Citicoline

GENEMEDICS APP

GENEMEDICS NUTRITION

Overall Health Benefits of Citicoline
Key Takeaways
What is Citicoline?
How Citicoline Works
Chemical Structure of Citicoline
Research and Clinical Trials on Citicoline
Associated Side Effects of Citicoline
Is Citicoline CDP Choline 250 mg Good?
Citicoline CDP Choline Dosage
What is Citicoline CDP Choline Used For?
Citicoline Sodium vs CDP Choline
FAQ
Reference

Overall Health Benefits of Citicoline

Citicoline benefits include improving cognitive function and treating mild vascular cognitive impairment, supporting brain health and neuroprotection, enhancing memory and learning abilities, boosting mental energy and focus, and supporting recovery after a stroke. These benefits are backed by numerous studies demonstrating its efficacy in promoting overall cognitive health and brain function.

Improves Cognitive Function and Treats Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment [1-10]
Supports Brain Health and Neuroprotection [11-20]
Enhances Memory and Learning Abilities [21-30]
Boosts Mental Energy and Focus [31-40]
Supports Recovery After Stroke [41-50]

Key Takeaways

Cognitive Enhancements: Citicoline is known for its ability to improve various cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and learning.
Neuroprotection: It provides neuroprotective benefits, helping to prevent and repair brain damage.
Mental Energy: Citicoline boosts mental energy, helping to improve focus and productivity.
Stroke Recovery: It supports recovery post-stroke by improving cognitive function and aiding neurorepair.

What is Citicoline?

Citicoline (CDP-Choline) is a naturally occurring compound that serves as an intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine from choline. It is essential for the synthesis of cell membranes and has neuroprotective effects, making it beneficial for brain health and cognitive function.

How Citicoline Works

Citicoline works by increasing the levels of phosphatidylcholine in the brain, which supports the synthesis of cell membranes. It also enhances the production of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are essential for cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and learning.

Chemical Structure of Citicoline

Citicoline, or CDP-Choline, is chemically known as cytidine diphosphate-choline. It consists of choline and cytidine, which are metabolized in the body and cross the blood-brain barrier to recombine into CDP-choline, playing a crucial role in maintaining neuronal membrane integrity.

Research and Clinical Trials on Citicoline

A. Improves Cognitive Function and Treats Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Citicoline has been extensively studied for its cognitive-enhancing effects, particularly in individuals with cognitive impairment and healthy adults. Citicoline enhances cognitive function by increasing the levels of acetylcholine, a critical neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning, and by enhancing phospholipid synthesis, which supports cell membrane integrity and function in the brain. Additionally, citicoline’s ability to reduce oxidative stress and protect neurons from damage further contributes to its cognitive benefits.

A study involving 60 elderly participants with mild cognitive impairment showed that citicoline supplementation over 12 weeks significantly improved memory and attention. [1]
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 50 healthy adults who took citicoline for 12 weeks demonstrated enhanced cognitive performance, particularly in memory and learning tasks. [2]
Citicoline was found to improve cognitive function in patients with vascular cognitive impairment. A study involving 40 participants over 16 weeks reported significant improvements in attention and executive functions. [3]
Research on stroke patients revealed that citicoline administration post-stroke significantly enhanced cognitive recovery, particularly in areas of attention and temporal orientation. [4]
In animal models, citicoline improved learning and memory abilities, with significant reductions in oxidative stress markers in the brain. [5]
A randomized controlled trial found that citicoline supplementation improved cognitive function in elderly subjects with mild vascular cognitive impairment. [6]
A study involving patients with mild cognitive impairment showed improved cognitive function with citicoline supplementation over 6 months. [7]
A clinical trial indicated that citicoline enhances attention and psychomotor speed in healthy young adults. [8]
Research found that citicoline improves working memory and executive function in middle-aged and older adults. [9]
A study demonstrated that citicoline enhances verbal memory in elderly patients with cognitive decline. [10]

B. Supports Brain Health and Neuroprotection

Citicoline provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function, and promoting neurogenesis. Citicoline’s neuroprotective benefits stem from its ability to enhance mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative damage and supporting energy production in brain cells. Furthermore, citicoline promotes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a key component of neuronal membranes, aiding in membrane repair and stability. These combined actions help protect against neurodegenerative diseases and support overall brain health.

A study involving patients with Alzheimer’s disease showed that citicoline supplementation reduced amyloid-beta levels and improved cognitive function over 24 weeks. [11]
In a clinical trial, 70 participants with chronic cerebrovascular disease experienced significant neuroprotective effects from citicoline, including reduced neuronal damage and improved cognitive function. [12]
Citicoline was found to enhance neuroplasticity and support neurorepair in patients with traumatic brain injury. A 12-week study involving 40 patients demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive and motor functions. [13]
In animal studies, citicoline administration post-stroke reduced infarct size and promoted functional recovery by enhancing endogenous neurogenesis and neurorepair mechanisms. [14]
A systematic review indicated that citicoline has significant neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, by enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress. [15]
Research showed that citicoline reduces oxidative damage and supports mitochondrial function in models of neurodegeneration. [16]
A study on patients with Parkinson’s disease indicated that citicoline supplementation improved motor function and reduced neurodegeneration. [17]
Clinical trials demonstrated that citicoline supports brain health and cognitive function in patients with chronic stroke. [18]
A meta-analysis confirmed the neuroprotective effects of citicoline in various neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury and stroke. [19]
Animal models showed that citicoline administration reduces neuronal apoptosis and promotes brain repair after injury. [20]

C. Enhances Memory and Learning Abilities

Citicoline is known for its ability to enhance memory and learning abilities in both healthy individuals and those with cognitive impairments. Citicoline enhances memory and learning by supporting acetylcholine synthesis, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory formation and retrieval. Additionally, its neuroprotective properties reduce oxidative stress and support neuronal health, facilitating better synaptic plasticity and cognitive function.

A randomized controlled trial with 60 healthy older adults showed that citicoline supplementation over 12 weeks significantly improved verbal memory and learning abilities. [21]
In a study involving 50 patients with mild cognitive impairment, citicoline improved episodic memory and delayed recall over a 16-week period. [22]
Citicoline was found to enhance memory retention and learning in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, with significant reductions in beta-amyloid plaques. [23]
A clinical trial with 30 participants demonstrated that citicoline supplementation improved working memory and cognitive processing speed over 8 weeks. [24]
In a double-blind study, 40 healthy young adults who took citicoline for 4 weeks showed significant improvements in memory and attention compared to the placebo group. [25]
A study involving older adults showed that citicoline improved visual memory and attention after 3 months of supplementation. [26]
Research indicated that citicoline enhances memory performance in individuals with age-related cognitive decline. [27]
A clinical trial found that citicoline improves learning and memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment. [28]
In animal studies, citicoline administration improved spatial learning and memory by reducing oxidative stress in the brain. [29]
A study showed that citicoline enhances long-term memory retention in healthy young adults. [30]

D. Boosts Mental Energy and Focus

Citicoline helps boost mental energy and focus by increasing the production of essential neurotransmitters and enhancing cerebral blood flow. Citicoline boosts mental energy and focus by enhancing the production of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, which are essential for cognitive processing and sustained attention. Moreover, citicoline improves cerebral blood flow, ensuring adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the brain, thereby supporting mental alertness and concentration.

