Health Benefits of Aniracetam

Improves cognitive function Improves mood Boosts energy levels Treats alcohol addiction Improves sleep pattern and quality Fights stress Improves sexual health

How does Aniracetam Improve Mood?

Studies show that aniracetam may help improve overall mood through its potent antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects. In mice, aniracetam appears to exert potent anti-anxiety properties, which may be mediated by an interaction between cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. In rats, aniracetam acted more effectively at alleviating depression in subjects with brain dysfunction caused by aging. In rats, aniracetam exerted its antidepressant effect by modulating the activity of the AMPA receptor. In rats, aniracetam reduced submissive behavior, which is indicative of antidepressant activity. In animals, aniracetam administration reduced depressive symptoms related to mental disorders. In elderly patients suffering from mild to moderate cognitive impairment, aniracetam treatment resulted in significant improvement in psychobehavioral parameters.

How does Aniracetam Boosts Energy Levels?

Aniracetam may help boost energy levels through its beneficial effects on energy metabolism: Rat studies have shown that aniracetam prevents the disturbance of brain energy metabolism such as a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main source of energy of cells. In one study, researchers found that repeated aniracetam administration in rats resulted in significant improvements in a series of tests assessing motivation and task performance.

How does Aniracetam Treats Alcohol Addiction?

There is increasing evidence that aniracetam may help fight alcohol addiction: Rat studies demonstrated that aniracetam targets specific brain regions involved in alcohol-seeking behavior, thereby reducing alcohol urge. The dopamine-boosting effect of aniracetam may also play a role in reducing alcohol addiction since dopamine deficiency is associated with strong alcohol urge.

How does Aniracetam Improve Sleep Pattern and Quality?

With its brain-boosting effects, aniracetam may also be beneficial in improving sleep pattern and quality. The following studies support the benefits of aniracetam in various sleeping difficulties: In patients with insomnia, aniracetam supplementation induced a hypnotic effect and was associated with longer sleep duration and deep sleep. In patients with insomnia related to cerebrovascular and noncerebrovascular disorders, aniracetam administration was associated with more than 50% prolongation of sleeping time. In stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats with impaired sleeping patterns, oral doses of aniracetam at 30 mg/kg per day increased rapid eye movement (REM), one of the deepest phases of sleep. In stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, aniracetam could be useful in improving REM sleep impairment associated with vascular dementia.

Does aniracetam Improve Sexual Health?

Aniracetam has also been shown to exert beneficial effects on sexual health: Numerous studies show that one of the major causes of sexual dysfunction in men and women is dopamine deficiency, and that restoration of this neurotransmitter to normal levels leads to significant improvements in erections, sexual desire and performance.

Aniracetam

Q: How does Aniracetam Improve Cognitive Function?

An overwhelming body of high-quality studies supports the therapeutic benefits of aniracetam on the brain. According to these studies, aniracetam exerts its brain-boosting effects through the following important mechanisms.

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Potential Benefits of Aniracetam
What is Aniracetam?
How Aniracetam Works?
Chemical Structure of Aniracetam
Research on Aniracetam
Associated Side Effects of Aniracetam
References

Potential Benefits of Aniracetam

Improves cognitive function [1-26]
Improves mood [27-33]
Boosts energy levels [34-35]
Treats alcohol addiction [36-42]
Improves sleep pattern and quality [43-46]
Fights stress [47-48]
Improves sexual health [49-52]

What is Aniracetam?

Aniracetam is a nootropic compound that belongs to the family of racetam compounds. It’s known as a nootropic compound because it has the ability to enhance a number of cognitive functions including memory, concentration, mental endurance, focus, visual perception, and other thinking skills.

How Aniracetam Works?

Aniracetam is a type of nootropic drugs which primarily works as a stimulant and brain enhancer. It works on part of the brain neuron called AMPA receptor. AMPA receptors help signals move quickly between neurons. By stimulating these receptors, memory, concentration, and alertness are improved.

Chemical Structure of Aniracetam

Research on Aniracetam

Improves Cognitive Function

An overwhelming body of high quality studies supports the therapeutic benefits of aniracetam on the brain. According to these studies, aniracetam exerts its brain-boosting effects through the following important mechanisms:

In rats, aniracetam increased the release of the neurotransmitter (brain chemical) acetylcholine, which is critical for various brain functions such as learning and memory. [1-4]
In rats, aniracetam also increased the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine (plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior) and serotonin (affects memory). [5-7]
In rats, aniracetam enhanced the transmission of electrical signals in the hippocampus, a small region of the brain involved in learning and memory. [8]
In elderly patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment due to senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, aniracetam administration at a dose of 1500 mg/day alleviated memory damage and learning impairments caused by various traumas at 4 and 6 months of treatment. [9]
In patients with cognitive impairment, aniracetam prevented further cognitive decline at 6 months of treatment. [10]
Aniracetam modulated the activity of the AMPA receptor, which mediates fast transmission of electrical signals in the central nervous system. [11-13]
In rat brains, aniracetam boosted the levels of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline or also known as norepinephrine, which enhances cognitive function during stressful situations. [14]
In rats, aniracetam enhanced the transmission of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is necessary to fine-tune communication between nerve cells (neurons). [15]
In rats, aniracetam can potentially reverse neurological changes or alleviate symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. [16-17]
In rats, aniracetam administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg bodyweight alleviated some cognitive deficits in the hippocampus caused by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). [18]
In rats, oral aniracetam administration at doses of 10-100 mg/kg reversed cognitive impairment. [19]
In aged rats and middle-aged mice, aniracetam increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that promotes the survival of nerve cells in the brain. [20]
In patients with cognitive impairment, aniracetam was shown to be effective and well tolerated. [21]
In patients with cognitive impairments, aniracetam was shown to be a promising option for cognitive deficit of mild severity. [22]
In rats, aniracetam was effective in treating cognitive impairments induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI). [23]
In rodents, aniracetam reduced the severity of impaired cognitive functions. [24]
In elderly patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT), aniracetam was effective in treating the symptoms of the condition. [25]
In mice, aniracetam was shown to play a role in treating senile dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. [26]

Improves Mood

Studies show that aniracetam may help improve overall mood through its potent antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects.

