginal estrogen alone did not require additional therapy for the infection. [120]
3. In postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections, vaginal estrogen therapy decreased inflammatory response. [121]
4. ERT using topical estrogen normalized the vaginal flora and greatly reduced the risk of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. [122]
5. Treatment with vaginal local estrogen altered the local hormonal environment of the urinary bladder and likely protected postmenopausal women from the development of recurrent urinary tract infections. [123]
6. Treatment with vaginal estrogen for 6 months produced greater efficacy at reducing UTIs compared with placebo. [124]
7. Vaginal estrogens significantly reduced the number of UTIs in postmenopausal women compared to oral form. [125]
8. The intravaginal administration of estriol in postmenopausal women prevented recurrent urinary tract infection by modifying the vaginal flora. [126]
9. In postmenopausal women, the use of estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) decreased the number of recurrences of UTIs per year. [127]

Lowers Risk of Heart Disease

1. In postmenopausal women, current estrogen use is associated with a reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease and related deaths. [128]
2. In postmenopausal women who took estrogen with progestin, a marked decrease in the risk of major coronary heart disease was observed. [129]
3. ERT appears to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women by improving blood flow to the heart. [130]
4. In postmenopausal women, ERT is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and associated deaths. [131]

Improves Cholesterol Profile

1. Oral administration of estradiol (E2) in postmenopausal women increased the blood concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) and decreased low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol). [132]
2. In postmenopausal women with high cholesterol levels, ERT for 6 weeks reduced cholesterol levels. [133]
3. In postmenopausal women with abnormal lipid levels, ERT decreased low-density lipoprotein and increased high-density lipoprotein. [134]
4. ERT improved lipid levels in postmenopausal women as evidenced by a reduction in triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein. [135]
5. In postmenopausal women, supplementation with conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/d plus medroxyprogesterone 2.5 mg/d for 3 months lowered total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels. [136]
6. In postmenopausal women, treatment with 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) plus 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) lowered low-density lipoprotein levels. [137]
7. ERT either via oral or transdermal route has a beneficial effect on serum lipid profile of postmenopausal women. [138]
8. Estrogen-progestin replacement therapy in postmenopausal women resulted in profound and beneficial changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. [139]
9. The postmenopausal use of oral estrogens in low doses resulted in lower low-density lipoprotein and higher high-density lipoprotein. [140]
10. The administration of ERT in postmenopausal women resulted in significant decreases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. [141]
11. The administration of ERT in postmenopausal women significantly lowered total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 6 months. [142]

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

1. Postmenopausal women who received oral conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) at 0.625 mg/day had lower fasting levels of insulin and glucose (blood sugar). [143]
2. In postmenopausal women with coronary disease, ERT reduced the incidence of diabetes by 35%. [144]
3. ERT for at least 2 years lowered insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. [145]
4. In postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, ERT improved insulin sensitivity (body’s response to the effects of insulin). [146]
5. In postmenopausal diabetic women, ERT improved insulin secretion and sensitivity. [147]
6. In postmenopausal women with diabetes mellitus, combined ERT (estrogen plus progesterone) reduced blood sugar levels. [148]
7. In postmenopausal women with a history of menstrual disorders, ERT significantly decreased fasting insulin and treated insulin resistance. [149]
8. Transdermal estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women resulted in significant improvement of insulin action on lipid metabolism. [150]
9. The combination of ERT and tibolone improved insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. [151]

Improves Blood Pressure

1. ERT for 1 year improved circadian blood pressure pattern in postmenopausal women. [152]
2. In postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure, ERT treated exaggerated blood pressure responses to stress. [153]
3. The combination of estrogen and progesterone lowered blood pressure and reduced the use of antihypertensive medications in postmenopausal women. [154]
4. ERT improved blood pressure readings in postmenopausal women with hypertension. [155]
5. In hypertensive postmenopausal women, progestin-estrogen treatment resulted in a significant reduction in blood pressure values. [156]
6. Treatment with transdermal estradiol significantly reduced blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women. [157]
7. The administration of estradiol with or without progesterone in hypertensive postmenopausal women produced blood pressure-lowering effect. [158]
8. ERT for 19 weeks reduced the mean 24-hour blood pressure of hypertensive postmenopausal women. [159]
9. The addition of estrogen to an existing antihypertensive therapy substantially lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in postmenopausal women. [160]