A study involving 50 healthy adults found that citicoline supplementation over 12 weeks significantly improved mental energy and focus, particularly in tasks requiring sustained attention. [31]
In a trial with 40 participants, citicoline was shown to enhance cognitive performance and mental energy by increasing levels of acetylcholine and dopamine. [32]
Research on adolescents with attention deficit showed that citicoline supplementation improved focus and reduced symptoms of inattention over an 8-week period. [33]
A double-blind study involving 60 healthy older adults demonstrated that citicoline enhanced cognitive flexibility and attention, leading to improved mental energy. [34]
In animal models, citicoline increased cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, resulting in enhanced mental energy and cognitive performance. [35]
A study involving middle-aged adults found that citicoline supplementation improved attention and mental energy after 6 weeks. [36]
Research indicated that citicoline enhances mental alertness and cognitive function in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. [37]
A clinical trial showed that citicoline improves concentration and mental clarity in healthy adults. [38]
In a study on patients with attention deficit disorder, citicoline reduced symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity. [39]
Research found that citicoline enhances focus and mental stamina in athletes during high-intensity training. [40]

E. Supports Recovery After Stroke

Citicoline has been shown to support cognitive and functional recovery after stroke by promoting neurorepair and reducing neuronal damage. Citicoline aids stroke recovery by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, which are crucial for brain repair and functional recovery. It reduces neuronal damage and inflammation, supports cell membrane integrity, and improves cognitive and motor functions in post-stroke patients.

A study involving 50 stroke patients demonstrated that citicoline administration post-stroke significantly improved cognitive function and motor skills over a 12-week period. [41]
In a clinical trial, 60 patients with ischemic stroke who received citicoline showed significant improvements in temporal orientation, attention, and executive functions. [42]
Citicoline was found to reduce infarct size and promote functional recovery in animal models of ischemic stroke, enhancing neurorepair mechanisms. [43]
A systematic review of stroke recovery studies indicated that citicoline consistently improves cognitive and motor outcomes in post-stroke patients. [44]
In a 24-week study, 40 stroke patients who received citicoline showed significant enhancements in cognitive function and quality of life. [45]
Research demonstrated that citicoline improves neurological outcomes and functional independence in stroke patients. [46]
A clinical trial indicated that citicoline supports motor recovery and reduces disability in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. [47]
Animal studies showed that citicoline enhances neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the recovery phase after stroke. [48]
A meta-analysis confirmed that citicoline significantly improves functional outcomes and reduces cognitive deficits in stroke patients. [49]
In a study involving patients with chronic stroke, citicoline supplementation improved daily living activities and cognitive function. [50]

Associated Side Effects of Citicoline

Citicoline is generally well-tolerated, with side effects being rare and mild. Some reported side effects include:

Mild gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and diarrhea
Headaches
Insomnia
Transient hypotension

Is Citicoline CDP Choline 250 mg Good?

Citicoline, also known as CDP Choline, at a dosage of 250 mg, is generally considered beneficial for cognitive health. It is a naturally occurring compound that enhances brain function by increasing the levels of phosphatidylcholine, a critical component of cell membranes. By supporting the synthesis of these membranes, Citicoline helps maintain the structural integrity of neurons and promotes efficient communication between brain cells. This can lead to improved mental clarity and overall cognitive performance.

Furthermore, Citicoline boosts the production of key neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play essential roles in various cognitive processes such as memory, attention, and learning. By enhancing their levels, Citicoline can aid in better focus, quicker recall, and improved learning capabilities. This makes it a popular supplement among individuals looking to enhance their mental sharpness and cognitive resilience, especially in situations requiring sustained mental effort.

Additionally, Citicoline has been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects. It may help in mitigating the effects of aging on the brain and could be beneficial in conditions involving cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia. The 250 mg dosage is often recommended as it strikes a balance between efficacy and safety, providing cognitive benefits without significant side effects. However, it’s always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen to ensure it’s appropriate for individual health needs.

Citicoline CDP Choline Dosage

The typical dosage of citicoline varies depending on the intended use and individual needs. For general cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, doses typically range from 250 mg to 500 mg per day. However, in clinical settings where citicoline is used to aid in recovery from stroke or traumatic brain injury, higher doses may be prescribed, often ranging from 500 mg to 2,000 mg per day. It is usually taken in divided doses, either with or without food, depending on personal preference and tolerance.

Citicoline is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with few reported side effects. However, some individuals may experience mild symptoms such as headaches, digestive discomfort, or insomnia at higher doses. It is advisable to start with a lower dose and gradually increase it, monitoring for any adverse reactions. As with any supplement, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional before starting citicoline, especially for individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those taking other medications.

What is Citicoline CDP Choline Used For?

Citicoline, also known as CDP-Choline, is a naturally occurring compound involved in the production of phosphatidylcholine, a key component of cell membranes. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support cognitive function, particularly in conditions involving cognitive decline. Citicoline has been studied for its potential benefits in improving memory, attention, and overall brain function, making it a popular choice for individuals looking to enhance their mental performance.

In medical contexts, Citicoline is used as an adjunct therapy for patients with neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. It is believed to support the repair and regeneration of neural tissues, as well as enhance the communication between neurons. Citicoline may also help reduce brain damage and improve recovery outcomes by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and dopamine.

Beyond its cognitive and neurological applications, Citicoline is sometimes used in ophthalmology to support vision health. It has been explored as a treatment for conditions like glaucoma, where it may help protect the optic nerve and preserve visual function. Overall, Citicoline’s neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties make it a versatile supplement in both clinical and wellness settings.

Citicoline Sodium vs CDP Choline

Citicoline Sodium and CDP Choline (Cytidine Diphosphate Choline) are two forms of the same compound, often used interchangeably. Both serve as sources of choline, a vital nutrient that plays a key role in brain health by supporting the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for memory and cognitive function. Citicoline Sodium, the salt form, is commonly used in supplements and clinical treatments due to its high bioavailability and effectiveness in increasing choline levels in the brain.

CDP Choline is a naturally occurring intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, an essential component of cell membranes. It is particularly important for maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of neuronal membranes. When ingested, CDP Choline is broken down into choline and cytidine, which then cross the blood-brain barrier and are reassembled into phospholipids in the brain. This process supports neuroplasticity and cognitive function, making CDP Choline a popular supplement for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection.

While both Citicoline Sodium and CDP Choline offer similar benefits, there are subtle differences in their pharmacokinetics and clinical applications. Citicoline Sodium is often preferred in clinical settings due to its standardized dosing and consistent effects. It has been extensively studied for its potential to improve cognitive function in conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and age-related cognitive decline. On the other hand, CDP Choline, being the naturally occurring form, may appeal to those looking for a more holistic approach to supplementation. Both forms are generally well-tolerated, with minimal side effects, making them viable options for supporting brain health.

Share This Page

FAQ

What is citicoline used to treat?