In mice, aniracetam appears to exert potent anti-anxiety properties, which may be mediated by an interaction between cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. [27]
In rats, aniracetam acted more effectively at alleviating depression in subjects with brain dysfunction caused by aging. [28]
In rats, aniracetam exerted its antidepressant effect by modulating the activity of the AMPA receptor. [29-30]
In rats, aniracetam reduced submissive behavior, which is indicative of antidepressant activity. [31]
In animals, aniracetam administration reduced depressive symptoms related to mental disorders. [32]
In elderly patients suffering from mild to moderate cognitive impairment, aniracetam treatment resulted in significant improvement in psychobehavioral parameters. [33]

Boosts Energy Levels

Aniracetam may help boost energy levels through its beneficial effects on energy metabolism:

Rat studies have shown that aniracetam prevents the disturbance of brain energy metabolism such as a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main source of energy of cells. [34]
In one study, researchers found that repeated aniracetam administration in rats resulted in significant improvements in a series of tests assessing motivation and task performance. [35]

Treats Alcohol Addiction

There is increasing evidence that aniracetam may help fight alcohol addiction:

Rat studies demonstrated that aniracetam targets specific brain regions involved in alcohol-seeking behavior, thereby reducing alcohol urge. [36-38]
The dopamine-boosting effect of aniracetam may also play a role in reducing alcohol addiction since dopamine deficiency is associated with strong alcohol urge. [39-42]

Improves Sleep Pattern and Quality

With its brain-boosting effects, aniracetam may also be beneficial in improving sleep pattern and quality. The following studies support the benefits of aniracetam in various sleeping difficulties:

In patients with insomnia, aniracetam supplementation induced a hypnotic effect and was associated with longer sleep duration and deep sleep. [43]
In patients with insomnia related to cerebrovascular and noncerebrovascular disorders, aniracetam administration was associated with more than 50% prolongation of sleeping time. [44]
In stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats with impaired sleeping patterns, oral doses of aniracetam at 30 mg/kg per day increased rapid eye movement (REM), one of the deepest phases of sleep. [45]
In stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, aniracetam could be useful in improving REM sleep impairment associated with vascular dementia. [46]

Fights Stress

Chronic stress causes prolonged elevation of the stress hormone known as cortisol. This effect negatively affects the body and can lead to suppressed immunity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, reduced libido, bone loss, and other life-threatening conditions. Studies support the ability of aniracetam to fight stress:

Rat studies show that aniracetam helps protect against the debilitating effects of chronic cortisol elevation by modulating GABA receptors. [47]
In mice, aniracetam treatment was shown to be effective against various types of anxiety-related disorders and social failure/impairments. [48]

Improves Sexual Health

Aniracetam has also been shown to exert beneficial effects on sexual health:

Numerous studies show that one of the major causes of sexual dysfunction in men and women is dopamine deficiency, and that restoration of this neurotransmitter to normal levels leads to significant improvements in erections, sexual desire and performance. [49-52]

Associated Side Effects of Aniracetam

Aniracetam side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this nootropic wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on aniracetam. However, the issue wasn’t’ confirmed to be caused by the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of aniracetam. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with aniracetam even these associated side effects are very uncommon.
Side effects associated with aniracetam may include the following:

Headaches
Insomnia
Irritability
Jitteriness
Nausea
Vomiting

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Reference

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The effect of aniracetam on cerebral glucose metabolism in rats after lesioning of the basal forebrain measured by PET

The study titled “The effect of aniracetam on cerebral glucose metabolism in rats after lesioning of the basal forebrain measured by PET” by Ouchi et al., published in the Journal of the Neurological Sciences in 1999, investigates the impact of aniracetam on cerebral glucose metabolism in rats that have undergone basal forebrain lesions. The research utilizes positron emission tomography (PET) to measure changes in glucose metabolism in the brain after administering aniracetam. Aniracetam is a nootropic compound known for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects. This study aims to assess how aniracetam may influence brain metabolism in the context of basal forebrain lesions, providing insights into its potential neuroprotective or cognitive-modulating properties.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X99000362
Zhao X, Kuryatov A, Lindstrom JM, Yeh JZ, Narahashi T. Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons. Molecular pharmacology. 2001; 59(4):674-83.

Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons

The study titled “Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons” by Zhao et al., published in Molecular Pharmacology in 2001, investigates how nootropic drugs affect neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons. Nootropic drugs are known for their cognitive-enhancing properties, and this research explores their impact on specific receptor systems within brain cells. The study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms by which these drugs may influence neuronal function, which is relevant to understanding their potential cognitive effects.

For more details https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/59/4/674.short
Nakamura, M. Shirane, Activation of the reticulothalamic cholinergic pathway by the major metabolites of aniracetam, Eur. J. systems participating in nicotine-specific effects, Neurochem. Int. 33Pharmacol. 380 (1999) 81–89.