Boosts Immune Function

1. ERT in postmenopausal women resulted in the reversal of immune alterations associated with normal aging. [161]
2. Higher plasma E2 levels enhanced humoral responses (antibody formation) in postmenopausal women. [162]
3. Long-term ERT in postmenopausal women was associated with enhanced function of the T cells of the immune system. [163]
4. In surgically postmenopausal women, ERT increased the levels of T lymphocytes. [164]

Overall Health Benefits of Progesterone in Perimenopausal Women

• Maintains Bone Strength and Quality [165-170]
• Improves Skin Health [171-173]
• Improves Sleep Quality [174-176]

Maintains Bone Strength and Quality

1. In perimenopausal women, progesterone therapy was shown to be highly effective in treating osteoporosis. [165]
2. In perimenopausal women, progesterone therapy improved bone formation. [166]
3. In pre- and perimenopausal women, progesterone co-therapy with antiresorptives (medications that prevent bone breakdown) resulted in increased bone formation and bone mineral density (BMD). [167]
4. A study showed that progesterone could possibly prevent bone loss in pre- and perimenopausal women. [168]
5. In perimenopausal women, nightly oral micronized progesterone treatment increased bone formation. [169]
6. In perimenopausal women, it was found that progesterone plus estradiol or other antiresorptive therapies could be an effective osteoporosis treatment. [170]

Improves Skin Health

1. In perimenopausal women, micronized progesterone treatment showed anti-aging effects on skin. [171]
2. In perimenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen and progesterone significantly reduced signs of skin aging. [172]
3. In perimenopausal women, the application of topical progesterone significantly improved skin elasticity and firmness. [173]

Improves Sleep Quality

1. In perimenopausal women, progesterone therapy improved sleep quality. [174]
2. In perimenopausal women with concomitant vasomotor symptoms, hormone therapy with estrogen resulted in better sleep quality. [175]
3. In perimenopausal women, progesterone therapy was safe and effective in treating sleep disturbances. [176]

Overall Health Benefits of Progesterone in Postmenopausal Women

• Maintains Bone Strength and Quality [177-185]
• Improves Sexual Function [186-189]
• Reduces Overall Body Fat [190-193]
• Improves Muscle Mass and Strength [194-196]
• Improves Mood and Energy Levels [197-201]
• Reduces Wrinkles and Maintains Younger, Tighter Skin [202-204]
• Improves Cognitive Function [205-208]
• Improves Sleep Quality [209-213]
• Decreases Risk of Heart Disease [214-216]
• Improves Cholesterol Profile [217-223]
• Improves Blood Sugar Levels [224-228]
• Improves Blood Pressure [229-232]
• Boosts Immune Function [233]

Maintains Bone Strength and Quality

1. In postmenopausal women, hormone therapy (HT) resulted in increased bone mineral density (BMD) during a 36-month period. [177]
2. In postmenopausal women, hormone therapy with micronized estradiol and progesterone was shown to be effective in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. [178]
3. In postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was effective in the long-term management of osteopenia (decreased bone mineral density). [179]
4. In postmenopausal women undergoing long-term progesterone replacement therapy (PRT), daily supplementation of micronized progesterone led to increased bone formation. [180]
5. In postmenopausal women, long-term PRT was shown to have preventive effects against bone loss. [181]
6. In postmenopausal women who underwent PRT to prevent osteoporosis, bone loss was significantly decreased. [182]
7. In late postmenopausal women, continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (estrogen and progesterone) resulted in increased lumbar spine and proximal femoral bone mineral density. [183]
8. In postmenopausal women, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy resulted in significantly higher BMD gains than with the same amount of estrogen. [184]
9. In postmenopausal women, continuous administration of combined estrogen and progestin regimens were effective in increasing and maintaining BMD. [185]

Improves Sexual Function

1. In peri- and postmenopausal women, PRT was associated with slight to moderate improvement in sexual function. [186]
2. In postmenopausal women, PRT resulted in significant improvement in sexual function compared to women not receiving the treatment. [187]
3. In postmenopausal women with decreased sexual desire, tibolone (a synthetic steroid molecule which is, in essence, a progestogen) effectively increased sexual performance. [188]
4. In early postmenopausal women, estrogen with oral micronized progesterone therapy modestly improved sexual function. [189]