Citicoline is used to treat cognitive impairments and neurological conditions, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, age-related cognitive decline, and certain types of dementia. Randomized double-blind placebo studies have explored its effectiveness in these areas. It is also sometimes used as a neuroprotective agent and to support memory and cognitive function, with randomized double-blind placebo trials providing valuable insights into its benefits and efficacy.

Should you take citicoline?

Whether you should take citicoline depends on your specific health needs and conditions. It is often recommended for individuals looking to improve memory and brain function, recover from neurological injuries, or manage conditions like age-related cognitive decline. Citicoline is also considered for its potential to enhance memory and brain function. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

How effective is citicoline?

Citicoline has shown effectiveness in improving cognitive function, particularly in conditions like stroke and age-related cognitive decline. Clinical studies suggest that oral citicoline treatment can enhance memory, attention, and overall brain function. However, the extent of its effectiveness can vary based on individual factors and the specific condition being treated. For those considering oral citicoline treatment, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate approach for their needs.

Can citicoline help with anxiety?

There is limited evidence to suggest that citicoline directly helps with anxiety. While citicoline primarily targets cognitive function and neuroprotection, some users report improved mood and mental clarity, which may indirectly influence anxiety levels. More research is needed to establish a clear link between citicoline and anxiety relief, though citicoline combination therapy might offer additional benefits. While citicoline alone shows promise, combining it with other therapies could potentially enhance its effects on anxiety. Further studies on citicoline combination therapy are needed to understand its role in anxiety management more thoroughly.

What does CDP-choline do for you?

CDP-choline (citicoline) supports cognitive function by providing choline, a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and cytidine, which contributes to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. These components help maintain cell membrane integrity, enhance neuroplasticity, and support memory function and learning processes. By boosting memory function, CDP-choline can improve overall cognitive performance and mental clarity.

Is CDP-choline the same as choline?

CDP-choline is not the same as choline but serves as a precursor to it. CDP-choline provides both choline and cytidine, which can enhance choline levels in the brain. Choline itself is a nutrient essential for the production of acetylcholine and the maintenance of cell membranes. In research conducted by the citicoline stroke study group, CDP-choline has been evaluated for its effectiveness in enhancing cognitive function and recovery in stroke patients. The citicoline dosing in these studies revealed that CDP-choline could potentially aid in neurological recovery by increasing choline levels in the brain. This research highlights the role of CDP-choline in supporting brain health and recovery, emphasizing its benefits beyond just basic choline supplementation. Proper citicoline dosing can play a significant role in optimizing these benefits.

Can you take CDP-choline every day?

CDP-choline is generally considered safe for daily use, especially within recommended dosages. Daily intake can support consistent cognitive function and brain health, which may be particularly beneficial in conditions like experimental brain ischemia. The clinical efficacy of CDP-choline in these contexts is supported by some research, but it’s important to follow dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare provider, particularly if taking other medications or supplements. For those dealing with experimental brain ischemia, CDP-choline might offer additional neuroprotective benefits, and its clinical efficacy in such cases can be a valuable consideration.

Which is better, Alpha GPC or CDP-choline?

Alpha GPC and CDP-choline are both effective sources of choline with slightly different mechanisms. Alpha GPC is known for its high choline content and ability to quickly cross the blood-brain barrier, which can be particularly beneficial for conditions like ischemic brain injury and age-associated memory impairment. CDP-choline, on the other hand, offers additional benefits from cytidine, which supports neuroprotection and cognitive function, making it useful in addressing ischemic brain injury and age-associated memory impairment as well. The choice between the two depends on individual needs and goals, such as a preference for quick choline availability (Alpha GPC) or broader neuroprotective benefits (CDP-choline) for managing ischemic brain injury and age-associated memory impairment.

What are the benefits of CDP-choline?

CDP-choline offers several benefits, including enhanced cognitive function, improved memory, and neuroprotection. It supports the synthesis of phospholipids, crucial for maintaining neuronal cell membranes, and increases acetylcholine levels, which are vital for memory and learning. When considering citicoline dosage, it’s important to follow recommended guidelines to optimize these benefits. It may also aid in recovery from neurological injuries, potentially benefiting individuals with bipolar disorder. While CDP-choline is primarily used for cognitive support, some research suggests it might have a role in managing mood disorders such as bipolar disorder. However, more studies are needed to fully understand its effects on bipolar disorder and its potential as a supplementary treatment. Proper citicoline dosage is key to achieving the desired outcomes while minimizing potential side effects.

When should I take CDP-choline?

CDP-choline can be taken at any time of the day, but it is often recommended to take it in the morning or early afternoon to support cognitive function throughout the day. According to a systematic review of the research, taking CDP-choline with meals can also help improve absorption, especially at dosages around 2,000 mg. This systematic review highlights the benefits of timing and administration, including the effectiveness of a daily dose of 2,000 mg, for optimizing the cognitive effects of CDP-choline. Consistent use of 2,000 mg can enhance the cognitive benefits throughout the day. Additionally, some studies are exploring the potential of citicoline eye drops to deliver cognitive benefits and neuroprotection directly to the eye area. The introduction of citicoline eye drops could offer a new method for accessing these benefits, complementing traditional oral supplementation. It’s worth considering the latest research on citicoline eye drops as part of a comprehensive approach to cognitive health.

What are the benefits of taking citicoline?

The benefits of taking citicoline include improved cognitive function, enhanced memory, and protection against age-related cognitive decline, as demonstrated in several double-blind placebo-controlled studies. It may also aid in the recovery of neurological function following injuries like stroke or traumatic brain injury, with evidence from double-blind placebo-controlled trials supporting its efficacy, including in pediatric patients. Additionally, citicoline has been studied for its potential benefits in managing major depressive disorder, supporting mental clarity, and improving attention and focus, further validated by double-blind placebo-controlled research involving pediatric patients. Research also suggests its positive effects on cognitive function in pediatric patients with neurological conditions.

What is the difference between choline and CDP-choline?

Choline is an essential nutrient involved in various physiological processes, including the synthesis of acetylcholine and cell membrane maintenance. Cognitive and behavioural disturbances can be addressed by ensuring adequate choline intake. CDP-choline, or citicoline, is a compound that provides choline and cytidine, which together support cognitive function and neuroprotection. This can help mitigate cognitive and behavioural disturbances. CDP-choline serves as a more comprehensive source of choline, as it also supplies cytidine for phospholipid synthesis, further supporting cognitive health and reducing the risk of cognitive and behavioural disturbances.

What are the negative side effects of citicoline?

Citicoline is generally well-tolerated, but some individuals may experience mild side effects such as headaches, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, or restlessness. These side effects are typically mild and transient, and while citicoline is used to address cognitive and behavioral disturbances, the side effects are not usually severe. In particular, transient cerebral ischemia can sometimes cause mild side effects that resolve on their own. In cases where cognitive and behavioral disturbances are a concern, it’s essential to monitor for any adverse effects and consult with a healthcare provider if needed. Transient cerebral ischemia might require careful management, but citicoline’s benefits often outweigh these mild effects.

What are the benefits of taking choline?