Activation of the reticulothalamic cholinergic pathway by the major metabolites of aniracetam

The study titled “Activation of the reticulothalamic cholinergic pathway by the major metabolites of aniracetam” by Nakamura and Shirane, published in Neurochemistry International in 1999, explores the activation of the reticulothalamic cholinergic pathway by the major metabolites of aniracetam. Aniracetam is a nootropic compound known for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects. This research delves into the specific mechanisms by which aniracetam and its metabolites may affect cholinergic pathways in the brain, shedding light on their potential neurochemical actions and relevance to cognitive function.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299999005348
G. Giovannini, P. Rodino, D. Mutolo, G. Pepeu, Oxiracetam and aniracetam increase acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampus in vivo, Drug Dev. Res. 28 (1993) 503–509.

Oxiracetam and aniracetam increase acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampus in vivo

The study titled “Oxiracetam and aniracetam increase acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampus in vivo” by Giovannini et al., published in Drug Development Research in 1993, investigates the effects of oxiracetam and aniracetam on the release of acetylcholine in the rat hippocampus in a live, in vivo setting. These compounds are classified as nootropic drugs and are known for their potential cognitive-enhancing properties. The study examines their impact on acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter associated with memory and learning processes, providing insights into the neurochemical mechanisms underlying their cognitive effects.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ddr.430280409
Shirane M, Nakamura K. Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP. Brain research. 2001; 916(1-2):211-21.

Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP

The study titled “Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP” by Shirane and Nakamura, published in Brain Research in 2001, investigates how aniracetam affects the release of dopamine and serotonin in the cortex of spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP). Aniracetam is a nootropic compound known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties. The study explores the mechanisms by which aniracetam influences the release of these neurotransmitters, involving cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways, providing insights into its neurochemical effects in this specific rat model.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899301029390
Petkov VD, Grahovska T, Petkov VV, Konstantinova E, Stancheva S. Changes in the brain biogenic monoamines of rats, induced by piracetam and aniracetam. ActaphysiologicaetpharmacologicaBulgarica. 1984; 10(4):6-15.

Changes in the brain biogenic monoamines of rats, induced by piracetam and aniracetam

The study titled “Changes in the brain biogenic monoamines of rats, induced by piracetam and aniracetam” by Petkov et al., published in Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Bulgarica in 1984, investigates alterations in the levels of biogenic monoamines in the brains of rats following the administration of piracetam and aniracetam. Both piracetam and aniracetam are nootropic compounds known for their potential cognitive-enhancing effects. This research explores how these substances impact the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, providing insights into the neurochemical changes associated with their use in rats.

For more details https://europepmc.org/article/med/6535371
Shirane M, Nakamura K. Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP. Brain Res. 2001;916(1-2):211-21.

Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP

The study titled “Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP” by Shirane and Nakamura, published in Brain Research in 2001, investigates how aniracetam influences the release of dopamine and serotonin in the cortex of spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP). Aniracetam is a nootropic compound known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties. The study explores the mechanisms by which aniracetam affects the release of these neurotransmitters, involving cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways, providing insights into its neurochemical effects in this specific rat model.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899301029390
Pugliese AM, Corradetti R, Ballerini L, Pepeu G. Effect of the nootropic drug oxiracetam on field potentials of rat hippocampal slices. British journal of pharmacology. 1990; 99(1):189-93.

Effect of the nootropic drug oxiracetam on field potentials of rat hippocampal slices

The study titled “Effect of the nootropic drug oxiracetam on field potentials of rat hippocampal slices” by Pugliese et al., published in the British Journal of Pharmacology in 1990, investigates how the nootropic drug oxiracetam affects field potentials in rat hippocampal slices. Field potentials are a measure of electrical activity in brain tissue and can provide insights into the drug’s impact on neuronal function. Oxiracetam is known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties, and this research aims to understand its effects at the cellular level within the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for learning and memory.

For more details https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1917508/
Lee CR, Benfield P. Aniracetam. An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders. Drugs & aging. 1994; 4(3):257-73.

An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders

The article titled “Aniracetam: An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders” by Lee and Benfield, published in Drugs & Aging in 1994, provides an overview of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of aniracetam. It also reviews the potential therapeutic applications of aniracetam in the context of cognitive disorders associated with aging, specifically focusing on its use as a potential treatment for senile cognitive disorders. This article offers insights into the drug’s mechanisms of action and its potential benefits for cognitive function in elderly individuals.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002512-199404030-00007
Koliaki CC, Messini C, Tsolaki M. Clinical efficacy of aniracetam, either as monotherapy or combined with cholinesterase inhibitors, in patients with cognitive impairment: a comparative open study. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 2012; 18(4):302-12.

Clinical efficacy of aniracetam, either as monotherapy or combined with cholinesterase inhibitors, in patients with cognitive impairment: a comparative open study

The study titled “Clinical efficacy of aniracetam, either as monotherapy or combined with cholinesterase inhibitors, in patients with cognitive impairment: a comparative open study” by Koliaki et al., published in CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics in 2012, examines the clinical effectiveness of aniracetam in the treatment of cognitive impairment. The research investigates both the use of aniracetam as a standalone treatment and its combination with cholinesterase inhibitors. This open study aims to assess the cognitive benefits and potential synergistic effects of aniracetam in patients with cognitive impairment, providing insights into its clinical use in this context.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00244.x
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Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus

The study titled “Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus” by Isaacson and Nicoll, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 1991, investigates the effects of aniracetam on glutamate receptor function and synaptic currents in the hippocampus. Aniracetam is a nootropic compound known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties. This research focuses on its impact at the cellular and synaptic level, specifically examining how aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and influences the decay of excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus, providing insights into its neurophysiological effects.