Reduces Overall Body Fat

1. In postmenopausal women, estrogen plus progestin therapy resulted in reduced loss of lean soft tissue mass and upper-body fat distribution. [190]
2. In postmenopausal women, PRT was linked to the reversal of menopause-related obesity and loss of lean mass. [191]
3. In postmenopausal women, PRT resulted in a significant reduction of fat accumulation. [192]
4. In postmenopausal Chinese women, treatment with conjugated equine estrogens plus micronized progesterone resulted in better fat distribution. [193]

Improves Muscle Mass and Strength

1. In postmenopausal women, progesterone treatment resulted in increased muscle protein synthesis. [194]
2. In postmenopausal women, estrogen-progestin treatment resulted in increased muscle strength. [195]
3. In identical postmenopausal female twin pairs, PRT was shown to have some significant effects in the regulation of muscle contraction and muscle fiber organization. [196]

Improves Mood and Energy Levels

1. In depressed peri- and postmenopausal women, hormone therapy could alleviate menopause-related depressive symptoms. [197]
2. A review of studies showed that progestin-only therapy provided beneficial effects in treating menopausal symptoms. 198]
3. In menopausal women, progesterone administration was effective in treating vasomotor symptoms (VMS). [199]
4. In menopausal women with menopausal symptoms, hormone therapy resulted in improved emotional measures of quality of life. [200]
5. A review of studies showed that daily administration of progesterone and estrogen was safe and effective in treating menopausal symptoms. [201]

Reduces Wrinkles and Maintains Younger, Tighter Skin

1. In postmenopausal women, progesterone was shown to have anti-aging effects on the skin. [202]
2. In postmenopausal women, the application of topical progesterone increased skin firmness and elasticity. [203]
3. In postmenopausal women, hormonal replacement increased the collagen content of their left upper arm. [204]

Improves Cognitive Function

1. In postmenopausal women, estrogen and progesterone treatment was associated with improved neuropsychological measures. [205]
2. In postmenopausal women, hormone therapy was found to be able to preserve cognitive function and prevent cognitive decline. [206]
3. In postmenopausal women, estrogen + progestin therapy (HT) resulted in better performance in verbal episodic memory. [207]
4. In postmenopausal women, it was shown that early hormone treatment may have beneficial effects on increasing the cognitive control-related prefrontal activity of the brain. [208]

Improves Sleep Quality

1. In postmenopausal women with insomnia, hormonal treatment significantly improved their sleep quality after the first month. [209]
2. In postmenopausal women, daily progesterone administration significantly improved sleep quality by shortening the duration of wake after sleep was disturbed. [210]
3. In postmenopausal women, combined estrogen and progestin treatment was effective in reducing the number and duration of sleep-disordered breathing of the subjects. [211]
4. A study showed that progesterone therapy was effective at improving the sleep quality of postmenopausal women suffering from insomnia. [212]
5. In postmenopausal women, hormonal therapy had beneficial effects in improving sleep quality. [213]

Decreases Risk of Heart Disease

1. In postmenopausal women, endurance exercise training and PRT was shown to have beneficial effects against cardiovascular risk. [214]
2. In postmenopausal women, it was shown that progesterone may provide a short-term cardiovascular protection. [215]
3. A study showed that hormone replacement therapy with estrogen and progesterone offers vasoprotective effects (protects the blood vessels of the heart). [216]

Improves Cholesterol Profile

1. In postmenopausal women, hormone therapy with progesterone lowered bad cholesterol level. [217]
2. In postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), combined estrogen and progestin treatment had beneficial effects on cholesterol levels of the subjects. [218]
3. In postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia, the use of statin while undergoing estrogen and progestin therapy resulted in a better cholesterol profile. [219]
4. In hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy was effective in lowering cholesterol levels. [220]
5. In postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease (CAD), hormone replacement therapy exerted beneficial effects on plasma lipids. [221]
6. In postmenopausal women, estrogen plus progesterone treatment resulted in improved lipid profile. [222]
7. In postmenopausal women, combined treatment of estrogen and progestin resulted in improved lipoprotein levels. [223]

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

1. In postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease, hormone therapy reduced the prevalence of diabetes. [224]
2. A study showed that estrogen-progestin therapy treated insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. [225]
3. In postmenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy with progestin significantly improved insulin sensitivity. [226]
4. In Japanese postmenopausal women, oral hormone replacement therapy with progesterone resulted in decreased insulin resistance. [227]
5. In women with type 2 diabetes, combined estrogen and progesterone administration significantly improved glycaemic control and lipoprotein concentrations. [228]