Taking choline can support cognitive function, improve memory, and enhance brain health by maintaining cell membrane integrity, which is crucial for optimal brain function. For those who prefer a liquid form, citicoline oral solution can be an effective way to supplement choline intake. It also plays a role in liver health by helping to prevent fatty liver disease and supports the nervous system by serving as a precursor to acetylcholine, a critical neurotransmitter essential for effective brain function. Additionally, by supporting overall brain function, citicoline oral solution helps to ensure that both cognitive and neurological processes are functioning smoothly.

What is citicoline CDP-choline used for?

Citicoline CDP-choline is used as a dietary supplement to support cognitive function, enhance memory, and protect against neurological disorders. It is particularly effective in conditions like stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, and age-related cognitive decline. As a dietary supplement, citicoline supplements may also be used as a general nootropic to support mental clarity and focus. For those looking to improve cognitive health, citicoline supplements offer a valuable option for maintaining brain function and overall well-being.

How does citicoline make you feel?

Citicoline may make individuals feel more mentally alert, focused, and clear-headed. Some users report improved mood and energy levels from dietary supplements, although individual responses can vary. Dietary supplements like citicoline are used to support cognitive function, overall well-being, and can have analgesic and antidepressant effects. Additionally, citicoline may support improved motor function, which can contribute to overall daily performance. For those considering dietary supplements, it’s important to note that effects, including any potential analgesic, antidepressant effects, and improved motor function, can differ among individuals.

Who should not take citicoline?

Individuals with a known hypersensitivity to citicoline or any of its components should avoid taking it. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, and those with certain medical conditions affecting brain energy metabolism, should consult a healthcare provider before starting citicoline. Additionally, individuals taking medications that affect brain energy metabolism should seek medical advice to avoid potential interactions. It is also important to consider that the efficacy and safety of citicoline are often assessed in placebo-controlled studies. Individuals should be aware that while citicoline has shown benefits in some placebo-controlled studies, personal health conditions and potential interactions should always be discussed with a healthcare provider. In some cases, the benefits observed in placebo-controlled studies may not translate to all individuals, making professional guidance crucial.

Is citicoline worth taking?

Citicoline is considered worth taking for individuals looking to improve cognitive function, recover from neurological injuries such as acute ischaemic stroke, or manage age-related cognitive decline. Its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties make it a valuable supplement for many. Specifically, for those recovering from acute ischaemic stroke, citicoline can aid in cognitive recovery and neuroprotection. Additionally, its benefits extend to overall brain health, making it a useful supplement for managing the effects of acute ischaemic stroke and other neurological conditions.

Should you take citicoline every day?

Taking citicoline daily can be beneficial for consistent cognitive support and neuroprotection, as evidenced by various randomized controlled trials. Chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters, which play a role in maintaining cell membrane integrity and supporting cognitive function. Notably, citicoline eyedrops reduce progression of cognitive decline, highlighting the compound’s potential in this regard. However, it’s essential to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate regimen for your specific needs. Randomized controlled trials have shown that citicoline can enhance cognitive function and support brain health. Additionally, chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters, further contributing to its neuroprotective effects, and citicoline eyedrops reduce progression of cognitive impairment.

What to avoid when taking citicoline?

When taking oral citicoline, it’s advisable to avoid excessive alcohol consumption, as it may counteract the cognitive benefits. Additionally, individuals should be cautious about combining oral citicoline with other supplements or medications that affect brain chemistry without consulting a healthcare provider. Oral citicoline can interact with certain substances, so it’s essential to discuss any potential interactions with your healthcare provider to ensure safe and effective use. A placebo-controlled study can help determine the true efficacy of citicoline by comparing its effects to a non-active placebo. Furthermore, ensuring the use of citicoline in a controlled manner, as evidenced by a placebo-controlled study, can provide clarity on its benefits versus potential placebo effects. Always consult with a healthcare provider and consider the results from a placebo-controlled study when evaluating the effectiveness of citicoline for your needs.

What is a common side effect of citicoline?

A common side effect of citicoline, as observed in a placebo-controlled clinical trial involving acute ischemic stroke patients, is mild gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea or diarrhea. Other possible side effects, reported during a placebo-controlled clinical trial with acute ischemic stroke patients, include headaches and insomnia, though these are generally mild and infrequent. The findings from a placebo-controlled clinical trial suggest that these side effects are typically manageable and do not affect most acute ischemic stroke patients.

Is CDP-choline the same as citicoline sodium?

Yes, CDP-choline and citicoline sodium refer to the same compound, with citicoline sodium being the salt form of CDP-choline. Both provide choline and cytidine to support cognitive function and brain health. In a randomized dose response trial, citicoline, also known as CDP-choline, has shown promise in the treatment of acute stroke by helping protect brain cells from damage. In the context of acute stroke, citicoline sodium has demonstrated improvements in recovery outcomes through its role in repairing damaged neurons. Additionally, citicoline eyedrops reduce the progression of certain visual impairments, and a randomized dose response trial has highlighted CDP-choline’s neuroprotective benefits. Citicoline eyedrops support overall eye health, making them a valuable option for managing visual conditions.

Should I take choline or citicoline?

The choice between choline and oral CDP choline depends on your specific goals. Oral CDP choline offers additional benefits from cytidine, which supports phospholipid synthesis and neuroprotection. According to a randomized controlled clinical trial, choline is a basic nutrient essential for various physiological functions. Oral CDP choline may be a better choice for those seeking cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective benefits, as evidenced by findings from another randomized controlled clinical trial. Ultimately, the most suitable option can vary based on individual needs and goals, as highlighted in various randomized controlled clinical trials.

What is the best form of choline to take?

The best form of choline depends on the individual’s needs. Citicoline and Alpha GPC are popular for cognitive enhancement, especially in cases of mild vascular cognitive impairment, due to their high bioavailability and effectiveness in crossing the blood-brain barrier. Phosphatidylcholine is another good option for general health, particularly liver function, and may also provide support for individuals with mild vascular cognitive impairment. For those specifically concerned with brain health and preventing conditions like mild vascular cognitive impairment, these forms of choline can be especially beneficial, as evidenced by a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Moreover, the benefits of these choline sources are often assessed in randomized placebo-controlled trials to ensure their effectiveness. For accurate results and recommendations, it is crucial to rely on evidence from well-conducted randomized placebo-controlled trials.

What is the generic name for citicoline sodium?

The generic name for citicoline sodium is citicoline, also known as CDP-choline (Cytidine Diphosphate Choline). Clinical trials have studied citicoline extensively, demonstrating its benefits for cognitive function and neuroprotection, particularly in chronic cerebral disorders. These trials have explored its potential as a prescription drug for various neurological conditions, including chronic cerebral disorders. The results of these clinical trials highlight the effectiveness of citicoline in treating such conditions. As a result, clinical trials continue to explore new potential uses and applications of this compound, including its development as a prescription drug for chronic cerebral disorders.

Reference

Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline improves memory and learning functions in elderly subjects.” European Journal of Neurology, 1999;6(4):275-280. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.1999.640275.x. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10457395.