For more details https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.88.23.10936
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In search of novel AMPA potentiators

The article titled “In search of novel AMPA potentiators” by Francotte et al., published in Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery in 2006, discusses the search for novel compounds that can potentiate AMPA receptors. AMPA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor involved in synaptic transmission and play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory processes. This article explores the development and discovery of compounds that can enhance the function of AMPA receptors, which could have potential therapeutic implications for various neurological and psychiatric disorders.

For more details https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/prn/2006/00000001/00000003/art00001
Tang CM, Shi QY, Katchman A, Lynch G. Modulation of the time course of fast EPSCs and glutamate channel kinetics by aniracetam. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1991; 254(5029):288-90.

Modulation of the time course of fast EPSCs and glutamate channel kinetics by aniracetam

The study titled “Modulation of the time course of fast EPSCs and glutamate channel kinetics by aniracetam” by Tang et al., published in Science in 1991, investigates how aniracetam modulates the time course of fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and the kinetics of glutamate channels. Aniracetam is a nootropic compound known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties. This research delves into the specific effects of aniracetam on synaptic transmission, providing insights into its mechanisms of action in influencing the speed and characteristics of excitatory synaptic currents in the brain.

For more details https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.254.5029.288
Pittaluga A, Bonfanti A, Arvigo D, Raiteri M. Aniracetam, 1-BCP and cyclothiazide differentially modulate the function of NMDA and AMPA receptors mediating enhancement of noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal slices. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s archives of pharmacology. 1999; 359(4):272-9.

1-BCP and cyclothiazide differentially modulate the function of NMDA and AMPA receptors mediating enhancement of noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal slices.

The study titled “Aniracetam, 1-BCP, and cyclothiazide differentially modulate the function of NMDA and AMPA receptors mediating enhancement of noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal slices” by Pittaluga et al., published in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology in 1999, investigates the effects of aniracetam, 1-BCP, and cyclothiazide on the function of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the context of enhancing noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal slices. These compounds are known for their potential cognitive-enhancing properties. The study explores how these substances modulate specific glutamate receptor types and their impact on neurotransmitter release, providing insights into their neurochemical mechanisms of action in the hippocampus.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/PL00005352
Ling DS, Benardo LS. Nootropic agents enhance the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in rat neocortex. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2005; 15(7):921-8.

Nootropic agents enhance the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in rat neocortex

The study titled “Nootropic agents enhance the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in rat neocortex” by Ling and Benardo, published in the Cerebral Cortex in 2005, explores the effects of nootropic agents on the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in the rat neocortex. Nootropic agents are known for their potential cognitive-enhancing properties. This research investigates how these agents influence the function of GABAA receptors, which are important for inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. The study sheds light on how nootropic agents may impact neuronal activity and excitability in the neocortex, providing insights into their potential mechanisms of action in enhancing cognitive function.

For more details https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/15/7/921/387971
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AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of CNS disorders

The article titled “AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of CNS disorders” by O’Neill et al., published in Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders in 2004, discusses the potential use of AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The study explores the development and application of compounds that can enhance the function of AMPA receptors, which are important in synaptic transmission and play a role in various CNS disorders. This article provides insights into the potential therapeutic approaches targeting AMPA receptors to address neurological and psychiatric conditions.

For more details https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdtcnsnd/2004/00000003/00000003/art00003
O’Neill MJ, Witkin JM. AMPA receptor potentiators: application for depression and Parkinson’s disease. Current drug targets. 2007; 8(5):603-20.

AMPA receptor potentiators: application for depression and Parkinson’s disease

The article titled “AMPA receptor potentiators: application for depression and Parkinson’s disease” by O’Neill and Witkin, published in Current Drug Targets in 2007, discusses the potential application of AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of depression and Parkinson’s disease. The study explores how compounds that enhance the function of AMPA receptors could have therapeutic benefits in addressing these neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article provides insights into the potential use of AMPA receptor modulators as a novel approach to treating these conditions.

For more details https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdt/2007/00000008/00000005/art00004
Vaglenova J, Pandiella N, Wijayawardhane N. Aniracetam reversed learning and memory deficits following prenatal ethanol exposure by modulating functions of synaptic AMPA receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33(5):1071-83.

Aniracetam reversed learning and memory deficits following prenatal ethanol exposure by modulating functions of synaptic AMPA receptors

The study titled “Aniracetam reversed learning and memory deficits following prenatal ethanol exposure by modulating functions of synaptic AMPA receptors” by Vaglenova et al., published in Neuropsychopharmacology in 2008, investigates the effects of aniracetam on learning and memory deficits caused by prenatal ethanol exposure. Aniracetam is known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties. This research explores how aniracetam modulates the functions of synaptic AMPA receptors and, in doing so, reverses the cognitive impairments resulting from prenatal ethanol exposure. The study provides insights into the potential therapeutic use of aniracetam in addressing cognitive deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.

For more details https://www.nature.com/articles/1301496
Cumin R, Bandle EF, Gamzu E, Haefely WE. Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents. Psychopharmacology. 1982; 78(2):104-11.

Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents

The study titled “Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents” by Cumin et al., published in Psychopharmacology in 1982, investigates the effects of aniracetam (Ro 13-5057), a novel compound, on learning and memory deficits in rodents. The research assesses the potential cognitive-enhancing properties of aniracetam and its ability to improve impaired learning and memory in experimental animal models. This study contributes to our understanding of the compound’s effects on cognitive function and its potential as a cognitive enhancer.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00432244
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Positive modulation of AMPA receptors increases neurotrophin expression by hippocampal and cortical neurons

The study titled “Positive modulation of AMPA receptors increases neurotrophin expression by hippocampal and cortical neurons” by Lauterborn et al., published in The Journal of Neuroscience in 2000, investigates how positive modulation of AMPA receptors influences the expression of neurotrophins by hippocampal and cortical neurons. The research explores the relationship between AMPA receptor activity and the production of neurotrophins, which are important for neuronal growth and survival. This study provides insights into the potential mechanisms by which AMPA receptor modulators may affect neurotrophin levels in neurons, which can have implications for synaptic plasticity and neuronal health.

For more details https://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/1/8.short
Lee CR, Benfield P. Aniracetam. An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders. Drugs Aging. 1994 Mar;4(3):257-73. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199404030-00007. PMID: 8199398.

Aniracetam: An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders

The article titled “Aniracetam: An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders” by Lee and Benfield, published in Drugs & Aging in March 1994, provides an overview of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of aniracetam. It also reviews the potential therapeutic applications of aniracetam in the context of cognitive disorders associated with aging, specifically focusing on its use as a potential treatment for senile cognitive disorders. This article offers insights into the drug’s mechanisms of action and its potential benefits for cognitive function in elderly individuals.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002512-199404030-00007
Koliaki CC, Messini C, Tsolaki M. Clinical efficacy of aniracetam, either as monotherapy or combined with cholinesterase inhibitors, in patients with cognitive impairment: a comparative open study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012 Apr;18(4):302-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00244.x. Epub 2011 Feb 26. PMID: 22070796; PMCID: PMC6493642.

Clinical efficacy of aniracetam, either as monotherapy or combined with cholinesterase inhibitors, in patients with cognitive impairment: a comparative open study

The study titled “Clinical efficacy of aniracetam, either as monotherapy or combined with cholinesterase inhibitors, in patients with cognitive impairment: a comparative open study” by Koliaki et al., published in CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics in April 2012, investigates the clinical effectiveness of aniracetam in the treatment of cognitive impairment. The research assesses both the use of aniracetam as a standalone treatment and its combination with cholinesterase inhibitors. This open study aims to evaluate the cognitive benefits and potential synergistic effects of aniracetam in patients with cognitive impairment, providing insights into its clinical use in this context.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00244.x
Baranova AI, Whiting MD, Hamm RJ. Delayed, post-injury treatment with aniracetam improves cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2006 Aug;23(8):1233-40. doi: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.1233. PMID: 16928181.

Delayed, post-injury treatment with aniracetam improves cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury in rats

The study titled “Delayed, post-injury treatment with aniracetam improves cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury in rats” by Baranova et al., published in the Journal of Neurotrauma in August 2006, investigates the effects of delayed, post-injury treatment with aniracetam on cognitive performance in rats following traumatic brain injury. The research explores whether aniracetam can enhance cognitive recovery when administered after the brain injury has occurred. The study provides insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of aniracetam in the context of traumatic brain injury and its impact on cognitive function.

For more details https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/neu.2006.23.1233
Cumin R, Bandle EF, Gamzu E, Haefely WE. Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1982;78(2):104-11. doi: 10.1007/BF00432244. PMID: 6817363.

Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents

The study titled “Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents” by Cumin et al., published in Psychopharmacology in 1982, investigates the effects of aniracetam (Ro 13-5057), a novel compound, on impaired learning and memory in rodents. The research assesses the potential cognitive-enhancing properties of aniracetam and its ability to improve impaired learning and memory in experimental animal models. This study contributes to our understanding of the compound’s effects on cognitive function and its potential as a cognitive enhancer.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00432244
Senin, U., Parnetti, L., Cucinotta, D. et al. Clinical Experience with Aniracetam in the Treatment of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and Related Disorders. Drug Invest 5, 96–105 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03258430

Clinical Experience with Aniracetam in the Treatment of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and Related Disorders

The study titled “Clinical Experience with Aniracetam in the Treatment of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and Related Disorders” by Senin et al., published in Drug Investigation in 1993, reports on clinical experiences with aniracetam in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type and related disorders. Aniracetam is a compound that has been explored for its potential in treating cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. This study provides insights into the use of aniracetam in clinical settings and its impact on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and related conditions.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03258430
Li Y, Wang JJ, Cai JX. Aniracetam restores the effects of amyloid-beta protein or ageing on membrane fluidity and intracellular calcium concentration in mice synaptosomes. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2007;114(11):1407-11. doi: 10.1007/s00702-007-0760-2. Epub 2007 Jun 8. PMID: 17557127

Aniracetam restores the effects of amyloid-beta protein or ageing on membrane fluidity and intracellular calcium concentration in mice synaptosomes

The study titled “Aniracetam restores the effects of amyloid-beta protein or aging on membrane fluidity and intracellular calcium concentration in mice synaptosomes” by Li et al., published in the Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna) in 2007, investigates the effects of aniracetam on membrane fluidity and intracellular calcium concentration in synaptosomes from mice. The research explores how aniracetam may counteract the effects of amyloid-beta protein or aging on these cellular parameters. These effects are relevant to understanding the potential neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties of aniracetam in the context of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and aging-related cognitive decline.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-007-0760-2
Nakamura K, Kurasawa M. Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism. European journal of pharmacology. 2001; 420(1):33-43.

Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism

The study titled “Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism” by Nakamura and Kurasawa, published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2001, investigates the anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety. The research explores the potential anti-anxiety properties of aniracetam and delves into the underlying mechanisms that contribute to its anxiolytic effects. This study provides insights into how aniracetam may modulate anxiety-related behaviors in animal models, shedding light on its potential use in anxiety-related conditions.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299901010056
Nakamura K, Tanaka Y. Antidepressant-like effects of aniracetam in aged rats and its mode of action. Psychopharmacology. 2001; 158(2):205-12.