Improves Blood Pressure

1. In postmenopausal women with normal blood pressure, it was shown that administering combined progestin with estrogen may be effective in lowering blood pressure. [229]
2. In Korean women, combining progesterone with conjugated equine estrogen produced beneficial effects on blood pressure. [230]
3. In hypertensive postmenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy may have blood pressure-lowering effect. [231]
4. In postmenopausal women, estrogen plus progesterone replacement therapy significantly improved left ventricular diastolic functions. [232]

Boosts Immune Function

1. A study showed that hormone replacement therapy with progesterone was associated with improved immune function. [233]

Overall Health Benefits of Testosterone in Perimenopausal Women

• Improves Sexual Function [234]
• Improves Cholesterol Profile [235]

Improves Sexual Function

1. In perimenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), transdermal testosterone patch was effective in treating HSDD and improving sexual function. [234]

Improves Cholesterol Profile

1. A review of studies showed that testosterone therapy was associated with the reduction of total cholesterol levels in perimenopausal women. [235]

Overall Health Benefits of Testosterone in Postmenopausal Women

• Maintains Bone Strength and Quality [236-243]
• Improves Sexual Function [244-251]
• Improves Muscle Mass and Strength [252-254]
• Improves Mood and Energy Levels [255-258]
• Reduces Wrinkles and Maintains Younger, Tighter Skin [259-260]
• Improves Cognitive Function [261]

Maintains Bone Strength and Quality

1. In postmenopausal women, the combined treatment with estradiol and testosterone implants was effective in increasing bone mineral density in the hip and lumbar spine. [236]
2. In postmenopausal women, the combination of estradiol and testosterone promoted bone protection. [237]
3. A study showed that testosterone level was positively correlated with bone density. [238]
4. In elderly women with low estradiol levels, circulating testosterone levels were associated with bone density. [239]
5. In overweight and obese postmenopausal women, it was shown that testosterone was the main endocrine variable predicting the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine. [240]
6. In postmenopausal women, estradiol and testosterone administration prevented postmenopausal osteoporosis and maintained normal bone density. [241]
7. In postmenopausal women, higher levels of estradiol and testosterone were associated with bone mass protection. [242]
8. A study showed that the addition of testosterone in estrogen therapy further increased BMD in postmenopausal women. [243]

Improves Sexual Function

1. A review of studies showed that testosterone significantly improved the sexual function of postmenopausal women by increasing their sexual desire. [244]
2. In surgically postmenopausal women, transdermal testosterone patch was effective in treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). [245]
3. In postmenopausal women, transdermal testosterone was safe and effective in treating HSDD. [246]
4. In postmenopausal women, testosterone therapy was effective in treating female sexual dysfunction (FSD). [247]
5. In postmenopausal women, testosterone administration was associated with significant improvement in sexual function. [248]
6. In postmenopausal women not receiving estrogen therapy, daily treatment with testosterone patch resulted in improved sexual function. [249]
7. A review of studies showed that testosterone treatment was effective for postmenopausal women with low sexual desire. [250]
8. In postmenopausal women with HSDD, testosterone treatment resulted in significant improvement in sexual function. [251]

Improves Muscle Mass and Strength

1. In postmenopausal women, testosterone and progesterone treatment was associated with increased muscle protein synthesis. [252]
2. A study showed that testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women resulted in an increase in lean body mass. [253]
3. In postmenopausal women, testosterone administration was associated with improved muscle performance and increased lean body mass. [254]

Improves Mood and Energy Levels

1. A study showed that testosterone administration may improve mood in postmenopausal women. [255]
2. In healthy surgically postmenopausal women, testosterone improved mood by increasing the brain chemical called serotonin. [256]
3. Postmenopausal women who received testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) reported improved sexuality and improved mood and vigor, with a decline in fatigue. [257]
4. The administration of methyltestosterone in postmenopausal women diagnosed with depression augmented the antidepressant effect of venlafaxine. [258]

Reduces Wrinkles and Maintains Younger, Tighter Skin

1. In postmenopausal women, estradiol and testosterone therapy were associated with increased collagen level in the skin. [259]
2. A study showed that both estrogen and testosterone prevented the decrease in skin collagen content. [260]

Improves Cognitive Function

1. In postmenopausal women, testosterone treatment resulted in improved verbal learning and memory. [261]

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