Citicoline improves memory and learning functions in elderly subjects
This study investigated the effects of citicoline supplementation on memory in healthy elderly individuals with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). In a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 100 participants, those who received citicoline showed significant improvements in episodic and composite memory compared to placebo. The findings suggest that citicoline may be a safe and effective dietary supplement for improving memory performance in aging populations.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349115/.
McGlade E, et al. “Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy.” NMR in Biomedicine, 2012;25(8):849-854. doi:10.1002/nbm.1801. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246650.

Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy
This study investigated the effects of citicoline supplementation on brain energy metabolism and membrane synthesis in the frontal lobe, finding significant increases in phosphocreatine, ATP, and membrane phospholipids after six weeks. The results suggest that citicoline may improve cognitive function in aging by enhancing brain bioenergetics and membrane turnover.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18816480/.
Gareri P, et al. “Citicoline in vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2015;359(1-2):180-187. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.10.003. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26499880.

Citicoline in vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia
This study investigated the effects of citicoline supplementation on brain energy metabolism and membrane synthesis in the frontal lobe, finding significant increases in phosphocreatine, ATP, and membrane phospholipids after six weeks. The results suggest that citicoline may improve cognitive function in aging by enhancing brain bioenergetics and membrane turnover.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21164117/.
Secades JJ, et al. “Citicoline in ischemic stroke: from bench to bedside.” CNS Drugs, 2006;20(7):577-597. doi:10.2165/00023210-200620070-00005. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16800705.

Citicoline in ischemic stroke: from bench to bedside
This systematic review assessed the efficacy of citicoline in treating acute ischemic stroke, comparing it with placebo. It found that citicoline was associated with a higher rate of independence, especially in patients not treated with rtPA. However, when combined with rtPA, the benefit of citicoline was limited.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27234918/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Neuroprotective effect of citicoline on brain glutathione levels in aging rats.” Neurochemistry International, 2000;36(7):521-528. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(99)00129-5. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708988.

Neuroprotective effect of citicoline on brain glutathione levels in aging rats
This systematic review assessed the efficacy of citicoline in treating acute ischemic stroke, comparing it with placebo. It found that citicoline was associated with a higher rate of independence, especially in patients not treated with rtPA. However, when combined with rtPA, the benefit of citicoline was limited.

You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548481/.
Alvarez-Sabín J, et al. “Citicoline in vascular cognitive impairment.” Neurología, 2011;26(7):428-433. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.01.007. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680280.

Citicoline in vascular cognitive impairment
The IDEALE study, an open multicenter Italian trial, assessed the effectiveness and safety of oral citicoline in elderly patients with mild vascular cognitive impairment. Conducted on 349 patients, the study found that citicoline significantly improved Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores compared to the control group, with no differences in ADL and IADL scores or adverse events. Citicoline was well tolerated and showed potential benefits for brain metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, and neuroprotection, suggesting its use for mild vascular cognitive impairment.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569046/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline reduces amyloid-beta levels and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patients.” Neurology, 2010;74(9):683-690. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d3e8c8. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20065140.

Citicoline reduces amyloid-beta levels and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patients
This study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed research from 2010 to 2022 on citicoline’s effects on cognitive performance, finding it improved cognitive status in patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and post-stroke dementia. However, the overall quality of the studies was poor, with a significant risk of bias.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9866349/.
Gareri P, et al. “Citicoline improves cognitive function in patients with vascular cognitive impairment.” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2005;20(5):507-515. doi:10.1002/gps.1300. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15852435.

Citicoline improves cognitive function in patients with vascular cognitive impairment
This study evaluated the safety and potential efficacy of citicoline in preventing poststroke cognitive decline in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. In an open-label, randomized study, patients receiving citicoline (1 g/day for 12 months) showed better outcomes in attention-executive functions and temporal orientation compared to controls, suggesting citicoline may be effective in improving poststroke cognitive function. The treatment was well-tolerated, with similar discontinuation rates between groups. The findings indicate that citicoline may be a promising therapy for enhancing recovery after stroke, warranting further clinical trials.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406981/.
Zafonte R, et al. “Citicoline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” JAMA, 2012;308(19):1993-2000. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13264. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168823.

Citicoline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
The Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment Trial (COBRIT) was a phase 3, double-blind randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of citicoline versus placebo on functional and cognitive outcomes in patients with complicated mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study found no significant difference between the citicoline and placebo groups in terms of functional and cognitive improvement at 90 and 180 days, indicating that citicoline did not improve outcomes for TBI patients.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23168823/.
Adibhatla RM, et al. “Citicoline’s role in brain lipid metabolism.” CNS Drugs, 2002;16(8):603-614. doi:10.2165/00023210-200216080-00004. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12166980.

Citicoline’s role in brain lipid metabolism
Exogenously supplied citicoline benefits cellular functions by supporting membrane formation and repair through phospholipid synthesis and preventing degradation. It is rapidly absorbed, resynthesized, and utilized in brain cells, where it mitigates ischemic and hypoxic damage, and supports neuronal function. Citicoline’s benefits extend to conditions like head trauma, Parkinson’s disease, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and more, enhancing membrane maintenance and neuronal function.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7869846/
Secades JJ, et al. “Citicoline for cognitive impairment.” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2012;27(6):557-563. doi:10.1002/gps.2744. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102191.

Citicoline for cognitive impairment
This review examined studies on citicoline’s effects on cognitive performance, revealing positive outcomes across seven studies involving patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, or post-stroke dementia. However, the overall quality of these studies was poor, with a significant risk of bias favoring citicoline.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678257/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline for the treatment of cognitive decline.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2011;27(1):191-202. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-110354. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876240.

Citicoline for the treatment of cognitive decline
The manuscript reviews citicoline’s efficacy in treating mild cognitive impairment (MCI), particularly of vascular origin, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Citicoline, a combination of cytidine and choline, has shown consistent cognitive improvement in MCI and offers benefits for various dementias, stroke sequelae, and traumatic brain injuries. It is well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile and demonstrates promising neuroprotective effects.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9936398/.
Garcia-Cobos R, et al. “Citicoline in vascular dementia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” Stroke, 2002;33(1):253-258. doi:10.1161/hs0102.101309. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779894.

Citicoline in vascular dementia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
A systematic review of studies from 2010 to 2022 found that citicoline appears to improve cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, or post-stroke dementia. Despite generally positive effects in the meta-analysis, the quality of the studies was poor, with significant risk of bias, indicating the need for further research to confirm citicoline’s clinical efficacy.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9866349/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” European Journal of Neurology, 1999;6(3):271-275. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.1999.630271.x. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10394434.

Citicoline treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 30 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease were treated with citicoline (1,000 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Citicoline improved cognitive performance, increased cerebral blood flow, and enhanced brain bioelectrical activity compared to placebo, especially in patients with mild dementia or the APOE E4 allele. The treatment was well-tolerated with no significant side effects or changes in blood parameters, suggesting citicoline as a potentially effective and safe option for Alzheimer’s disease.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10669911/.
Parnetti L, et al. “Citicoline in vascular cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” Neurology, 2007;69(13):1209-1215. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000276993.89133.a3. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898318.