Antidepressant-like effects of aniracetam in aged rats and its mode of action

The study titled “Antidepressant-like effects of aniracetam in aged rats and its mode of action” by Nakamura and Tanaka, published in Psychopharmacology in 2001, investigates the antidepressant-like effects of aniracetam in aged rats and explores the mode of action underlying these effects. The research assesses whether aniracetam has potential antidepressant properties and seeks to understand how it may influence mood-related behaviors in aging rats. This study provides insights into the potential use of aniracetam as an antidepressant and its mechanisms of action in the context of age-related depression.

For more details https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130100849
Deutschenbaur L, Beck J, Kiyhankhadiv A. Role of calcium, glutamate and NMDA in major depression and therapeutic application. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2016; 64:325-33.

Role of calcium, glutamate and NMDA in major depression and therapeutic application

The article titled “Role of calcium, glutamate, and NMDA in major depression and therapeutic application” by Deutschenbaur et al., published in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry in 2016, discusses the involvement of calcium, glutamate, and NMDA receptors in major depression and their potential therapeutic applications. The study explores the role of these neurochemical factors in the pathophysiology of depression and the potential for targeting them as part of depression treatment strategies. This article provides insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression and potential avenues for therapeutic interventions.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584615000494
Knapp RJ, Goldenberg R, Shuck C. Antidepressant activity of memory-enhancing drugs in the reduction of submissive behavior model. European journal of pharmacology. 2002; 440(1):27-35

Antidepressant activity of memory-enhancing drugs in the reduction of submissive behavior model

The study titled “Antidepressant activity of memory-enhancing drugs in the reduction of submissive behavior model” by Knapp et al., published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2002, explores the potential antidepressant activity of memory-enhancing drugs using a model of submissive behavior. The research investigates whether drugs that enhance memory function may also have an impact on reducing depressive-like behavior in this model. This study provides insights into the potential overlap between memory enhancement and antidepressant effects in certain pharmacological agents, offering a unique perspective on drug development for depression.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299902013389
Nakamura K. Aniracetam: its novel therapeutic potential in cerebral dysfunctional disorders based on recent pharmacological discoveries. CNS drug reviews. 2002; 8(1):70-89.

Aniracetam: its novel therapeutic potential in cerebral dysfunctional disorders based on recent pharmacological discoveries

The article titled “Aniracetam: its novel therapeutic potential in cerebral dysfunctional disorders based on recent pharmacological discoveries” by Nakamura, published in CNS Drug Reviews in 2002, discusses the novel therapeutic potential of aniracetam in treating cerebral dysfunctional disorders. The article highlights recent pharmacological discoveries related to aniracetam and its potential applications in addressing various cognitive and neurological conditions. This review provides valuable insights into the expanding understanding of aniracetam’s pharmacological properties and its potential benefits for cerebral dysfunction-related disorders.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00216.x
Senin U, Abate G, Fieschi C, Gori G, Guala A, Marini G, Villardita C, Parnetti L. Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): results of a placebo controlled multicentre clinical study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1991 Dec;1(4):511-7. doi: 10.1016/0924-977x(91)90004-e. PMID: 1822317.

Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): results of a placebo controlled multicentre clinical study

The study titled “Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): results of a placebo-controlled multicentre clinical study” by Senin et al., published in the European Neuropsychopharmacology in December 1991, reports the results of a placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial investigating the use of aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT). The study aims to assess the potential therapeutic effects of aniracetam in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and provides valuable insights into its clinical use and efficacy in this context.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0924977X9190004E
Sakurai T, Hatanaka S, Tanaka S, Yamasaki T, Kojima H, Akashi A. Protective effect of DM-9384, a novel pyrrolidone derivative, against experimental cerebral anoxia. Japanese journal of pharmacology. 1990; 54(1):33-43.

Protective effect of DM-9384, a novel pyrrolidone derivative, against experimental cerebral anoxia

The study titled “Protective effect of DM-9384, a novel pyrrolidone derivative, against experimental cerebral anoxia” by Sakurai et al., published in the Japanese Journal of Pharmacology in 1990, investigates the protective effects of DM-9384, a novel pyrrolidone derivative, in experimental cerebral anoxia. The research explores whether DM-9384 has the potential to protect against cerebral anoxia, a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen supply to the brain. This study provides insights into the potential pharmacological properties of DM-9384 in mitigating the effects of cerebral anoxia.

For more details https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs1951/54/1/54_1_33/_article/-char/ja/
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Cannady R, Fisher KR, Graham C, Crayle J, Besheer J, Hodge CW. Potentiation of amygdala AMPA receptor activity selectively promotes escalated alcohol self-administration in a CaMKII-dependent manner. Addiction biology. 2017; 22(3):652-664.

Potentiation of amygdala AMPA receptor activity selectively promotes escalated alcohol self-administration in a CaMKII-dependent manner

The study titled “Potentiation of amygdala AMPA receptor activity selectively promotes escalated alcohol self-administration in a CaMKII-dependent manner” by Cannady et al., published in Addiction Biology in 2017, investigates the role of amygdala AMPA receptor activity and its potentiation in promoting escalated alcohol self-administration. The research focuses on the mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction and the involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in this process. This study provides insights into the neural pathways and molecular mechanisms contributing to increased alcohol consumption, shedding light on potential targets for addiction treatment and intervention strategies

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adb.12357
Cannady R, Fisher KR, Durant B, Besheer J, Hodge CW. Enhanced AMPA receptor activity increases operant alcohol self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement. Addiction biology. 2013; 18(1):54-65.

Enhanced AMPA receptor activity increases operant alcohol self‐administration and cue‐induced reinstatement

The study titled “Enhanced AMPA receptor activity increases operant alcohol self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement” by Cannady et al., published in Addiction Biology in 2013, investigates the effects of enhanced AMPA receptor activity on operant alcohol self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement. The research explores how manipulating AMPA receptor function can impact alcohol consumption and relapse-like behavior in animal models. This study provides insights into the neural mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction and potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adb.12000
Rial D, Takahashi RN, Morato GS. Aniracetam and DNQX affect the acquisition of rapid tolerance to ethanol in mice. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2009; 92(1):32-8

Aniracetam and DNQX affect the acquisition of rapid tolerance to ethanol in mice

The study titled “Aniracetam and DNQX affect the acquisition of rapid tolerance to ethanol in mice” by Rial et al., published in Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior in 2009, investigates the effects of aniracetam and DNQX on the acquisition of rapid tolerance to ethanol in mice. The research examines how these substances may influence the development of tolerance to the effects of ethanol, shedding light on potential pharmacological interventions in alcohol-related behaviors and tolerance formation. This study contributes to our understanding of the interactions between cognitive-enhancing compounds like aniracetam, glutamate receptors, and alcohol tolerance.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305708003493
MA H, ZHU G. The dopamine system and alcohol dependence. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2014;26(2):61-68. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.02.002.

The dopamine system and alcohol dependence

The article titled “The dopamine system and alcohol dependence” by Ma and Zhu, published in the Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry in 2014, discusses the role of the dopamine system in alcohol dependence. The study explores the neurobiological mechanisms related to the dopamine neurotransmitter system and its involvement in alcohol dependence and addiction. Understanding the interplay between dopamine and alcohol dependence is crucial for developing insights into the neurobiology of addiction and potential treatment approaches for alcohol use disorders.

For more details https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120286/
Banerjee N. Neurotransmitters in alcoholism: A review of neurobiological and genetic studies. Indian Journal of Human Genetics. 2014;20(1):20-31. doi:10.4103/0971-6866.132750

Neurotransmitters in alcoholism: A review of neurobiological and genetic studies

The review article titled “Neurotransmitters in alcoholism: A review of neurobiological and genetic studies” by Banerjee, published in the Indian Journal of Human Genetics in 2014, provides an overview of the role of neurotransmitters in alcoholism. The review summarizes findings from neurobiological and genetic studies related to neurotransmitter systems and their involvement in alcohol use disorders. Understanding the complex interactions between neurotransmitters and alcoholism is essential for unraveling the underlying mechanisms of alcohol addiction and may inform the development of targeted interventions and treatments for individuals with alcohol-related issues.

For more details https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4065474/
Noble EP. Alcoholism and the dopaminergic system: a review. Addiction biology. 1996; 1(4):333-48

Alcoholism and the dopaminergic system: a review

The review article titled “Alcoholism and the dopaminergic system: a review” by Noble, published in Addiction Biology in 1996, provides an in-depth review of the relationship between alcoholism and the dopaminergic system. The study delves into the neurobiological aspects of alcohol addiction, focusing on how dopamine, a key neurotransmitter, plays a role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders. This review synthesizes existing research on the dopaminergic system and its implications for understanding and addressing alcoholism, contributing to our knowledge of the neurobiology of addiction.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1355621961000124956
Di Chiara G. Alcohol and dopamine. Alcohol health and research world. 1997; 21(2):108-14.

Alcohol and dopamine

The article titled “Alcohol and dopamine” by Di Chiara, published in Alcohol Health and Research World in 1997, discusses the relationship between alcohol consumption and the dopamine neurotransmitter system. The article provides insights into how alcohol affects dopamine release and signaling in the brain, which is important for understanding the rewarding and reinforcing properties of alcohol and its role in addiction. Understanding the interaction between alcohol and the dopamine system is crucial for comprehending the neurobiology of alcohol use and addiction.

For more details https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6826820/
Cui JF, Yang W, Xie YM, Sun Y, Zhuang Y, Wang YY. [Real-world analysis of concurrent diseases and medicine use among patients with insomnia]. ZhongguoZhongyaozazhi = Zhongguozhongyaozazhi = China journal of Chinese materiamedica. 2014; 39(18):3519-26

Real-world analysis of concurrent diseases and medicine use among patients with insomnia

The article titled “[Real-world analysis of concurrent diseases and medicine use among patients with insomnia]” by Cui et al., published in the Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi (China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica) in 2014, presents a real-world analysis of the co-occurring medical conditions and medication usage patterns among patients with insomnia. The study likely examines the prevalence of other health conditions that coincide with insomnia and the medications commonly used by these patients as part of their treatment regimens. Understanding these patterns in real-world clinical settings can provide insights into the management and comorbidities associated with insomnia.

For more details https://europepmc.org/article/med/25532388
Katsunuma H, Shimizu T, Ogawa K, Kubo H, Ishida H, Yoshihama A. Treatment of insomnia by concomitant therapy with Zopiclone and Aniracetam in patients with cerebral infarction, cerebroatrophy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 1998; 52(2):198-200

Treatment of insomnia by concomitant therapy with Zopiclone and Aniracetam in patients with cerebral infarction, cerebroatrophy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

The study titled “Treatment of insomnia by concomitant therapy with Zopiclone and Aniracetam in patients with cerebral infarction, cerebroatrophy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease” by Katsunuma et al., published in Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in 1998, explores the use of a combination therapy involving Zopiclone and Aniracetam for the treatment of insomnia in patients with various neurological conditions, including cerebral infarction, cerebroatrophy, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. The study likely examines the efficacy and safety of this combination treatment approach for managing insomnia in patients with these neurological disorders. Understanding how such treatments impact sleep quality in these patient populations is essential for improving their overall well-being and quality of life.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb01028.x
Kimura M, Okano S, Inoué S. Effects of aniracetam on impaired sleep patterns in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2000; 54(3):314-6.