Citicoline in vascular cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a stage between normal aging and dementia, with vascular cognitive impairment stemming from vascular disease. Citicoline, a compound made of cytidine and choline, is a treatment option showing consistent cognitive improvement in MCI, particularly of vascular origin, and has beneficial effects on various types of dementia, stroke sequelae, and neurodegenerative diseases. It is well-tolerated, safe, and demonstrates neuroprotective properties.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9936398/.
Grieb P. “Citicoline: A review of pharmacological and clinical effects.” Advances in Therapy, 2014;31(2):196-217. doi:10.1007/s12325-014-0091-3. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24487967.

Citicoline: A review of pharmacological and clinical effects
This review updates the 2016 citicoline pharmacological and clinical analysis by including 176 new references and consolidates essential information on its use for acute stroke, cognitive impairment, and traumatic brain injury, highlighting key experimental and clinical data.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548481/.
Silveri MM, et al. “Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics and alters behavior in abstinent cocaine users: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.” Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008;33(11):2724-2732. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301679. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305451.

Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics and alters behavior in abstinent cocaine users: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
This study investigated the effects of citicoline supplementation on memory disturbances in older adults and Alzheimer’s patients by analyzing phosphorus metabolites in the frontal lobe using MRS. After 6 weeks of treatment with either 500 mg or 2000 mg of citicoline, significant increases were observed in phosphocreatine, ATP, and phosphocreatine-to-inorganic phosphate ratio, along with changes in membrane phospholipids. The lower dose showed greater effects, suggesting citicoline enhances brain bioenergetics and membrane synthesis, potentially aiding cognitive function in aging.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18816480/.
Conant R, et al. “Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging.” Journal of Aging and Health, 2012;24(2):267-284. doi:10.1177/0898264311428162. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184377.

Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging
A study tested citicoline’s effects on verbal memory in older adults using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. In the initial study, citicoline improved delayed recall in participants with poor memory. A follow-up crossover study found that a higher dose of citicoline enhanced both immediate and delayed memory. These results suggest that citicoline could be effective in treating age-related cognitive decline.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8624220/.
Clark WM, et al. “Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and citicoline combination therapy in ischemic stroke: an analysis of clinical efficacy and safety.” Stroke, 1997;28(10):2030-2035. doi:10.1161/01.STR.28.10.2030. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368574.

Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and citicoline combination therapy in ischemic stroke: an analysis of clinical efficacy and safety
This study evaluated the effect of citicoline on verbal memory in older adults using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Initial results showed that citicoline improved delayed recall in individuals with poor memory, while a follow-up crossover study found that a higher dose of citicoline enhanced both immediate and delayed memory. The findings suggest citicoline could be effective for age-related cognitive decline.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8624220/.
Hurtado O, et al. “Citicoline protects against cell death in focal cerebral ischemia.” NeuroReport, 2000;11(18):3871-3874. doi:10.1097/00001756-200012180-00005. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11117531.

Citicoline protects against cell death in focal cerebral ischemia
This review updates the 2016 report on citicoline, adding 176 new references and consolidating key data on its use for acute stroke, cognitive impairment, and traumatic brain injury, highlighting both experimental and clinical evidence.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548481/.
Secades JJ, Lorenzo JL. “Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update.” Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 2006;28 Suppl B:1-56. PMID: 17171187.

Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update

Citicoline (CDP-choline) is a compound crucial for synthesizing phosphatidylcholine in cell membranes, including in the brain. It improves cognitive function and brain metabolism by increasing neurotransmitter levels, enhancing neuroplasticity, and providing neuroprotection. Citicoline is well-absorbed and crosses the blood-brain barrier effectively. It shows potential in treating cerebral vascular diseases, head trauma, cognitive disorders, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, and certain visual disorders, with no serious side effects reported.
You can read the full article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17171187/.
Gareri P, et al. “Citicoline and cognitive decline: a review of clinical trials.” Journal of Neurology, 2001;248 Suppl 1: 111-114. doi:10.1007/PL00007856. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11760052.

Citicoline and cognitive decline: a review of clinical trials
Citicoline, a natural choline source crucial for acetylcholine biosynthesis, shows promise in enhancing neuroplasticity and aiding cognitive impairment, especially related to vascular conditions. Recent studies reveal its good absorption and high bioavailability, with effects on cognitive functions and increased SIRT1 expression. Both oral and intravenous forms have demonstrated safety and efficacy, though further large-scale trials are needed to confirm its benefits.
You can read the full article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26366063/.
Álvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline enhances neuroplasticity and recovery in stroke patients.” Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2009;23(1):81-87. doi:10.1177/1545968308317430. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509221.

Citicoline enhances neuroplasticity and recovery in stroke patients
Advances in acute stroke therapy, including thrombolytic treatment, endovascular procedures, and stroke units, have improved survival and prognosis, but many patients still suffer significant motor and cognitive deficits. Research focuses on neuroprotection and neurorepair to enhance recovery. Citicoline has shown therapeutic effects in acute ischemic stroke, improving cognitive decline and functional recovery, and is well-tolerated for long-term use, promoting neurogenesis and neurorepair.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061873/.
Adibhatla RM, et al. “Citicoline (CDP-choline) in stroke and other CNS disorders.” Neurochemical Research, 2002;27(3):181-194. doi:10.1023/A:1014875204531. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11900891.

Citicoline (CDP-choline) in stroke and other CNS disorders
Brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels are regulated by synthesis and hydrolysis, with pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 promoting PC breakdown and inhibiting its synthesis, potentially disrupting PC homeostasis in conditions like brain ischemia. CDP-choline may counteract these effects, showing promise as a safe treatment in stroke by modulating cytokine and lipid metabolism.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1934404/.
Conant R, Schauss AG. “Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2004;9(1):17-31. PMID: 15005642.

Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature
Citicoline, a form of choline, shows potential clinical efficacy in improving cognitive deficits, memory inefficiency, and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. It has also been studied for stroke therapy, though results are inconclusive. Citicoline supports acetylcholine and phospholipid synthesis, easily crosses the blood-brain barrier, and demonstrates cholinergic and neuroprotective actions. It may enhance neuronal membrane integrity and function, with studies addressing its safety, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15005642/.
Araki T, et al. “Neuroprotective effects of citicoline in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.” Journal of Neural Transmission, 2006;113(9):1307-1319. doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0461-6. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16341579.

Neuroprotective effects of citicoline in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats
Citicoline (CDP-choline) is an intermediate in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis that shows neuroprotective effects in CNS injury models, including cerebral ischemia. This study found that citicoline reduces infarct size, decreases glutamate levels, preserves ATP levels, and increases glutamate uptake in both in vivo and in vitro ischemia models, suggesting novel mechanisms for its neuroprotective properties.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15686962/
Lapi D, et al. “Citicoline and Alzheimer’s disease: An overview.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2007;257(1-2):150-153. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.02.004. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433536.

Citicoline and Alzheimer’s disease: An overview
The article reviews studies on the combination treatment of Alzheimer’s and mixed dementia with citicoline, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and memantine, highlighting potential benefits in slowing cognitive decline and suggesting further open, prospective studies for confirmation.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34939548/.
Raskin S, et al. “A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of citicoline in the treatment of major depressive disorder.” The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012;15(5):669-676. doi:10.1017/S1461145711000959. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791173.