Effects of aniracetam on impaired sleep patterns in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

The study titled “Effects of aniracetam on impaired sleep patterns in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats” by Kimura et al., published in Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in 2000, investigates the impact of aniracetam on sleep patterns in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The research likely examines how aniracetam, a nootropic compound, affects sleep quality and patterns in these rats, which are a model for hypertension and stroke susceptibility. Understanding the effects of aniracetam on sleep in this specific rat model provides insights into its potential therapeutic applications for sleep-related issues and neurological conditions.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00693.x
Kimura M, Okano S, Inoué S. Effects of aniracetam on impaired sleep patterns in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000 Jun;54(3):314-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00693.x. PMID: 11186092.

Effects of aniracetam on impaired sleep patterns in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

The study titled “Effects of aniracetam on impaired sleep patterns in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats” by Kimura et al., published in Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in June 2000, explores the impact of aniracetam on sleep patterns in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The research investigates whether aniracetam, a nootropic compound, can modify sleep patterns in this specific rat model, which is prone to hypertension and stroke. Understanding the potential effects of aniracetam on sleep in this context contributes to our knowledge of its therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of neurological conditions and sleep disturbances.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00693.x
Ling DS, Benardo LS. Nootropic agents enhance the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in rat neocortex. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2005; 15(7):921-8

Nootropic Agents Enhance the Recruitment of Fast GABAA Inhibition in Rat Neocortex

The study titled “Nootropic agents enhance the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in rat neocortex” by Ling and Benardo, published in the journal Cerebral Cortex in 2005, investigates the effects of nootropic agents on the recruitment of fast GABAA inhibition in the neocortex of rats. Nootropic agents are known for their cognitive-enhancing properties, and this research likely explores how these substances impact the inhibitory GABAA receptor system in the brain’s neocortex. Understanding the mechanisms by which nootropics influence neural inhibition can provide insights into their potential for enhancing cognitive function.

For more details https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/15/7/921/387971
Nakamura K, Kurasawa M. Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 May 18;420(1):33-43. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01005-6. PMID: 11412837.

Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism

The study titled “Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism” by Nakamura and Kurasawa, published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in May 2001, investigates the anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects of aniracetam in three distinct mouse models of anxiety. The research likely explores the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms through which aniracetam exerts its anxiolytic effects. Understanding the potential anti-anxiety properties of aniracetam and its underlying mechanisms can provide valuable insights for the development of treatments for anxiety-related disorders.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299901010056
Both S, Everaerd W, Laan E, Gooren L. Effect of a single dose of levodopa on sexual response in men and women. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005; 30(1):173-83.

Effect of a single dose of levodopa on sexual response in men and women

The study titled “Effect of a single dose of levodopa on sexual response in men and women” by Both et al., published in Neuropsychopharmacology in 2005, investigates the impact of a single dose of levodopa on sexual response in both men and women. Levodopa is a medication commonly used to treat Parkinson’s disease, and this research likely examines its effects on sexual function and response. Understanding the influence of levodopa on sexual behavior and arousal in both genders can provide valuable insights into its potential impact on sexual health and functioning.

For more details https://www.nature.com/articles/1300580
Simonsen U, Comerma-Steffensen S, Andersson KE. Modulation of Dopaminergic Pathways to Treat Erectile Dysfunction. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2016; 119 Suppl 3:63-74.

Modulation of dopaminergic pathways to treat erectile dysfunction

The article titled “Modulation of Dopaminergic Pathways to Treat Erectile Dysfunction” by Simonsen et al., published in Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology in 2016, discusses the potential use of dopaminergic pathways modulation as a therapeutic approach for treating erectile dysfunction (ED). The article likely explores how targeting dopaminergic mechanisms can influence the physiology and regulation of penile erection and addresses the potential pharmacological interventions that can enhance erectile function. Understanding the role of dopamine and its modulation in the context of ED treatment can provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies for individuals with this condition.

For more details https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bcpt.12653
Steers WD. Pharmacologic Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Reviews in Urology. 2002;4(Suppl 3):S17-S25.

Pharmacologic treatment of erectile dysfunction

The article titled “Pharmacologic Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction” by Steers WD, published in Reviews in Urology in 2002, discusses the pharmacological approaches for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). It likely provides an overview of various medications, including phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors like sildenafil (Viagra), as well as other treatment options available for ED. Understanding the pharmacological treatments for ED is essential for healthcare professionals and individuals seeking effective therapies for this condition.

For more details https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476024/
Hull EM, Muschamp JW, Sato S. Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior. Physiology & behavior. 2004; 83(2):291-307.

Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior

The article titled “Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior” by Hull EM, Muschamp JW, and Sato S, published in Physiology & Behavior in 2004, discusses the roles of dopamine and serotonin in influencing male sexual behavior. It likely explores the neurochemical mechanisms and pathways through which these neurotransmitters affect sexual function and behavior in males. Understanding the interplay between dopamine and serotonin in the context of sexual behavior can provide insights into the underlying neural processes and potential implications for sexual health and dysfunction.

For more details https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938404003579

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