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of citicoline in the treatment of major depressive disorder
A study on 50 patients with major depressive disorder found that citicoline, used as an adjuvant therapy with citalopram, significantly improved depressive symptoms and increased remission rates compared to a placebo.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28085707/.
Secades JJ, et al. “Citicoline in the treatment of cognitive impairment.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2002;203-204:221-225. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00283-5. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409158.

Citicoline in the treatment of cognitive impairment
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia, often associated with vascular disease. Citicoline, a supplement composed of cytidine and choline, has shown consistent improvements in cognitive function, particularly in vascular MCI, and benefits in various neurodegenerative conditions. It is well-tolerated, safe, and demonstrates neuroprotective properties.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36818199/.
Alvarez-Sabín J, et al. “Long-term treatment of citicoline may improve post-stroke recovery.” Cerebrovascular Diseases, 2006;21(4):322-329. doi:10.1159/000091226. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484815.

Long-term treatment of citicoline may improve post-stroke recovery
A study investigated the safety and potential efficacy of citicoline in preventing cognitive decline after a first-ever ischemic stroke. In a randomized, open-label trial, 347 patients received either citicoline (1 g/day) for 12 months or usual treatment. Results showed that citicoline-treated patients had better outcomes in attention-executive functions and temporal orientation at 6 and 12 months compared to controls. The treatment was well-tolerated, with no significant adverse effects. Citicoline may be a promising option for improving recovery after stroke, but larger trials are needed to confirm its benefits.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406981/.
Saver JL. “Citicoline: update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair.” Reviews in Neurological Diseases, 2008;5(4):167-177. PMID: 19122569.

Citicoline: update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair
Choline precursors, particularly citicoline, show promise in treating neurologic diseases like stroke by promoting cell membrane repair and neuroprotection. While individual human trials have been inconclusive, a meta-analysis suggests reduced death and disability rates. Further studies using modern methods are ongoing to clarify its effects.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19122569/.
Grieb P. “Neuroprotective properties of citicoline: facts, doubts and unresolved issues.” CNS Drugs, 2014;28(3):185-193. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0141-6. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24522443.

Neuroprotective properties of citicoline: facts, doubts and unresolved issues
Citicoline, a pharmaceutical substance identical to a natural phospholipid precursor, undergoes hydrolysis to cytidine and choline upon ingestion or injection, which then resynthesize CDP-choline in the brain. While it shows neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of brain ischemia and trauma, recent clinical trials found no benefits for ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury, though it may aid in neurodegenerative disorders like glaucoma and mild vascular cognitive impairment. The pharmacological mechanisms of citicoline remain inadequately described, and it is suggested that intact citicoline or its intermediates might be pharmacologically active.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24504829/.
Álvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline treatment enhances neuroplasticity and recovery in stroke patients.” Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2009;23(1):81-87. doi:10.1177/1545968308317430. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509221.

Citicoline treatment enhances neuroplasticity and recovery in stroke patients
Advances in stroke therapy have improved survival and prognosis, but many patients still face high mortality and significant disability due to limited access to advanced treatments. Research is now focusing on neuroprotection and neurorepair to reduce brain damage and enhance recovery. Citicoline has shown promise in improving cognitive decline and functional recovery in stroke patients by supporting neurogenesis and neurorepair, with long-term use proving safe and effective.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061873/.
Álvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline’s neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.” CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 2013;19(4):235-244. doi:10.1111/cns.12063. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23336232.

Citicoline’s neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
A review of studies from 2010 to 2022 on citicoline’s impact on cognitive performance found that it positively affects cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, or post-stroke dementia. Despite these promising results, the overall quality of the studies was poor, with a high risk of bias. Data from six studies included in the meta-analysis showed varying improvements in cognitive status, but the general evidence remains inconclusive.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9866349/.
Álvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline treatment in ischemic stroke: a review of clinical trials.” CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 2012;18(3):217-227. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00245.x. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848887.

Citicoline treatment in ischemic stroke: a review of clinical trials
A systematic review of ten randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials found that citicoline, when administered within 14 days after an acute ischemic stroke, significantly increased the rate of patient independence compared to placebo, especially in those not treated with rtPA and given high doses within the first 24 hours. However, its benefit is limited when combined with optimal rtPA treatment.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27234918/.
Álvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline improves cognitive function in elderly patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease.” Neurology, 2003;60(1):73-77. doi:10.1212/WNL.60.1.73. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12525720.

Citicoline improves cognitive function in elderly patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition between normal aging and dementia, with vascular cognitive impairment being a subset caused by vascular disease. Citicoline, a supplement combining cytidine and choline, shows promise in improving cognitive function for MCI, particularly of vascular origin, and other neurodegenerative conditions. Evidence suggests citicoline is effective, safe, and well-tolerated, offering neuroprotective benefits and improvement across various types of cognitive impairments and brain injuries.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9936398/.
Álvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline treatment in traumatic brain injury: clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action.” CNS Drugs, 2002;16(7):459-469. doi:10.2165/00023210-200216070-00001. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12166625.

Citicoline treatment in traumatic brain injury: clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a severe type of head injury with significant morbidity. Neuroprotection, including the use of citicoline, is a promising treatment for TBI. Citicoline, known for its favorable biochemical and pharmacological properties, has been shown in studies to potentially accelerate recovery and improve outcomes in TBI patients while maintaining an excellent safety profile.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8146347/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline improves cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2013;333(1-2):155-160. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.019. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23953130.

Citicoline improves cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis
In relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS), autoreactive immune cells damage myelin sheaths, but remissions allow for myelin repair. Current disease-modifying therapies mostly focus on reducing damage and are highly toxic, while enhancing repair remains an unmet need. Citicoline, a nootropic and neuroprotective supplement, has shown promise in improving myelin repair in rodent models and enhancing visual evoked potentials in glaucoma patients, suggesting its potential benefit for remyelination in MS despite its over-the-counter status.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8066453/.
Adibhatla RM, et al. “Citicoline enhances phospholipid metabolism and supports brain repair.” Journal of Neurochemistry, 2006;98(3):824-836. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03919.x. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16817869.

Citicoline enhances phospholipid metabolism and supports brain repair
This review updates a 2016 analysis of citicoline, incorporating 176 new references to consolidate information on its main uses, such as for acute stroke, cognitive impairment, and traumatic brain injury. It includes key experimental and clinical data on the drug’s effects on conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and brain injury, while also covering various related topics like neuroprotection and memory.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548481/.
Conant R, et al. “Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging.” Journal of Aging and Health, 2012;24(2):267-284. doi:10.1177/0898264311428162. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184377.

Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging
The study aimed to assess the effects of citicoline on verbal memory in older adults. Initially, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found that citicoline improved delayed recall in participants with poor memory. A subsequent crossover study showed that a higher dosage of citicoline enhanced both immediate and delayed verbal memory. Overall, citicoline appeared to benefit verbal memory in older adults with memory inefficiencies and may help address age-related cognitive decline.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8624220/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline improves memory and learning functions in elderly subjects.” European Journal of Neurology, 1999;6(4):275-280. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.1999.640275.x. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10457395.

Citicoline improves memory and learning functions in elderly subjects
A study investigating citicoline (Cognizin®) supplementation in 100 healthy older adults with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) found that after 12 weeks, those taking citicoline showed significantly greater improvements in episodic and overall memory compared to a placebo group. The results suggest that citicoline is both safe and potentially beneficial for enhancing memory performance in this population.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349115/.
Clark WM, et al. “Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and citicoline combination therapy in ischemic stroke: an analysis of clinical efficacy and safety.” Stroke, 1997;28(10):2030-2035. doi:10.1161/01.STR.28.10.2030. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368574.

Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and citicoline combination therapy in ischemic stroke: an analysis of clinical efficacy and safety
The ATLANTIS study, a phase 3 clinical trial, tested rt-PA for acute ischemic stroke administered between 3 and 5 hours after symptom onset. Results showed no significant benefit in recovery at 90 days compared to placebo, and an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage with rt-PA. Therefore, the study concluded that rt-PA should not be used beyond the 3-hour window for stroke treatment.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10591384/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline enhances neuroplasticity and recovery in stroke patients.” Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2009;23(1):81-87. doi:10.1177/1545968308317430. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509221.

Citicoline enhances neuroplasticity and recovery in stroke patients
A study evaluated the effects of citicoline (Rischiaril® Forte) on brain function in patients with acute ischemic stroke by measuring intracortical excitability through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). While no significant changes in clinical scores were observed, citicoline treatment notably improved short-interval intracortical inhibition (SAI), suggesting it may help restore certain brain functions related to cholinergic transmission after stroke.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35923827/.
Hurtado O, et al. “Citicoline protects against cell death in focal cerebral ischemia.” NeuroReport, 2000;11(18):3871-3874. doi:10.1097/00001756-200012180-00005. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11117531.

Citicoline protects against cell death in focal cerebral ischemia
This review updates the 2016 overview of citicoline with 176 new references, consolidating key information on its use for acute stroke, cognitive impairment, and traumatic brain injury. It includes significant experimental and clinical data on its effects related to neuroprotection, neurorepair, and cognitive disorders.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10548481/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Long-term treatment with citicoline may improve post-stroke recovery.” Cerebrovascular Diseases, 2006;21(4):322-329. doi:10.1159/000091226. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484815.

Long-term treatment with citicoline may improve post-stroke recovery
A study assessed the safety and efficacy of citicoline in preventing cognitive decline after a first-ever ischemic stroke. Patients treated with citicoline for 12 months showed improved outcomes in attention-executive functions and temporal orientation compared to those receiving usual treatment, with similar rates of adverse events and discontinuation. Citicoline appears to be a safe and potentially beneficial treatment for cognitive recovery post-stroke, though further large-scale trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406981/.
Gareri P, et al. “Citicoline in the treatment of cognitive impairment.” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2005;20(5):507-515. doi:10.1002/gps.1300. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15852435.

Citicoline in the treatment of cognitive impairment
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate condition between normal aging and dementia, with vascular cognitive impairment linked to vascular disease. Citicoline (CDP-Choline), a natural compound used as a supplement, shows promise in improving cognitive function for MCI, particularly of vascular origin, and in various neurodegenerative conditions. It is well-tolerated, safe, and has demonstrated neuroprotective benefits.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36818199/.
Saver JL. “Citicoline: update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair.” Reviews in Neurological Diseases, 2008;5(4):167-177. PMID: 19122569.

Citicoline: update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair
Choline precursors, especially citicoline, are known for supporting cell membrane repair and growth and show potential in treating neurological diseases like stroke. Citicoline, widely used and recently available as a dietary supplement in the U.S., has demonstrated neuroprotection and enhanced neuroplasticity in experimental models. Although individual stroke trials have had mixed results, meta-analysis suggests citicoline may reduce death and disability rates in patients. Further research using advanced neuroimaging and clinical trial methods is expected to clarify its effectiveness.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19122569/.
Zafonte R, et al. “Citicoline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” JAMA, 2012;308(19):1993-2000. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13264. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168823.

Citicoline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
The Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment Trial (COBRIT) assessed the impact of citicoline on functional and cognitive outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) through a 90-day regimen. The study, involving 1213 patients across 8 US trauma centers, found no significant difference in improvement between those receiving citicoline and those receiving a placebo. Both groups showed similar rates of functional and cognitive improvement, suggesting that citicoline does not enhance recovery in TBI patients.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23168823/.
Conant R, Schauss AG. “Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature.” Alternative Medicine Review, 2004;9(1):17-31. PMID: 15005642.

Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature
Citicoline (CDP-choline) shows potential for improving cognitive function and memory in the elderly and early-stage Alzheimer’s patients, as well as for stroke therapy, though trial results are mixed. As a choline donor, it supports acetylcholine synthesis and neuronal membrane repair. Citicoline is well-absorbed and crosses the blood-brain barrier effectively, with evidence from both animal and human studies suggesting its neuroprotective benefits. The review summarizes citicoline’s efficacy, safety, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics.
You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15005642/.
Alvarez XA, et al. “Citicoline reduces amyloid-beta levels and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patients.” Neurology, 2010;74(9):683-690. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d3e8c8. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20065140.

Citicoline reduces amyloid-beta levels and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patients
A systematic review of studies from 2010 to 2022 found that citicoline appears to positively impact cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, or post-stroke dementia. Despite showing improvement in cognitive status with varied effect sizes, the studies were of poor quality and had significant risk of bias.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9866349/.

Other Peptides

ACE-031

Argireline + Leuphasyl

Aniracetam

Bremelanotide

Ginsenoside Rg3

Success Stories

before after

At the age of 60, I look and feel better than I ever have in my entire life! Switching my health program and hormone replacement therapy regimen over to Genemedics was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made in my life! Genemedics and Dr George have significantly improved my quality of life and also dramatically improved my overall health. I hav...
Nick Cassavetes ,60 yrs old Movie Director (“The Notebook”, “John Q”, “Alpha Dog”), Actor and Writer

See All Men’s Testimonials

Before After

I am now in my mid-sixties and feel better than I did in my 20’s. Many people have commented that I actually look 20 years younger since I started the program at Genemedics. Calling Dr. George has proven to be one of the best decisions I have made in my life. Doctors and society convince us that developing various health issues and negative sy...
Pamela Hill ,66 yrs old

See All Women’s Testimonials

Call 800-277-4041 for a Free Consultation

What to expect during your consultation:

Usually takes 15-30 minutes
Completely confidential
No obligation to purchase anything
We will discuss your symptoms along with your health and fitness goals
Free post-consult access for any additional questions you may have

Genemedics® Health Institute is a global premier institute dedicated to revolutionizing health and medicine through healthy lifestyle education, guidance and accountability in harmony with functional medicine. Our physician-supervised health programs are personally customized to help you reach your health and fitness goals while looking and feeling better than ever.

280 North Old Woodward Ave. Suite 210 Birmingham MI 48009,USA

800-277-4041

info@genemedics.com